Kimberley L. Phillips, Alabama North: African-American Migrants, Community, and Working-Class Activism in Cleveland, 1915–45. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999. xv + 334 pp. $59.95 cloth.

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 246-248
Author(s):  
Peter Gottlieb
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Working Class ◽  
North African ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Black Migration ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
And Gender ◽  
North And South ◽  
Landmark Study

Kimberley Phillips adds a fine study of African-Americans' northward migration, community development, and working-class formation to a series of similar works published in the 1980s and 1990s. Alabama North opens new reaches of African-Americans' early twentieth century experience in both North and South, but especially in Cleveland, a major industrial city and significant destination for Southern black migrants. We have known most about the city's African-American community at this time from the landmark study of ghetto development by Ken Kusmer, published in 1976. Like the more recent field of research which has examined black migration and migrants in Northern industrial cities, Phillips focuses her study not on the spatial and social aspects of African-Americans' increasingly segregated community but on the racial, class, and gender dynamics that produced a particular form of community in Cleveland.

Ghetto Formation and Armed Resistance in East St. Louis, Illinois

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
MALCOLM McLAUGHLIN
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
Race Riot ◽  
Black Migration ◽  
Armed Resistance ◽  
The City ◽  
Self Defence

This article explores African American armed resistance during the 1917 East St. Louis race riot in the context of black migration and ghetto formation. In particular it considers the significance of the development of the black urban community, composed of an emerging working class and a dynamic, militant and increasingly influential middle class. It was that community which came under attack by white mobs in 1917, and this work illuminates the infrastructure of resistance in the city, showing how African Americans drew upon the resources of the nascent ghetto and older traditions of self-defence to protect their homes and families.

The Effects of Visible Customer Characteristics on Servers’ Perceptions of Tipping: Potential Threats to Service Interactions

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Jeehyae Kim ◽  
Gumkwang Bae ◽  
Dae-Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Service Interactions

This study examined the effects of customer race (i.e., Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and Asian), gender (i.e., female and male), and attire (i.e., business and casual) on servers’ tip expectations and service intentions. The results indicate that customers in business attire are perceived as better tippers and targeted for better treatment than customers in casual attire. However, this main effect of attire was qualified by significant interactions with race and gender. The positive effects of business (vs. casual) attire were greater for African Americans than for Caucasians and for males than for females. The implications of these findings for the training and monitoring of restaurant servers are discussed.

Probing the Paradoxical Pattern of Cigarette Smoking among African-Americans: Low Teenage Consumption and High Adult Use

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Feigelman ◽  
Julia Lee
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
African American Adolescents ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
African American Adults ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Low Prevalence

Based on secondary analysis of the 1990 California Tobacco Survey, of 24,296 adult and 7,767 adolescent respondents, this study investigates the enigmatic results established by past research, of comparatively low prevalence rates of smoking among African-American adolescents and high use patterns for African-American adults. Findings support the crossover hypothesis claiming that more young adult White smokers successfully relinquish cigarette use than same aged African-Americans. When Whites and Blacks were grouped according to gender and age, findings showed African-American males between ages eighteen to twenty-four and females between ages twenty-five and forty-four were less likely to be among the ranks of former smokers than their same aged and gender White counterparts. The findings suggest that targeting these groups for more antismoking information and for opportunities to participate in smoking cessation programs may be helpful to reduce the higher smoking rates now found among African-American adults.

The Black Press and a Mass Black Readership

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-44
Author(s):  
Kim T. Gallon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Black Press ◽  
Northern Cities ◽  
Black Life

This chapter examines the mass movement of southern African Americans to Northern cities in the first half of the twentieth century and shows how it dramatically altered the Black Press. After 1920, black newspaper editors covered more news that they believed would appeal to working-class African Americans. In charting the development of the early-twentieth-century Black Press, chapter 1 presents a comparative analysis of five different newspapers: The Amsterdam News, The Baltimore Afro-American, The Chicago Defender, The Philadelphia Tribune, and the Pittsburgh Courier. These five newspapers demonstrate how the Black Press fostered and imagined an African American readership’s interest in sexuality through its sensational coverage of the variegations of black life throughout the 1920s and 1930s.

