Use of crop residues and agro-industrial by-products in ruminant production systems in developing countries

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. N. Jayasuriya
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Mixed System ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
By Products

AbstractRuminant production systems in developing countries could be classified into three categories: the extensive systems, systems incorporating arable cropping and systems integrated with tree cropping. Systems have evolved in response to the agro-ecological environment, the availability and type of land, nature of cropping patterns, frequency and intensity of cropping, area of uncultivated land and animal species and animal numbers.Smallholder livestock farmers in most developing countries appear to have adopted a mixed system that incorporates the traditional extensive system and the system that combines arable cropping with livestock. Both in Africa and in Asia, livestock production is an important component of traditional agriculture, complementing arable cropping. Livestock utilize existing food resources such as communal grazing lands which are marginal for arable cropping, crop residues and agro-industrial by-products. Besides supplying meat and milk, organic manure and draft power, livestock are an investment and an insurance against crop failure.Crop residues and agro-industrial by-products are a major source of nutrients for ruminant livestock in developing countries, especially during periods of fodder shortage. Despite the large research effort on upgrading crop residues in recent years, there has been little improvement in the utilization of crop residues in developing countries. Reasons for this are many but include, the absence of detailed production patterns of crop residues within countries, including when and where they are produced, the difficulties of transporting and storing crop residues, inappropriate technology and the near absence of extension services.Both in the African and Asian continents, smallholder farmers who rear livestock for supplementary income are rather reluctant to change their traditional practices, when new technologies call for extra labour, time and capital, since the methods may be too demanding in relation to the benefit produced. The more likely application of any new technology will be with larger-scale operations where benefits are clearer and sufficiently large to warrant the extra efforts.

scholarly journals Strategies for Increasing Beef Cattle Production under Dryland Farming Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Heather Burrow
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Dryland Farming ◽  
Market Preference ◽  
Stocking Rates

Integrated cattle and dryland farming systems in Indonesia use a range of crop residues and by products to feed cattle through intensive and extensive production systems. Intensive systems use stalls to house cattle and cut and carry feeding systems, primarily for fattening cattle. Under extensive systems, cattle are free‐grazing,and the systems apply only where greater land areas exist and they are used for breeding and fattening cattle. This paper therefore specifically focuses on the opportunities that exist to improve beef production in dryland farming systems in Indonesia. The best strategies for smallholder farmers in Indonesia to improve beef production require farmers to focus on profitability and use proven management strategies, including a) using adapted cattle breeds resistant/tolerant to environmental stressor, b) understanding the market preference; c) managing cattle breeding herds based on rainfall patterns, d) keeping good records on all aspects of breeding and fattening activities and e) adjusting stocking rates in extensive system to match the carrying capacity of the land.

scholarly journals INTRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROP RESIDUES AS SUPPLEMENT FOR GOATS FATTENING AMONG ANIMAL REARERS IN GIPALMA MUBI-SOUTH, ADAMAWA STATE

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Babale ◽  
A. Aliyu ◽  
Dazala ◽  
Wazamda
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Feed Resources ◽  
Maize Bran ◽  
Poor Nutrition ◽  
By Products ◽  
Main Strategy

Fattening has been defined as intensive feeding of highly nutritious feed to and promotes fast growth and fat deposition to achieve desired carcass growth and quality. The main strategy is to fatten young, lean male goat to obtain either from the farmer’s own flock or more often, purchased on the open market over a period of two to three months, with each farmer fattening between one and five animals. The goats are usually tethered or kept in a small sheltered enclosure at the homestead, and often fed and watered individually. Basal feeds used for goat fattening, such as hay and millet straw are supplemented with cowpea haulms, maize bran, rice bran and coconut flour which is derived from the crop residues. Poor nutrition is a major constraint in fattening small ruminants in Nigeria, this is because farmers often give the animals whatever is available, leading to waste when feed availability is high, and underfeeding when it is low (feed availability). Fattening of small ruminants as a business is very common in Nigeria. Small ruminants are usually reproduced on the farms or houses and are sold around festivities. (Christmas and Sallah) or when cash is required. No special efforts, other than grazing the animals, are made by many smallholder farmers and pastoralists to ‘’fatten’’ them. A similar situation exists for fattening of large ruminants (bulls) as a business. Most farmers in Nigeria sell their bulls once they have been introduced to ‘’fatten’’ these animals commercially. Goats are able to subsist and make appreciable gains in long dry season with crop residue-based diets that compare favourably with conventional concentrate rations. Some of the crop residues and by-products available are potentially good feed resources which degrade readily in the rumen, some however, have shown poor degradability and hence, require some treatments before they can contribute to animal nutrition.

