Criteria for new inclusions in the OED – A case study of informatization

English Today ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Guohua Chen ◽  
Lixia Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Information Society ◽  
English Language ◽  
Civil Servant ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time

In 1977 two French men, Simon Nora, a high-level civil servant, and Alain Minc, an economist, co-authored a report entitled L'informatisation de la société to French president Valery Giscard d'Estaing, which was later translated into English and published as The Computerization of Society (Nora & Minc, 1980). However, in a paper of the same title written in English and published in 1987, Minc simply transplanted the French word informatisation directly into English rather than sticking to the old translation computerization. However that was not the first time the word informatisation was used in the English language. One year before, the word informatization had appeared in an article published in the American magazine Dædalus: (1)This is what the information society is offering as a by-product of a new stage in the mechanization of the economy and the informatization of culture. […] It is no accident that the phrase “artificial intelligence” has become such an important term within the culture of those responsible for the informatization of society, because, if intelligence can be artificial, then the randomness of history will disappear (Smith, 1986: 165–6).

scholarly journals Gender and feminist considerations in Artificial Intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGHAMITRA CHOUDHURY ◽  
Shailendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precarious Situation ◽  
And Robotics

<p>The relationship between women, technology manifestation, and likely prospects in the developing world is discussed in this manuscript. Using India as a case study, the paper goes on to discuss how ontology and epistemology views utilised in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and robotics will affect women's prospects in developing countries. Women in developing countries, notably in South Asia, are perceived as doing domestic work and are underrepresented in high-level professions. They are disproportionately underemployed and face prejudice in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to determine if the introduction of AI would exacerbate the already precarious situation of women in the developing world or if it would serve as a liberating force. While studies on the impact of AI on women have been undertaken in developed countries, there has been less research in developing countries. This manuscript attempts to fill that need.</p>

Down the deep rabbit hole: Untangling deep learning from machine learning and artificial intelligence

First Monday ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niel Chah
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Technical Guide ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
High Level

Interest in deep learning, machine learning, and artificial intelligence from industry and the general public has reached a fever pitch recently. However, these terms are frequently misused, confused, and conflated. This paper serves as a non-technical guide for those interested in a high-level understanding of these increasingly influential notions by exploring briefly the historical context of deep learning, its public presence, and growing concerns over the limitations of these techniques. As a first step, artificial intelligence and machine learning are defined. Next, an overview of the historical background of deep learning reveals its wide scope and deep roots. A case study of a major deep learning implementation is presented in order to analyze public perceptions shaped by companies focused on technology. Finally, a review of deep learning limitations illustrates systemic vulnerabilities and a growing sense of concern over these systems.

Augmenting Healthcare with Human-Centered Technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Moehle ◽  
Jessica Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Business Cases ◽  
Self Driving Cars ◽  
High Level ◽  
Near Future

“Robotics”, “Artificial Intelligence”, and “Machine Learning” have become an almost impossibly broad amalgam of terminologies that span across industries to include everything from the cotton gin to self-driving cars, and touch a broad range of biotechnology and med tech applications.  We address the spread of these transformative technologies across every interpretation of the analogy, including the spectrum ranging from practical, highly economic products to inventive science fiction with speculative business cases.  In this two-part article, we first briefly overview the high-level commonalities between historically successful products and the economic factors driving adoption of these intelligent technologies in our current economy.  In doing so, we focus heavily on “Augmentation” as a central theme of the best products historically, now, and in the near future.  In the second part of the article, we further illustrate how “Augmented Intelligence” can be applied to biotech. This is done through a mini-case study, or a detailed practicum, on Ariel Precision Medicine, to illustrate how “Augmented Intelligence” can be applied to precision medicine currently.