Legacy

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-184
Author(s):  
Tyrone McKinley Freeman
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Black Female ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Business Owner ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Last Will And Testament

Chapter 6 tells the full story of Walker’s last will and testament, which has been used by scholars to document her generosity because of its numerous charitable provisions. To date, scholars have missed the discrepancy between Walker’s intended charitable provisions and those actually executed by her daughter, A’Lelia, as executor. Consequently, only one-tenth of Walker’s estate went to charity rather than her intended one-third, a reduction explained in part by Walker’s own exorbitant spending during her lifetime and that of her daughter afterwards. The chapter explains how Walker lived during a transitional period in which women’s wills were rare—but becoming more common—and African American wills were historically restricted. She used testamentary documents to navigate her social position with respect to race, class, and gender and asserted her identity as an honorable, respectable, God-fearing, and generous black female business owner under the absurdities and indignities of Jim Crow. It told succeeding generations how she wished to be remembered and signaled women’s and African Americans’ increasing use of testamentary tools to preserve their property rights. It also set the tone for how subsequent generations would remember and pay homage to Walker as a great race woman who inspired and uplifted African Americans.

Mothers of Academically Successful Daughters The Mothers’ Voices

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freeman A. Hrabowski ◽  
Kenneth I. Maton ◽  
Monica Greene ◽  
Geoffrey L. Greif
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Educational Television ◽  
Academically Successful ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
African American Mothers ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender

For many of the mothers we interviewed for this book, it does not matter how talented their daughters are academically, because they believe their daughters’ success will never be certain. The mother whose quote begins this chapter describes a daughter who could read at three years of age, loved educational television, and attended college-based science camps during her summers in high school. Yet, at various points during her daughter’s education, the mother had to advocate on her behalf, seeking the kind of education she deserved. The second mother quoted shares the first mother’s concerns about the obstacles that lie ahead for her daughter, despite her talents. These mothers are representative, we believe, of what many African American mothers, regardless of education or marital status, struggle with in helping their children to achieve. These mothers have to be constantly vigilant, making sure that their daughters receive what they deserve. They also are constantly concerned that someone or something will impede their daughters’ progress because of race or gender. In spite of these obstacles, these mothers work to empower their daughters to succeed against the odds. In this chapter, we look at the stories the mothers tell us about their daughters’ upbringing. It is their voices we hear. We wanted to learn from the “experts” how their daughters came to achieve at such high levels, when so many Black youth do not. We look at the issues of race and gender, and how in both school and the broader society the two are interconnected. We first ask the mothers about their own upbringing. We then focus on how they raised their children. We inquire specifically about how much they helped with homework and how they disciplined their daughters. We delve into their status as African Americans, asking, for example, what they have taught their daughters about growing up Black and female. We also ask if they think their daughters will encounter racism and if they think it will be difficult to find a husband in the future (should they want to marry).

Liberalizing the Campground

Heading Out ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Young
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Working Class ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Summer Camps ◽  
Boy Scouts ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Camp Fire Girls

This chapter looks at how the inexpensive automobile extended camping to the mass of middle-and working-class Americans. During the 1920s, some African Americans, like their white counterparts, had grown wealthier and embraced a variety of short and extended recreations, including such nature-based activities as relaxing at the beach, swimming, picnicking, fishing, hiking, participating in the Boy Scouts and Camp Fire Girls, enrolling at summer camps, and family camping. However, when several new national parks opened in southern states during the 1930s, the campgrounds were racially segregated. For one African American, William J. Trent, Jr., this was unacceptable, and he waged a long and often lonely campaign to officially desegregate all national park campgrounds.

