scholarly journals Summary of Future Space Observations of Solar Irradiances at Different Wavelengths

1994 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Vicente Domingo
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Form Part ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Near Future

The variations of solar irradiance can only be measured with a reasonable precision from space for almost all wavelengths. Yet the history of solar irradiance determinations is, with few exceptions, the history of efforts to patch the infrequent or too discontinuous space-based measurements by devising mechanisms for proxy determination of solar irradiance fluxes from ground-based obtained parameters. Although it appears that in the near future the situation will not be too different, there is some increase in the coverage of the spectral range that will be monitored. From gamma-rays to infrared light there are instruments that are now operating (e.g. GOES, Yohkoh, UARS) or are planned to operate in approved space missions (e.g. SOHO, ATLAS), or form part of proposed, not yet approved, missions. New techniques are being developed specifically for the measurement of solar irradiance variations with increased precision (e.g. cryogenic radiometer) in the next generation of space-borne measurements.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EMPIRICAL ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY IN PATIENS WITH CHRONIC CALCULOUS PYELONEPHRITIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-115
Author(s):  
Андрей Владимирович Кузьменко ◽  
Владимир Васильевич Кузьменко ◽  
Тимур Асланбекович Гяургиев ◽  
Иван Иванович Баранников
Keyword(s):  
Urine Culture ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Near Future

На сегодняшний день проблема возросшей антибиотикорезистентности патогенных микроорганизмов существенно возросла и является одной из самых обсуждаемых в научном сообществе. Это связано с частобесконтрольным назначением антибиотиков врачами, а такжеширокой доступностью практически всех видов существующих антибактериальных препаратов для пациентов, что дает им возможность самостоятельно приобрести и принимать их, без соответствующего контроля специалиста.На настоящий момент на фармацевтическом рынке отсутствуют существенно новые антибактериальные препараты с принципиально новым механизмом действия и появления их в ближайшем будущем не предвидится. В связи с тем, что пациенты, имеющие заболевания вызванные микроорганизмами нуждаются в назначении антибиотиков с первого дня начала болезни, а бактериальный посев мочи с определением чувствительности микроорганизмов к антибактериальным препаратам занимает от 3 до 7 дней, проблема эмпирической терапии становится ещё более актуальной. Постоянно меняющийся спектр антибиотикочувствительности микроорганизмов обуславливает необходимость постоянного его мониторинга и регулярной оценки эффективности проводимой эмпирической терапии. Целью данной работы стало изучение соответствия чувствительности микроорганизмов, выявляемых при бактериологическом исследовании мочи у больных уролитиазом, осложненным пиелонефритом, антибиотикам, назначаемым пациентам в качестве эмпирической терапии To date, the problem of increased antibiotic resistance of pathogens has increased significantly and is one of the most discussed in the scientific community. This is due to the often uncontrolled prescribing of antibiotics by doctors, as well as the wide availability of almost all types of existing antibacterial drugs for patients, which gives them the opportunity to independently purchase and take them, without the appropriate supervision of a specialist. At the moment, there are no significantly new antibacterial drugs with a fundamentally new mechanism of action on the pharmaceutical market, and their appearance is not expected in the near future. Due to the fact that patients with diseases caused by microorganisms need to prescribe antibiotics from the first day of the onset of the disease, and bacterial urine culture with the determination of the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs takes from 3 to 7 days, the problem of empirical therapy becomes even more urgent. The constantly changing spectrum of antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms requires constant monitoring and regular evaluation of the effectiveness of empirical therapy. The aim of this work was to study the compliance of the sensitivity of microorganisms detected during bacteriological examination of urine in patients with urolithiasis complicated by pyelonephritis with antibiotics prescribed to patients as an empirical therapy

American tourists in Cuba: Is the communist country a forbidden or a tainted fruit?