scholarly journals The Importance of Building Community Trust for Sustained Malaria Elimination Interventions During Unforeseen Major Disruptive Events Such as COVID-19: A Cambodia Case Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitra Feldman ◽  
Lieven Vernaeve ◽  
James Tibenderana ◽  
Leo Braack ◽  
Mark Debackere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
The Novel ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Building Community ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background Impressive progress in reducing malaria trends combined with the 2018 report of no malaria related deaths for the first time, puts Cambodia well on track to reaching its malaria elimination goals. However, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic presents a potential challenge to this goal. The path towards malaria elimination is dependent on sustained interventions to prevent rapid resurgence, which can quickly set back any gains achieved. Methods Mobile Malaria Workers (MMWs) need to have a strong understanding of the local geography and, most importantly, build and maintain trust among the communities they serve. To achieve this, Malaria Consortium uses a peer-to-peer approach for the MMWs and ensures the same level of trust operates between the MMWs and Malaria Consortium. Malaria Consortium’s policy during COVID-19 has been to follow national guidelines while continuing to support community-based malaria services via the MMWs / mobile malaria posts (MPs) with as minimal disruption as possible. A risk assessment was carried out by Malaria Consortium, with a mitigation plan quickly developed and implemented, to ensure MMWs were able to continue providing services without putting themselves or their patients at risk. Results Malaria Consortium ensured the MMW/ mobile MP program is built on trust, relevance to, and connection with the communities being served. An overall decline in malaria testing was reported from Health Centres and VMWs among all three provinces in March and April, not seen in previous years and possibly attributable to fear of COVID-19. However, Malaria Consortium supported MMWs have not reported any such decline in the utilization of their services and attribute this to the trust they have among the communities. Conclusion Malaria Consortium has effectively demonstrated care and solidarity with and among the MMWs and communities being served. This has ensured a high level of trust, and therefore willingness among the MMWs and communities to continue providing and utilising malaria services as usual despite the fear of COVID-19. Building trust among rural communities builds resilience and ensures uninterrupted and effective malaria elimination activities can continue even during a potential extraneous disruptive force, such as the Covid-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Actionable Principles for Artificial Intelligence Policy: Three Pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Stix
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Governmental Policy ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Ethics Guidelines ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
High Level

AbstractIn the development of governmental policy for artificial intelligence (AI) that is informed by ethics, one avenue currently pursued is that of drawing on “AI Ethics Principles”. However, these AI Ethics Principles often fail to be actioned in governmental policy. This paper proposes a novel framework for the development of ‘Actionable Principles for AI’. The approach acknowledges the relevance of AI Ethics Principles and homes in on methodological elements to increase their practical implementability in policy processes. As a case study, elements are extracted from the development process of the Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI of the European Commission’s “High Level Expert Group on AI”. Subsequently, these elements are expanded on and evaluated in light of their ability to contribute to a prototype framework for the development of 'Actionable Principles for AI'. The paper proposes the following three propositions for the formation of such a prototype framework: (1) preliminary landscape assessments; (2) multi-stakeholder participation and cross-sectoral feedback; and, (3) mechanisms to support implementation and operationalizability.

scholarly journals Engineering Students as Science Teachers: A Case Study on Students' Motivation

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aharon Gero
Keyword(s):  
Student Satisfaction ◽  
Science Teachers ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
Israel Institute ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level ◽  
Motivation To Participate

The program "Educational Clinic" was recently developed and implemented at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. This one year program is designed to train engineering students as teaching assistants in high schools in order to help high school pupils with mathematics and science. The study described in this paper tracked changes in students' motivation to participate in the program throughout the year. Data was collected by questionnaires and interviews. The findings reveal that alongside a fixed high level of extrinsic motivational factors, which reflect student satisfaction of improving their teaching skills, a considerable increase was found in the level of intrinsic motivational factors, which express the students' interest in the program.

scholarly journals Forensic Psychiatric and Legal Aspects of Infanticide and Neonaticide in Russia

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
M. Kachaeva ◽  
T. Dmitrieva ◽  
L. Satianova
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Child Murder ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric ◽  
High Level

Aims:To find out clinical and social factors contributing to specific female crimes - infanticide and neonaticide.Method:Clinical, descriptive statistical.Results:The problem of the murder of children by their mothers remains a burning issue in Russia. The most complicated for forensic psychiatrists are the cases when children were killed by not mentally ill mothers, especially in the situations when women killed their children within 24 hours of birth. Neonaticide reflects mostly social than clinical factors. The research has revealed that these women were young, single or separated and often exposed to psychogenic situations with high level of stress (financial and housing problems, concealment of illegitimate pregnancy). In accordance with the Criminal Code of Russia enacted in 1997 the special law governs infanticide and neonaticide. This law takes into account that:1.at the time of child murder the mental state of mother was affected by childbirth;2.the psychogenic situation which caused the crime.In the cases of infanticide or neonaticide an offence punishable as if women had been guilty of manslaughter.Conclusion:Thus due to the new law these cases are dealt more leniently and it reflects more constructive and humane approach to such a complicated phenomenon as child murder.

