scholarly journals Who Gets the Top Jobs? The Role of Family Background and Networks in Recent Graduates’ Access to High-status Professions

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINDSEY MACMILLAN ◽  
CLAIRE TYLER ◽  
ANNA VIGNOLES
Keyword(s):  
Private School ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Family Background ◽  
High Status ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Early Access ◽  
University Selection ◽  
Recent Graduates ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThere is currently debate in policy circles about access to ‘the upper echelons of power’ (Sir John Major, ex Prime Minister, 2013). This research explores the relationship between family background and early access to top occupations. We find that privately educated graduates are a third more likely to enter into high-status occupations than state educated graduates from similarly affluent families and neighbourhoods, largely due to differences in educational attainment and university selection. We find that although the use of networks cannot account for the private school advantage, they provide an additional advantage and this varies by the type of top occupation that the graduate enters.

scholarly journals Benevolent Sexism, Attachment, and Chivalry: Examining the Role of Unfulfilled Needs in Contexts of Dependence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Sieng
Keyword(s):  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Attachment Anxiety ◽  
High Status ◽  
Romantic Couples ◽  
Support Provision ◽  
Novel Interactions ◽  
Unexpected Findings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

<p>Previous research demonstrate links between men’s and women’s endorsement of benevolent sexism and the provision/acceptance of chivalrous behaviours that increase women’s dependence on men. Research also shows that men who are relatively more anxiously attached also tend to be more endorsing of benevolent sexism as it facilitates dependence and fulfilment of relational needs. Thus, men’s preoccupations with satisfying their relational needs should heighten their tendency to behave chivalrously. This thesis examined whether attachment anxiety moderates the link between individual’s endorsement of benevolent sexism and their provision/acceptance of dependency-oriented support—behaviours that emphasise men’s high status and women’s dependence. This study also tested whether men providing, and women accepting support predicts fulfilment of relational needs. Study 1 and 2 (N = 354) examined links between endorsement of benevolent sexism and dependency-oriented dating behaviours in online samples. Results replicated the existing link between men’s endorsement of benevolent sexism and dependency-oriented support, but did not lend support for the moderating role of attachment anxiety. In Study 3, romantic couples (N = 158) discussed personal goals with one another and coders observed levels of dependency-oriented support provision and acceptance. The relationship between benevolent sexism and dependency-oriented support for men was once again replicated. Novel interactions also emerged which suggests that holding derogatory beliefs about women may also motivate men’s dependency-oriented support giving. Predictions about the role of attachment anxiety and need fulfilment produced unexpected findings demonstrating that it may be a lack of avoidant rather than attachment anxiety that moderates the relationship between benevolent sexism and dependency-oriented support. These studies illustrate that chivalrous, dependency-oriented behaviours cannot be examined in isolation from beliefs about gender roles, relational schemas, and context.</p>

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions of College Students: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and the Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Competition Experience

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihao Wu ◽  
Suo Jiang ◽  
Xiaomin Wang ◽  
Linwei Yu ◽  
Yansu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to explore effective ways to improve college students’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intentions through entrepreneurship education. The survey used a random sample of 804 college students in Zhejiang Province, China. The results show that: (1) In terms of the characteristics of entrepreneurial intention, there are significant differences in gender, entrepreneurial experience, entrepreneurial competition experience, and family background of self-employment. (2) There are significant differences in the characteristics of entrepreneurship education in gender, entrepreneurial competition experience, and the family background of self-employment. (3) In the relationship among entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurship education is significantly and positively related to entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy is significantly and positively associated with entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy plays a complete mediating role between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy also has a suppressing effect on the relationship between the two. (4) Entrepreneurial competition experience moderates the second half of the mediating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Finally, the study offers several proposals for the teaching practice of entrepreneurship education.

scholarly journals Surviving through Incubation Based on Entrepreneurship-Specific Human Capital Development: The Moderating Role of Tenants’ Network Involvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2866
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Ping Gao ◽  
Yongtao Zhou ◽  
Yuchuan Zhang ◽  
Junhua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
Specific Human Capital ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

Drawing upon human capital theory and the co-production view of business support processes, this paper investigates the moderating effects of network involvement on entrepreneurship-specific human capital (ESHC) that determines the tenants’ survival in an incubator. Longitudinal data between 2006 and 2009 of 71 ventures located in an incubator in China have been collected and analyzed. The research confirms that network involvement strengthens the influence of entrepreneurial experience on tenants’ successful graduation, but does not impact the relationship between entrepreneurial family background and tenants’ graduation.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship Education and Founding Passion: The Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Family Background

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younggeun Lee ◽  
Andres Felipe Cortes ◽  
Minjoo Joo
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Education Literature ◽  
Entrepreneurial Passion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

In this paper, we examine the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial passion. Despite the advancement of entrepreneurship education literature and the increasing focus on entrepreneurship education in business schools, we lack empirical exploration on how entrepreneurship education can impact students’ passion for founding new organizations. We hypothesize that students who take entrepreneurship classes would develop high levels of founding passion due to a great perception of skills and abilities that increase positive emotions and decrease negative emotions about the entrepreneurship process. Moreover, we draw on the literature on role models to suggest that students’ entrepreneurial family background (students whose immediate family members are entrepreneurs) strengthens the influence of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial passion. Utilizing survey data collected from 160 university students, we found that entrepreneurship education positively influences students’ founding passion and that this relationship is strengthened when students have entrepreneurs in their immediate family.

