Techniques for Greenhouse Evaluation of Herbicides on Saltcedar

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Quimby ◽  
E.B. Hollingsworth ◽  
R.L. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Limited Efficacy ◽  
Greenhouse Evaluation ◽  
Soil Layering ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Pot Plant

Subirrigated pot-plant systems were developed for greenhouse simulations of field methods being tested for herbicidal control of saltcedar (Tamarix pentandraPall.). The methods included: over-the-top spraying; soil injection; soil layering, with whole plants transplanted onto the herbicide layer; and soil layering by severing the roots and concomitantly injecting herbicide. Existing foliar application techniques were improved for greenhouse testing of herbicides and results from preliminary tests were apparently similar to literature reports of limited efficacy in the field. Preliminary results from these greenhouse techniques showed that root zone applications, either by soil layering or soil injection, were very effective; stem or foliar applications were less effective.

A MODEL SYSTEM FOR THE STUDY OF 2,4-D TRANSLOCATION IN LEAFY SPURGE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH E. LINGLE ◽  
JEFFREY C. SUTTLE
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Model System ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Axillary Shoots

A model system was devised to study the translocation of 2,4-D in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). The effects of rate of 2,4-D application, decapitation, and rate and pretreatment with ethephon on 14C-2,4-D translocation were studied. Rooted cuttings were obtained by rooting newly-developed axillary shoots in moist vermiculite for 4 wk. These cuttings were then placed in liquid nutrient medium for translocation experiments. Seven days after application, 50–60% of the 14C translocated from 14C-2,4-D treated leaves was found in the stem. The percentage of 14C that accumulated in the stem increased with increasing rate of 2,4-D application to 1 kg/ha. Up to 85% of 14C translocated to the root was released into the nutrient medium. Shoot decapitation 5 mm below the apex up to 4 days before 2,4-D application decreased 14C percentage in leaf tissue and increased 14C in stem and root. Foliar application of ethephon at 1 kg/ha resulted in a transient increase in the rate of ethylene evolution from shoot and root tissues, decreased the amount of 14C translocated to the root zone and increased the 14C in the leaves. Ethephon treatment of larger, vermiculite-grown plants also decreased 14C accumulation in the roots. These results indicate that the use of root cuttings is a convenient and reliable method for the study of herbicide translocation and plant growth regulator/herbicide interactions in leafy spurge.Key words: Translocation, 2,4-D, leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L., plant growth regulator, ethephon

scholarly journals Delving into the Causes and Effects of Entomopathogenic Endophytic Metarhizium brunneum Foliar Application-Related Mortality in Spodoptera littoralis Larvae

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Garrido-Jurado ◽  
David Montes-Moreno ◽  
Pilar Sanz-Barrionuevo ◽  
Enrique Quesada-Moraga
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Littoralis ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Leaf Discs ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the current study was to delve into the causes of mortality of Spodoptera littoralis larvae feeding on Metarhizium-colonized plants in the absence of fungal outgrowth on the cadavers as previous studies reported and to elucidate the possible indirect effects of this fungus-colonized diet. The effect was evaluated in experiments conducted using leaf discs of colonized plants and in planta using fungus-colonized whole plants. The mortality rates of larvae fed on Metarhizium-colonized melon leaves were 45.0% and 87.5%, and the average survival times were 6.6 and 3.1 days in experiments performed with discs and in planta, respectively. Notably, these mortality levels were not associated with observed apoptosis mediated by caspases 1, 3-7 and 8; thus, further investigation into the possible immune system reaction of the insect after the ingestion of colonized plants is required. The leaf consumption of S. littoralis larvae fed on melon-colonized leaves was lower than that on control plants in the disc experiments but not in experiments conducted in planta. In this regard, in experiments performed in planta, plant damage increased larval mortality in both fungally challenged and control larvae. There was also a meaningful effect of exposure to Metarhizium-colonized melon leaf discs on S. littoralis fitness, with significant reductions in 39.0% and 22.0% in female fecundity and egg fertility, respectively, detected in females emerging from pupae developing from larvae surviving exposure to colonized plant discs; all larvae died in the in planta experiments. Hence, the present work presents new findings revealing the high potential of endophytic entomopathogenic fungi to improve the outcome of foliar applications against chewing insects in the short, mid- and long term, by the reduction of the reproductive potential of surviving adults and reveals new insights into the development of bioassays with whole plants for more detailed evaluation of the impact of these fungi as endophytes used for plant protection.

scholarly journals Influence of Benzyladenine on Metabolic Changes in Different Rose Tissues

Plants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ibrahim ◽  
Xin Du ◽  
Manjree Agarwal ◽  
Giles Hardy ◽  
Muslim Abdulhussein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Ionization Detector ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Whole Plants