The Influence of Gender and Ethnicity on Judgments of Culpability in a Domestic Violence Scenario

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Ferguson ◽  
Charles Negy
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
European American ◽  
Domestic Assault ◽  
European Americans ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

Using an experimental analog design, in this study we examined 503 European American, African American, and Latino undergraduate students’ responses to a domestic violence scenario in which the ethnicity and gender of the perpetrator were manipulated. Results indicated that participants perceived perpetration of domestic assault significantly more criminal when committed by a man than when committed by a woman. That finding was robust across European Americans, African Americans, and Latinos and was expressed by both genders. Also, European American participants expressed significantly more criticism toward African American perpetrators of assault than they did toward European American and Latino perpetrators of the exact offense, suggestive of racial bias consistent with stereotypes about African Americans being excessively aggressive. Finally, Latino participants expressed significantly more sympathy toward women who assault their husbands than toward assaulting husbands. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Making Black Los Angeles

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marne L. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social History ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
American Founding ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

Black Los Angeles started small. The first census of the newly formed Los Angeles County in 1850 recorded only twelve Americans of African descent alongside a population of more than 3,500 Anglo Americans. Over the following seventy years, however, the African American founding families of Los Angeles forged a vibrant community within the increasingly segregated and stratified city. In this book, historian Marne L. Campbell examines the intersections of race, class, and gender to produce a social history of community formation and cultural expression in Los Angeles. Expanding on the traditional narrative of middle-class uplift, Campbell demonstrates that the black working class, largely through the efforts of women, fought to secure their own economic and social freedom by forging communal bonds with black elites and other communities of color. This women-led, black working-class agency and cross-racial community building, Campbell argues, was markedly more successful in Los Angeles than in any other region in the country. Drawing from an extensive database of all African American households between 1850 and 1910, Campbell vividly tells the story of how middle-class African Americans were able to live, work, and establish a community of their own in the growing city of Los Angeles.

scholarly journals Analysis of trends in race and gender disparities in incidence-based mortality in patients diagnosed with soft tissue sarcomas from 2000 to 2016.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e23549-e23549
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Priyanka Pappoppula ◽  
Germame Hailegiorgis Ajebo ◽  
Justin Yeh ◽  
Picon Hector ◽  
Allan N. Krutchik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcomas ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
And Gender

e23549 Background: The clinical course of soft tissue sarcomas is often dependent on the grade of the tumor. The incidence of soft tissue sarcomas have been known to be higher in males compared to females and more in African Americans compared to Caucasians (1995 to 2008 SEER data). The variability of incidence-based mortality in low grade and high grade soft tissue sarcomas with respect to gender and race over the past decade has not been well studied. This study analyzes the rates of incidence-based mortality from the years 2000 to 2016 amongst for both the grades, genders and racial groups. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database was queried to conduct a nation-wide analysis for the years 2000 to 2016. Incidence-based mortality for all stages of low grade and high grade soft tissue sarcomas was queried and the results were grouped by race (Caucasian/White vs African American/Black) and gender. All stages and ages were included in the analysis and trend from 2000 to 2016 was analyzed. Results: Incidence-based mortality rates (per 10000) for low grade and high grade soft tissue sarcomas for both races and genders are shown in the table below. The incidence-based mortality rates for Caucasians are similar to African American in both grades and genders. Rates were not analyzed for American Indian and Asian/Pacific Islanders due to small sample size. Mortality rates of high grade soft tissue sarcomas were significantly higher compared to low grade tumors. A higher rate of mortality is noted in Caucasian males compared to African Americans males despite past observations of higher incidence in African Americans. There was no significant change in the rate when trended over the past decade (2007 to 2016). Conclusions: This study highlights the higher rate of incidence-based mortality in Caucasian males compared to African American males in the past 15 years despite a lower incidence reported in the 1995 to 2008 period. With no significant change in mortality rates/year noted during this time period, this study implies that soft tissue sarcomas in Caucasian males have worse outcomes. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism underlying this disparity. [Table: see text]

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