scholarly journals Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security in Nigeria; Facts and Myths

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
B. O. Ehirim ◽  
M. Bashir ◽  
M. N. Ishaq ◽  
A. S. Gana ◽  
B. Z. Salihu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Global Food

Biotechnology per se is not a panacea for the world’s problems of hunger and poverty. However, genetic engineering in particular offers outstanding potentials to increase the efficiency of crop improvement. Thus, biotechnology could enhance global food production and availability in a sustainable way. Studies have shown that transgenic crops are very appropriate for agricultural producers and consumers in developing countries as the entire technology can be packaged into the seed. It can easily be integrated into traditional smallholder farming systems through proper stewardship. Except for a few innovative transfer projects, the application of biotechnology until now remains concentrated in the industrialized world. However due to insufficient owned scientific and regulatory capacities, the increase in privatized international agricultural research and the strengthening of intellectual property rights of these organizations complicate the access of developing countries to biotechnology. Therefore, profound government and Institutional adjustments that cuts across new technologies and regulations are essential to ensuring that biotechnology does not bypass the resource poor, smallholder farmers in Africa and Nigeria in particular.

scholarly journals Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption by Smallholder Farmers in Developing Countries: Perspective and Prospect for Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Suprehatin - Suprehatin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technology Adoption ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Agricultural Technology ◽  
Smallholder Farmer ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Adoption Decision ◽  
Determinant Factors ◽  
Farmer Adoption

<p class="BodyA">The role of agricultural technology is important in developing countries. However, in many cases the adoption rate of modern agricultural technology by smallholder farmers is low. Therefore, a better understanding of agricultural technology adoption determinants is important as a major component of agricultural growth. This paper is a review and synthesize of the literature related to potential factors that may constrain or encourage smallholder farmer adoption of new agricultural technologies. The determinant factors influencing smallholder farmer adoption of new technologies in developing countries vary from study to study based on contextual applicability and specific local condition. There are four major typologies of determinant factors are identified to help explain low adoption rates of particular agricultural technology in developing countries which are technology attributes, farmer or farm household characteristics, farm characteristics and institutional factors. Future policy recommendations on adoption decision should consider all those four important factors to provide better understanding of new agricultural technology adoption by smallholder farmers, resulting in improved livelihoods for smallholders.</p><p class="BodyA">Keywords: Agricultural, technology, adoption, farmer</p><p class="BodyA"> </p><p class="BodyA"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><strong>DETERMINAN ADOPSI TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN OLEH PETANI KECIL DI NEGARA BERKEMBANG: PERSPEKTIF DAN PROSPEK UNTUK INDONESIA</strong></p><p class="BodyA">Peran teknologi pertanian sangat penting di negara berkembang. Meskipun demikian, tingkat adopsi teknologi pertanian baru oleh petani kecil masih rendah. Oleh karena itu, pemahaman terhadap faktor-faktor yang menentukan keputusan petani dalam mengadopsi teknologi sangat penting untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan sektor pertanian. Tulisan ini adalah hasil sintesis terhadap beberapa literatur ilmiah yang berkaitan dengan faktor penghambat atau pendorong petani kecil dalam mengadopsi teknologi pertanian. Faktor yang memengaruhi petani kecil mengadopsi teknologi pertanian di negara berkembang berbeda antarstudi berdasarkan kebutuhan dan kondisi lokal tertentu. Empat kelompok utama faktor penentu yang dapat menjelaskan rendahnya adopsi teknologi di negara berkembang yaitu atribut teknologi, karakteristik petani, usaha tani, dan faktor kelembagaan. Rekomendasi kebijakan terkait keputusan adopsi teknologi seharusnya mempertimbangkan keempat kelompok faktor tersebut untuk dapat memahami lebih baik adopsi teknologi baru oleh petani kecil guna meningkatkan kesejahteraannya.</p><p class="BodyA">Kata kunci: Pertanian, teknologi, adopsi, petani</p>