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson Wilson ◽  
Pavlína Látková
Keyword(s):  
Destination Image ◽  
Communist Country ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Near Future

Americans are the majority of tourists in the Caribbean, but the US embargo against Cuba prevents almost all American tourists from visiting Cuba. This study uses mixed methods to examine a group of American tourists' destination image of Cuba before and after a tour in Cuba. The American tourists in this study described Cuba as a forbidden fruit, a desirable destination that Americans are not allowed to or at least should not visit. On the positive side, travelling to Cuba was seen as a scarce opportunity that has the allure of the prohibited and the attraction of viewing communism from a previous era. Conversely, the image of Cuba was also tainted by the history of political antagonism with America and associated concerns about tourist safety, cost, and a limited market place. However, actual and potential changes in Cuba are likely to heavily impact the destination image in the near future.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MUSEUM IN ANTEBELLUM U.S. WESTERN TERRITORIAL EXPLORATION: UNDERSTANDING THE RELEVANCE OF COLLECTING FOSSILS AND THEIR CONSERVATION TO SOLVING LONG-STANDING GEOLOGIC AND PALEONTOLOGIC PROBLEMS—PART 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-145
Author(s):  
JOSEPH H. HARTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Smithsonian Institution ◽  
National Museum ◽  
General State ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Yellowstone River ◽  
Pivotal Moments ◽  
Geologic Maps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

The determination of pivotal moments in the history of a discipline of science can depend on the perspective of the observer. This narrative notes the importance of antebellum institutions in fostering research, research communication, and the potential for fossil conservation. The Smithsonian Institution (U.S. National Museum = National Museum of Natural History) provided a federal umbrella for fossil collection and curation when one was needed. However, along with other institutions, the success record of conserved fossil continental mollusks prior to 1855 is abysmal. Fossils from the first (Frémont in 1843), second (Harris–Audubon in 1843), and third (Evans–Shumard in 1853) expeditions to collect specimens are all now missing. As a clue to the general state of confusion one, terrestrial snail named by Hall and Meek (1855) was misplaced for over a century, but was recently found. Continental molluscan fossils should have served as temporal and environmental landmarks in the construction of geologic maps produced in the 1850s by Hitchcock, Marcou, Rogers, and Hall and Lesley. However, except for the Hall and Lesley map, they did not. Fossil information was published and available, but many fossils were not accessible. The Smithsonian was the recipient of Hayden's fossils and natural science specimens collected in 1854 and 1855. Hayden's fossils and observations resulted in numerous publications, not the least of which were those by Meek and Hayden in 1856 and 1857. For reasons that remain unknown, a number of type specimens (and associated material) used to describe species in 1856 were replaced by Meek in his 1876a monograph, when Meek and Hayden upper Missouri and Yellowstone River species were finally illustrated. Thus, undeclared neotypes have been masquerading as holotypes or members of syntypic (cotypic) series. Meek and Hayden entered the field of western territorial geological studies with only the preconceptions of geology not particularly relevant to what they were about to see. Their claim to fame was not subtle—they published based on observations and specimens. In almost all ways that were important, they were starting from scratch.

Stellar Evolution

1962 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
M. Schwarzschild
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Stellar Evolution ◽  
Space Craft ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Individual Stars ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolution Of Galaxies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fast Flow

It is perhaps one of the most important characteristics of the past decade in astronomy that the evolution of some major classes of astronomical objects has become accessible to detailed research. The theory of the evolution of individual stars has developed into a substantial body of quantitative investigations. The evolution of galaxies, particularly of our own, has clearly become a subject for serious research. Even the history of the solar system, this close-by intriguing puzzle, may soon make the transition from being a subject of speculation to being a subject of detailed study in view of the fast flow of new data obtained with new techniques, including space-craft.

State-by-State Use of AMA Guides

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 3-7, 16
Keyword(s):  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
Workers Compensation ◽  
Federal Employees ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Abstract This article presents a history of the origins and development of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), from the publication of an article titled “A Guide to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment of the Extremities and Back” (1958) until a compendium of thirteen guides was published in book form in 1971. The most recent, sixth edition, appeared in 2008. Over time, the AMA Guides has been widely used by US states for workers’ compensation and also by the Federal Employees Compensation Act, the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, as well as by Canadian provinces and other jurisdictions around the world. In the United States, almost twenty states have developed some form of their own impairment rating system, but some have a narrow range and scope and advise evaluators to consult the AMA Guides for a final determination of permanent disability. An evaluator's impairment evaluation report should clearly document the rater's review of prior medical and treatment records, clinical evaluation, analysis of the findings, and a discussion of how the final impairment rating was calculated. The resulting report is the rating physician's expert testimony to help adjudicate the claim. A table shows the edition of the AMA Guides used in each state and the enabling statute/code, with comments.