FC13-07 - The review of relapse after discontinuation of naltrexone

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1888-1888
Author(s):  
F. Tatari ◽  
F. Torkamani ◽  
G. Abdoli ◽  
A. Nasiri ◽  
L. Qhelichi
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Opioid Antagonist ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Rehabilitation Centre ◽  
Succession Rate ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
One Year ◽  
Opium Abuse

IntroductionIn recent years, both abstinence- and harm-reduction strategies for managing opium dependency are being generalized. In those who use detoxification, maintenance therapy with Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist protects them against relapse. This is important to know the best time of Naltrexone discontinuation to lower the risk of relapse.ObjectionThis study tried to determine the efficacy of Naltrexone in prevention of opioid relapse and the factors interfere to the outcome.Material and method150 opium addicts who were admitted in Kermanshah Rehabilitation Centre for Naltrexone maintenance therapy contributed in this 18 month length study. They received Naltrexone for 6 months and followed then after for another 12 months. Opium test (TLC) were done monthly in the first 6 months, and then in 3 month intervals for 12 subsequent months to find out the relapse.Results1)The relapse rates were 56.7%(85) after 6-month, and 4.7%(7)after one-year.2)The succession rate was 38.6%(58).3)The lowest succession rate was in 18–25 year old, The highest was in 35–40 year old adults(10).4)In person with diploma and higher the succession rate(43.8%) was higher than poor educated(34.7%) ones.5)The succession rate was higher in those who: were employee(72.7%), were addicted to heroin(44.9%), didn’t have positive family history(41.3%), and had more incomes(46.7%).Discussion1)In those who the relapse is delayed until 9 months after detoxification, the chance of long term abstinence is higher.2)The employees and those who have more social disciplines are more successful in ceasing opium abuse.

scholarly journals Yemeni EFL Learners’ Identity Conflicts: An Exploratory Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Rais Ahmed Attamimi ◽  
Nasser Omer M. Al-Tamimi ◽  
Jon Andrew Chittick
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Exploratory Case Study ◽  
Identity Conflicts ◽  
High Level

The importance of the concept of &ldquo;identity&rdquo; in the context of language learning is unassailable. Stemming from this premise, the current study is intended to explore the identity conflicts of a group of Yemeni learners who were studying English, as well as the techniques and strategies used to mitigate and/or lessen the conflicts between their actual identity and the identity associated with the target language, i.e., English. This research project used a qualitative exploratory case study research design with a sample of 20 students who were requested to write their journal diaries. Following that, semi-structured interviews were conducted using the double-sampling technique to select 10 of the previously sampled students who were proven to have written the most stimulating and intriguing journal entries. From the results of the study, tangible identity conflicts between the Yemeni culture and society at large and the implied behaviors and conventions accompanying the intensive study of the English language became apparent. The students exhibit a high level of motivation and they also exert their efforts using different techniques and strategies to excel at the learning and/or acquisition of the speaking skill of the English language. These conflicts may be consciously or subconsciously realized by the language learners, but what has been proven is that their attitudes, motivation and general inclinations towards the goal of speaking with a native or a native-like accent are unquestionably genuine. Lastly, the study suggested or recommended a revamp of the current textbooks giving teachers more training sessions in order to improve their individual repertoire, as well as a higher degree of awareness upon the part of the Yemeni society at large that these conflicts can interfere with the strong motivations, both aspirational and actual, to achieve the learning outcomes of the nation&rsquo;s most promising future leaders and pioneers.

scholarly journals Gender and feminist considerations in Artificial Intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGHAMITRA CHOUDHURY ◽  
Shailendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precarious Situation ◽  
And Robotics

<p>The relationship between women, technology manifestation, and likely prospects in the developing world is discussed in this manuscript. Using India as a case study, the paper goes on to discuss how ontology and epistemology views utilised in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and robotics will affect women's prospects in developing countries. Women in developing countries, notably in South Asia, are perceived as doing domestic work and are underrepresented in high-level professions. They are disproportionately underemployed and face prejudice in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to determine if the introduction of AI would exacerbate the already precarious situation of women in the developing world or if it would serve as a liberating force. While studies on the impact of AI on women have been undertaken in developed countries, there has been less research in developing countries. This manuscript attempts to fill that need.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document