ANIMAL AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC BRADFORD
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Pastoral Systems

Livestock play a very important role in the agriculture of most developing countries, accounting on average for an estimated half of agricultural output through their direct and indirect contributions. Major functions include: production of human-edible food from human-inedible forages, crop residues and by-products; concentrating nutrients, thus increasing the quality of food and producing high-value products for sale; serving as a source of savings and income for producers who lack access to banks or credit; recycling plant nutrients and improving soil fertility; serving as a food reserve; and providing draft power. Crop-livestock systems are in general more stable and more productive than cropping systems alone. A perceived problem due to livestock is overgrazing and environmental degradation, but these are usually the result of human mismanagement of the animals. Traditional pastoral systems can be not only persistent, but ecologically sound. The currently observed problems associated with pastoral systems in arid and semi-arid lands are more likely to result from breakdown of traditional management practices due to human population increase and external intervention or social changes, or from abiotic factors such as climatic variation, than from flaws in the traditional system. Research and development programs can increase the contributions of animals to the well-being of their owners and to the economies of developing countries. Some areas with high potential include: evaluation of local genetic resources; assessment of feed resources and design of economical, efficient supplementation strategies; and reduction of costs of disease control by development of multivalent vaccines. There are opportunities for large increases in efficiency of resource utilization and animal productivity. However, a more thorough understanding of social and economic as well as biological aspects of production systems than has usually existed in development projects is essential for interventions, where they are indicated, to be effective. Key words: Food quality, efficiency, production systems, sustainability, genetic resources, animal traction

Indigenous Smallholder Farming Strategies in South-Western Burkina Faso in Climate Variability Context

2018 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Thiombiano Boundia Alexandre ◽  
Ouédraogo Dénis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Western Burkina Faso

Existing production systems in West Africa are unable to maintaining a good enough nutrient cycling at farm level. Climate change is expected to increase food production issues in agro ecosystems. Adaptation of smallholders to climate change requires rethinking and adjusting their existing production systems in order to improve their nutrient balance and to ensure an efficient provision of food demand. To that end, better understanding indigenous strategies is still needed. The present study was conducted in South-western Burkina Faso. Three communities of the province were chosen through a cluster analysis using NDVI index, land use map, soil degradation information, and population density. Using soil map, six villages were randomly selected and 360 farms were surveyed. The findings show that farmers overwhelmingly (99%) perceive rainfall variability in the studied zone. Farmers used in average 22.69 ± 3.11 kg ha -1 of mineral fertilizer. A total of 28.06 % and 23.6% of interviewed farmers were using farm yard manure and compost from crop residues, respectively. Stone bunds were implemented by around 35% of farmers. The study also showed that most farmers rely on non-scientific methods for determining sowing period. The study demonstrates the need for rethinking the policy intervention strategies to ensure a better uptake of proven practices in sustainable nutrient management, and to build capacities of smallholder farmers in agro-meteorology to guide the decision making.

scholarly journals Determinants of rice by-products utilization as feed and their management in Ethiopia: the case of Fogera District

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
BIMREW ASMARE ◽  
ZEMENU YAYEH
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
The Status ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
By Products

Asmare B, Yayeh Z. 2018. Determinants of rice by-products utilization as feed and their management in Ethiopia: the case of Fogera District. Asian J Agric 2: 1-7. The study was conducted with the objective to determine the status of farmers’ rice byproduct utilization as feed in Fogera district, northwestern Ethiopia. Eighty smallholder farmers were selected purposely based on livestock population and rice production access. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to select farmers systematically. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS descriptive statistical analysis. The result indicated that the majority of respondents in the study area were with the range from 31 to 50 years (55%). Education status of respondents showed that the majority of household heads were able to read and write (27.5%) followed by elementary school (26.25%) and high school (17.5%) completed. The main dry season feed in the majority of households (46.25%) was found to be grazing and crop residues. The majority (64.62%) of farmers used rice by-products as livestock feed, followed by both feed and house construction. Types of by-products used for animal feed by respondent’s elucidated majority (61.5%) used rice straw, considerable proportion (26.15%) rice bran and (12.30%) used both straw and bran for animal feed based on availability. The sources of rice by-products indicated for many of respondents (66.7%) was farm produced, 18.5% use purchased and 18.4% get rice by-products both from farm produced and purchasing for their animal feed. Type of animals fed rice byproducts including cattle in the case of majority of respondents (49.23%), cattle and equine, followed (24.62%), and all animals (13.85%), respectively. In livestock owners, rice by-products are fed to livestock as sole feed and mixed with other feeds, however, the majority (69.2%) of households provides sole followed by both sole and mixed with other feeds (16.9%). Many of the respondents (55%) apply drying followed by addition of salt water (22.5%) as method of improving the rice by-products. The main constraints observed in rice by-products utilization as feed were seasonal deficiency of by-products (25.5%) followed by lack of awareness (16.25%).Though these problems prevailed in the study area, rice by-products are being used as a major crop residue feed with little or no improvement applied. Generally, it can be included that rice by-products were found very important feed resources in the rice dominated farming system of Fogera district. To exploit these products properly, farmers need to be assisted through proper agricultural extension service and supply in the form of credit service. Moreover, further on detailed on-farm experimentation should be done to demonstrate better utilization of the products as livestock feed.