Local Legitimacy and Tax Policy: Qaids as Part of a Composite State in Colonial Tunisia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Antoine Perrier
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Composite State ◽  
Fiscal Reforms ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The colonial history of Tunisia has long been dictated by colonial sources that made the qaid (an official in charge of fiscal attributions), from the viewpoint of the capital city, a local notable and often a prevaricator. This study proposes to reconsider the relationship between government and regional power in the colonial context by drawing on the recent work of Ottoman studies about provincial elites. The article studies the fiscal reforms of the interwar period in a cereal-growing region of Tunisia, relying on sources in Arabic produced by the qaids, namely the administrative correspondence between local authorities, the prime minister, and colonial controllers. This article describes the role of qaids in the negotiation between national law and local specificities and finally highlights the role of decentralization and a local way of thinking about the state in the 1930s. It contributes to colonial history and the history of taxation by highlighting the territorial fractures in North Africa and the agency of local actors under the protectorate.

Burnout and psychological well-being of private school teachers: Role of self-awareness as mediator

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Advincula
Keyword(s):  
Private School ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Wellness Programs ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Health And Wellness ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed to determine the mediating effect of self-awareness on the relationship between burnout and psychological well-being of private school teachers. A descriptive-correlational study was employed to tertiary private school teachers in Region XI, Philippines. The researcher employed purposive sampling using the Slovin’s formula. Adapted survey questionnaires were used in this study. The questionnaires were divided into 3 sets burnout, psychological well-being and self-awareness. Results revealed that there is a significant relationship between burnout, self-awareness and psychological well-being of private school teachers. Self-awareness fully mediate the relationship between burnout and psychological well-being of teachers. Based on the findings and conclusion, since the teachers experience moderate personal burnout, it is recommended that the school official may provide health and wellness programs to reduce the degree of psychological exhaustion of teachers. The moderate self-awareness of teachers shows that the teachers are not yet in full control in the aspect of rumination and reflection. With this, it is recommended that seminars that will improve self-awareness will be conducted in the schools.

Part IV Separation of Powers, Ch.18 Executive

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dam Shubhankar
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Discretionary Powers

This chapter examines the place and role of the executive within India’s constitutional scheme. It begins with an overview of the office of the President of India and the Governor that heads each State, before turning to a discussion of the council of ministers, the role of the Prime Minister and the chief ministers, and their terms of office. It then considers the principal offices that comprise the executive, along with their appointments, powers, and functions, and the relationship between the formal and real heads of the executive. It also outlines the powers and functions of the executive and the range of discretionary powers vested in the President and Governors, as well as their effect, if any, on parliamentary credentials.

Gatekeeping, ideological affinity and journalistic translation

Journalism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146488492091729
Author(s):  
Roberto A Valdeón
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Leader ◽  
News Production ◽  
Translational Activity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

This article studies the role of translation as a first-level gatekeeping mechanism in news production. Contrary to previous views that translation was secondary for the selection and dissemination of news events, it is posited that the translational activity reflects the decisions made by news media, particularly, in the case of services in languages aimed at non-native audiences. The article is structured as follows. First, it surveys the concepts of gatekeeping and ideological affinity with regard to news translation. Then a research question concerning the reporting of the Catalan secessionist crisis in Spain is presented. This will serve to examine how translation functions as a gatekeeping mechanism. The corpus selected for the analysis comprises the Spanish articles and English versions posted by El País in the 3 months prior and the 3 months posterior to the simultaneous appointments of Spain’s new Prime Minister and of the new editor of El País. This coincidence constitutes a unique opportunity to delve into the relationship between translation and gatekeeping. The findings show that the ideological affinity between the political leader and the editor may have prompted a significant change in the way the Catalan crisis was reported, particularly in the translated versions.

scholarly journals Intergroup status differences as challenge or threat: The role of legitimacy

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan Scheepers
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Biopsychosocial Model ◽  
High Status ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Identity Processes ◽  
Challenge And Threat ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Status Differences

Based on social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) we examined the motivational consequences of intergroup status differences as a function of the legitimacy of these differences. Motivational responses were conceptualized in terms of challenge and threat and operationalized by their cardiovascular markers, as described by the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPS-CT; Blascovich & Mendes, 2010). Participants ( N = 104) were categorized in minimal groups. Group status and status legitimacy were manipulated in the context of an intergroup competition. High status elicited relatively more challenge (less threat) when status differences were legitimate than when they were illegitimate. Low status elicited relatively less threat (more challenge) when status differences were illegitimate than when they were legitimate. Cardiovascular reactivity in line with challenge mediated performance during the competition. Results are discussed in terms of the relationship between social status and stress, and the BPS-CT as novel and useful motivational framework for studying social identity processes.

Predicted Future Earnings and Choice of College Major

ILR Review ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Family Background ◽  
College Major ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Future Earnings ◽  
Conditional Logit ◽  
Choice Of Major ◽  
Recent Graduates ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Using Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men, the author of this paper examines the relationship between predicted future earnings for five broad fields of study and college students' choice of major. Conditional logit models of major choice that incorporate alternative predicted earnings variables are specified and estimated. The results indicate that, holding family background characteristics constant, individuals are likely to choose majors offering greater streams of future earnings rather than, as some have argued, majors with higher beginning earnings at the time of the choice. It is also found that earnings profiles corrected for self-selection bias have flattened for more recent graduates in business, liberal arts, and education. The life-cycle earnings in these disciplines appear to be more severely depressed than those in science and engineering.

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