Two modern rose varieties, Floribunda and Hybrid Tea, were used to analyze and identify metabolic changes after foliar application with benzyladenine (BA). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as metabolites were detected. Two pairs of doses of BA, at 11.16 and 17.87 mg/cm2, and 7.17 and 12.26 mg/cm2 were applied to the foliage of Hybrid Tea and Floribunda, respectively. Sampling time was optimized and treatment duration was 4 weeks. After treatment, the volatiles from the treated and untreated control roses were extracted using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technology by three-phase fiber 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID), and with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).The results showed that BA and its dose rate led to metabolic changes of treated roses in comparison with untreated controls. The number of VOCs extracted and detected from leaves, stem, rhizosphere and whole plants from the two rose varieties at doses rate of 17.87 and 12.26 mg/cm2 were 43, 65, 40 and 68 compounds for each plant material, respectively, for both rose varieties. Whilst the VOCs extracted and detected from both rose varieties for leaves, stem, rhizosphere and whole plants were 38, 61, 34 and 66 compounds for each plant material, respectively. The results demonstrate that some volatiles, such as 4-Heptyn-2-ol, Phenyl methyl ether and 3-Methyl-apopinene, increased with increasing doses of BA; these compounds are aroma chemicals with a very powerful smell. This study shows that BA treatments can have a significant effect on metabolite changes in different rose tissues. This method could be applied to other floriculture plants.

Zinc and boron nutrition management in fertigated high density apple orchards

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
D. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue ◽  
L. C. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
High Density ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Nutrition Management ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Apple Cultivars

An experimental high density apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) block (1666 trees ha-1) on M.9 rootstock was planted in 1992 and maintained until 1996 as a randomized, replicated split-plot experiment with 5 N-K fertigation treatments, each with subplots containing four apple cultivars (Gala, Fuji, Fiesta, and Spartan). Management of Zn and B nutrition varied throughout the experiment ranging from no application (1992–1993) to foliar applications (1994) to fertigation of 3.5 g Zn tree-1 and 0.34 g B tree-1 during the growing season in 1995–1996. Deficient concentrations of Zn and B were measured in leaves and "blossom-blast" B deficiency symptoms were observed within 2 yr without applications of Zn or B . Foliar application of both nutrients increased their respective leaf concentrations and ameliorated B-deficiency symptoms. Zinc-fertigation in 1995–1996 failed to improve leaf Zn concentration. In contrast, B-fertigation at the same time readily increased root zone soil solution B concentrations and increased leaf B concentrations to values within the sufficient-optimum range for apple. Generally, cultivars responded similarly to B and Zn-treatments although, relative to other cultivars, Spartan had higher concentrations of Zn and B in leaves and Fuji had high leaf B. Key words: Fertigation, leaf boron and zinc, Malus × domestica Borkh., soil solution boron

scholarly journals Water smart technologies for irrigation water management of elephant foot yam in tropical zones of India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1495-1504
Author(s):  
S. Sunitha ◽  
James George ◽  
G. Suja ◽  
A. N. Jyothi ◽  
A. Rajalekshmi
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Super Absorbent Polymer ◽  
Elephant Foot Yam ◽  
Tuber Crop ◽  
Smart Technologies ◽  
Absorbent Polymer

Abstract Water is the most crucial input in agriculture and declared to become the most scarce input in the near future, hence, judicious management of irrigation water is the need of the hour in tropical countries. In this study, a comparison of different water smart technologies, namely, porous ground cover mat, super absorbent polymer, partial root zone drying technique, bio mulching and foliar application of antitranspirant was made for enhancing water productivity in tuber crops using elephant foot yam as the test crop. Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) is an important tropical tuber crop in India, and has attained commercial status in many states under assured irrigation. Mulching with ground cover mat and soil application of cassava starch-based super absorbent polymer recorded higher water productivity, reduced irrigation water requirement to 50% and enhanced the corm yield of elephant foot yam by 8–12% and energy use efficiency by 24–28% as compared to 100% irrigation. In the context of expected climate change and water scarcity, water smart technologies such as ground cover mats and super absorbent polymers would help in the cultivation of the tuber crop elephant foot yam with less irrigation, without adversely affecting the corm yield under humid tropical situations.

scholarly journals Root-zone Cooling Evaluation Using Heat Pump for Greenhouse Strawberry Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 570-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeoki Moritani ◽  
Hirotada Nanjo ◽  
Atsushi Itou ◽  
Teruki Imai
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Irrigation Channel ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Over The Top

Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) have been used to chill water to facilitate cooling of ‘Natsuakari’ strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) grown within containers during the summer. Two types of soil containers and cooling systems have been considered. In one system, cold-water tubes were placed under as well as over the top of the soil, whereas the other cooling system used cold water passing through tubes placed under the soil and within the irrigation channel to facilitate bottom irrigation. The cooling efficiency of each system was evaluated by observing temperature relationships between greenhouse air and soil. The relationship was represented by means of an elliptic curve, the geometric center and tilt angle of which indicated representative daily soil temperatures and degree of temperature stability, respectively. Both values were observed to be lower for the bottom irrigation system during the two plant growth periods considered in this study, thereby indicating that colder and relatively constant soil temperatures can be maintained via greater heat convection. This greater cooling method was facilitated by rapid transfer of cold water through the bottom irrigation channel into the root zone, resulting from reduction in soil moisture content induced by plant transpiration in addition to heat conduction from the soil to the cooling tube. Measured soil temperatures for the buried-tube system were observed to be coldest when the tube was chilled considerably (9.4 °C). Although the setup of the considered bottom watering system was rather sensitive in that the system required maintenance of a constant water level throughout the container, both systems effectively produced cooler soil temperatures compared with the case in which no GSHP was used.