Industry 4.0 in Emerging Economies

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratima Verma ◽  
Vimal Kumar ◽  
Priyanka C. Bhatt ◽  
Vinayak Arvind kumar Drave ◽  
Sung-Chi Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Technological Infrastructure ◽  
Fast Tracking ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
Developed Nations

Industry 4.0 has received a massive amount of attention worldwide in the past few years as a technological infrastructure to provide efficient operations in existing production systems as well as fast-tracking the implementation of internet-connected technologies across various industries. Industry 4.0 technologies have been considered as a strategy and implemented successfully in various developed countries. However, in emerging economies (or developing countries), the implementation of Industry 4.0 is not as successful as developed nations because of various challenges. However, fast-moving economies can take advantage of Industry 4.0 techniques as their requirement to operate at faster rates, capitalizing on new technologies that can drive efficiencies. This chapter examines the sustainability issues of Industry 4.0 in developing or emerging economies countries. These sustainability issues are related to scientific, technological, and societal issues.

Impact of Optimal Cropping Patterns on Incomes in a Punjab District

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-221
Author(s):  
M. Arshad Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Linear Programming ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Punjab Province ◽  
Optimal Cropping

To improve farm incomes in developing countries, the foremost question that the farmer must address himself to is: what cropping pattern best uses the fixed resources in order to get the highest returns? During the last decade, the agricultural economists have shown great interest in applying the tools of linear programming to individual farms. Most of the studies conducted elsewhere have shown that, under existing cropping pattern, farm resources were not being utilized optimally on the small farms.[l, 4]. We conducted a survey in the canal-irrigated areas of the Punjab province of Pakistan1 to investigate into the same problem. This short note aims at identifying the opti¬mal cropping pattern and to estimate the increase in farm incomes as a result of a switch towards it on the sampled farms.

Adoption and Commercialization of Green Corn, Green Corn –Based Silage, Haylage and Ummb Production for Dairy Cattle in Cagayan Valley, Philippines

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 82-92
Author(s):  
Eva U. Cammayo ◽  
Nilo E. Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Feed Resources ◽  
Dry Spell ◽  
Dairy Animals

This research aimed to improve dairy production and increase the income of dairy farmers using locally available feed resources. Small-scale milk producers rely heavily on available feed resources in the locality which are either indigenous in the area or introduced species for feed and nutrition of their dairy cattle and buffalos. Their milk output depends mainly on seasonal fluctuations in the quality and quantity of natural forage. Crop residues such as corn stover and rice straw which are high in fiber but low in nutrients serve as a feed supplement and filler to the daily diets of dairy cattle and buffalos. Cagayan Valley is an ear of top corn and rice-producing region. The potential of crop residues as feed supplements or raw materials of dairy cattle/buffalo feed mix is great. But dairy farmers still face the scarcity problem of quality feed resources for dairy animals especially during the dry season. The supply of forage is very low during the dry spell. Inadequate feed mix and low nutritive value of feed mix result in low or no milk production. Producing green corn and ensiling it to produce green corn silage preserves and prolong the storage life of forages. In this way, a stable supply of feed mix for dairy animals is assured year-round. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: adoption and commercialization, dairy industry, financial viability, green-corn silage production, indigenous grasses, smallholder farmers.

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