From the Tower of London to the Thomas More Society of Buenos Aires: “Give me thy grace, good Lord, to set the world at nought”

Moreana ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (Number 164) (4) ◽  
pp. 187-206
Author(s):  
Clare M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Short History ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Tower Of London ◽  
Hebrew Poetry ◽  
Prayer Book ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Book Of Hours ◽  
Almost All

The Thomas More Society of Buenos Aires begins or ends almost all its events by reciting in both English and Spanish a prayer written by More in the margins of his Book of Hours probably while he was a prisoner in the Tower of London. After a short history of what is called Thomas More’s Prayer Book, the author studies the prayer as a poem written in the form of a psalm according to the structure of Hebrew poetry, and looks at the poem’s content as a psalm of lament.

Population Change, Modernization and Welfare. By Joseph Spengler. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1974.

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-222
Author(s):  
Zeba A. Sathar
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Stable Condition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
Almost All

The book covers a wide field, touching on almost all aspects of popula¬tion change on a world-wide scale. It discusses, using world and country data, the relationships between demographic and socio-economic variables, and elaborates on" their relative importance in the determination of population problems which confront the world as a whole and nations individually. Policies designed to alleviate these problems are discussed with an emphasis on those related to population control. The first chapter is entitled "Population Growth: Past and Prospective" and reviews the various parameters associated with population change in the past and in the future. It touches upon the concept of a stable population in order to show the elements which cause a population to change (i.e. remove it from its stable condition). The main elements of change, population growth, migration, mortality and natality are discussed individually. The chapter is concluded by a description of the main differences in these elements and other socio-economic conditions as they exist in the less-developed and developed countries.

La valorisation des prestations non-bois: particularités genevoises (essai) | Commercialization of non-wood forest services: the case of Geneva (essay)

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (8) ◽  
pp. 232-234
Author(s):  
Patrik Fouvy
Keyword(s):  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
The State ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Private Forests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Body ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Near Future

The history of the forests in canton Geneva, having led to these being disconnected from productive functions, provides a symptomatic demonstration that the services provided by the forest eco-system are common goods. Having no hope of financial returns in the near future and faced with increasing social demands, the state has invested in the purchase of forest land, financed projects for forest regeneration and improvement of biological diversity and developed infrastructures for visitors. In doing this the state as a public body takes on the provision of services in the public interest. But the further funding for this and for expenses for the private forests, which must be taken into account, are not secured for the future.

Integrative Approach in Law Understanding: the History of the Origin of Ideas and the Current State

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-130
Author(s):  
R. R. Palekha ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Place ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Thinking ◽  
Reliable Knowledge ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fat Formulation

Introduction. Right understanding is the most live, interesting and, at the same time, the uncertain and changeable area of researches which takes the central place as in the general theory of the right, and gains the increasing value in industry jurisprudence that is connected with its considerable teoretiko-methodological and applied potential which is shown in spheres of lawmaking and law-enforcement activity. Thus, right understanding represents research tools of the subject of knowledge which allow to study all range legal and, the based on them, state phenomena for the purpose of obtaining reliable knowledge of state and legal reality. In this regard integrative approach in right understanding which has rich history of the formation and development is of special interest, allows to perceive the right as integrally complete phenomenon, as much as possible retrieves its regulatory abilities and, provides achievement of criteria of scientific research: comprehensiveness, objectivity, historicism. Materials and Methods. In article an attempt of the analysis of integrative approach in right understanding from a position of history of origin of his ideas and assessment of the current state is made. A result of studying of scientific literature, generalization and comparison of the different points of view fat formulation of author’s determination of category “right understanding” and submission of the evidence-based integrative theory of right understanding which as much as possible conforms to requirements of time and has essential regulatory and guarding potential. Results. In article the category right understanding is comprehensively considered, different integrative theories of right understanding from a position of their origin and development are submitted, the value of modern integrative approach in right understanding is shown, perspectives of its further development are evaluated. Discussion and Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion about the theoretical and methodological consistency and inevitability of the integrative approach in law understanding, which acts as a scientifically grounded type of legal thinking capable of comprehending the law on a truly scientific basis.

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