scholarly journals An Innovative Vegetative Propagation System for Large-scale Production of Globe Artichoke Transplants. Part I. Propagation System Setup

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariateresa Cardarelli ◽  
Youssef Rouphael ◽  
Francesco Saccardo ◽  
Giuseppe Colla
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Weight Class ◽  
Globe Artichoke

A research project was conducted at the University of Tuscia, Viterbo (central Italy), to set up a vegetative propagation system for producing diseasefree artichoke transplants (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) of the Romanesco type (cultivar C3). The system included the following steps: 1) micropropagated plantlets were grown in a soilless culture year-round in greenhouse conditions, starting at the end of August; 2) stock plants were periodically treated with a chemical growth regulator [6-benzylamino purine (BA)] and then cut back at the collar level to promote offshoot production; 3) offshoots were periodically harvested and cold stored; and 4) cuttings were rooted at the end of spring under conditions of high humidity in multi-pack trays so as to be ready for summer transplanting. Results showed that the foliar application of BA to the stock plants increased the offshoot number quadratically to 200 mg·L-1. The rooting percentages of cuttings and root growth were enhanced by raising the cutting weight class (30-45 g) and by the application of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to the cutting root zone at a rate of 2000 mg·L-1. The percent rotten cuttings increased as the 2 °C cold-storage time increased from 30 to 150 days. Similarly, the percentage of rooting and root growth decreased approximately from 60 to 150 days.

scholarly journals Water Loss and Survival of Stem Cuttings of Two Maple Cultivars Held in Subirrigated Medium at 24 to 33 °C

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyi Zhang ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Increasing Temperature

We determined transpiration rate, survival, and rooting of unmisted, softwood cuttings of `Autumn Flame' red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and `Indian Summer' Freeman maple (Acer ×freemanii E. Murray). Effects of perlite at 24, 30, and 33 °C were assessed to determine whether responses of cuttings would be consistent with cultivar differences in resistance to root-zone heat previously shown with whole plants. During 7 d, cutting fresh mass increased by ≈20% at all temperatures for `Autumn Flame' red maple, but fresh mass of `Indian Summer' Freeman maple decreased by 17% and 21% at 30 and 33 °C, respectively. The percentage of cuttings of `Indian Summer' that were alive decreased over time and with increasing temperature. Transpiration rate decreased during the first half of the treatment period and then increased to ≈1.1 and 0.3 mmol·m-2·s-1 for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer', respectively. Mean rooting percentages over temperatures for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer' were 69 % and 16%, respectively. Mean rooting percentages at 24, 30, and 33 °C over both cultivars were 74%, 29%, and 25%, respectively. Over temperatures, mean root count per cutting was 41 and seven, and mean root dry mass per cutting was 4.9 and 0.4 mg, for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer', respectively. Use of subirrigation without mist to root stem cuttings was more successful for `Autumn Flame' than for `Indian Summer'. Temperature × cultivar interactions for cutting fresh mass and the percentage of cuttings remaining alive during treatment were consistent with previous evidence that whole plants of `Autumn Flame' are more heat resistant than plants of `Indian Summer'. Mass and survival of stem cuttings during propagation in heated rooting medium may serve as tools for screening for whole-plant heat resistance among maple genotypes.

scholarly journals Effect of Essential Nutrients on Roots Growth and Lifespan of Huanglongbing Affected Citrus Trees

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisheikh A. Atta ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan ◽  
Said A. Hamido ◽  
Davie M. Kadyampakeni
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Root Lifespan ◽  
Fine Root Length ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Citrus Trees

Understanding citrus tree root development and dynamics are critical in determining crop best nutrient management practices. The role of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), and boron (B) on huanglongbing (HLB) affected citrus trees’ root growth and lifespan in Florida is not fully documented. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of foliar and ground-applied essential nutrients on seasonal fine root length density (FRLD; diameter (d) < 2 mm) and coarse roots (d > 2 mm), FRLD dynamics, root survival probability (lifespan), and root-zone soil pH of HLB-affected sweet orange trees. Results indicated that Ca treated trees budded on Cleopatra (Cleo) and Ca and Mg combined treatments on Swingle (Swc) rootstocks significantly increased seasonal FRLD of fine (< 2 mm) and coarse roots. The highest median root lifespan of Ca treated trees was 325 and 339 days for trees budded on Cleo and Swc rootstocks, respectively. In the second study, the coarse roots showed a significantly higher reaction to the nutrition applied than the fine roots. Meanwhile, the 2× (1× foliar and 1× ground-applied) treated trees showed a significantly higher median root lifespan compared to the other treatments. Thus, the current study unwraps future studies highlighting the combined soil and/or foliar application of the above nutrients to stimulate FRLD and improve root lifespan on HLB-affected sweet oranges with emphasis on root-zone soil pH.

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