Metabolisable Energy Content of a Saponified Palm Fat Product for Ruminants

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
D I Givens ◽  
Jeannie M Everington ◽  
N Shepperson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Soya Oil ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Rumen Microflora

Many experiments have shown (see Armstrong and Ross, 1968) that the addition of fats to ruminant diets can lead to a reduction in the digestibility of forage cell walls due to adverse affects on the rumen microflora. Jenkins and Palmquist (1982) showed in vitro that the formation of insoluble calcium soaps in rumen fluid could prevent this problem. Additionally, Jenkins and Palmquist (1984) reported that the feeding of the preformed calcium soaps of tallow and soya oil fatty acids to dairy cows allowed normal rumen digestion of fibre whereas non-saponified tallow fatty acids caused a reduction in fibre digestion.The main aims of the present experiment were to examine a new calcium soap of palm fatty acids for its effects on whole tract digestibility of various feed fractions and to measure its effective metabolisable energy (ME) content at maintenance, the present United Kingdom standard.

The rumen solubility of a calcium soap of palm fatty acids

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
D I Givens ◽  
Jeannie M Everington ◽  
N Shepperson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Soya Oil ◽  
In Situ Formation

Several experiments have shown (see Armstrong and Ross, 1968) that the addition of fats to ruminant diets can lead to a reduction in the digestibilities of forage cell walls due to adverse effects on the rumen microflora. Jenkins and Palmquist (1982) showed in vitro that the in situ formation of calcium soaps in the rumen could prevent this problem. Subsequently Jenkins and Palmquist (1984) have provided evidence that the feeding of preformed calcium soaps of tallow and soya oil fatty acids to dairy cows allowed normal rumen digestion of cell walls whereas non-saponified tallow fatty acids caused cell wall digestibility to be reduced.Givens et al (1988) reported that a calcium soap of palm fatty acids (Protector, UFAC-UK Ltd) did not cause any reduction in the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) when fed to sheep at up to 152.4 gkg-1 of total diet dry matter (DM). Since it is believed that these beneficial effects of calcium soaps are due to their reduced rumen solubility, the present experiment has examined this aspect in further detail.

Chemical composition and metabolisable energy content of four aquatic plants for sheep

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
M. Sakarya ◽  
A. Kamalak ◽  
O. Canbolat ◽  
Y. Gurbuz ◽  
N. Tursun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Although some aquatic plants have been used for ruminant diets in some parts of Turkey there is a lack of information about their nutritive values. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and metabolisable energy (ME) content of four different aquatic plants using in vitro gas production technique.

Associative effects of poor-quality forages combined with food industry byproducts determined in vitro with an automated gas-production system

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Tagliapietra ◽  
Mirko Cattani ◽  
Matteo Guadagnin ◽  
Mohamed L. Haddi ◽  
Leonardo Sulas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

This experiment aimed to investigate the associative effects among two low-quality forages (crown daisy, milk thistle) and three agro-industrial byproducts (apple pomace, citrus pulp, tomato peel), by means of an automated gas production (GP) system. All feeds were incubated alone or as 50 : 50 mixtures of each forage with each byproduct. Samples (0.500 ± 0.0010 g) of single feeds or mixtures were incubated for 96 h, in three replicates in individual bottles (310 mL), with 75 mL of buffered rumen fluid. Bottles were vented by an open-close valve when the internal pressure reached 3.4 kPa. The metabolisable energy content of single feeds and mixtures was computed from GP at 24 h and feed chemical composition. Feed substrates were ranked for GP in the following way: byproducts, mixtures, and forages. The two forages did not differ for GP and metabolisable energy content, although differences were observed among byproducts and among mixtures. Both forages interacted positively with apple pomace from 6 h (P < 0.001) to 24 h (P = 0.029) of incubation and with citrus pulp at 12 h (P = 0.005) and 24 h (P = 0.012), whereas no associative effects were detected when forages were incubated with tomato peels. Results suggest that in vitro fermentability of low-quality forages could be efficiently improved by combining these two forages with apple pomace or citrus pulp. These findings are relevant, because the use of low-quality forages and byproducts in ruminant feeding is considered important for improving the environmental and economic sustainability of forage systems in arid and semi-arid areas.

scholarly journals Chemical Characterisation and in Vitro Gas Production Kinetics of Eight Faba Bean Varieties

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 398
Author(s):  
Alessandra Pelagalli ◽  
Nadia Musco ◽  
Nikita Trotta ◽  
Monica I. Cutrignelli ◽  
Antonio Di Francia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Faba bean is an important vegetable protein source for ruminant diets. This research aimed to compare the nutritional characteristics of four commercial and four local cultivars in order to better characterise the local ones and promote their use in animal nutrition. The seeds’ weight and the chemical composition, including starch and the energy, was evaluated. The in vitro fermentation characteristics were studied for 48 h using bull’s rumen fluid as inoculum. All the varieties showed the values’ weight corresponding to the specific botanical typology. The varieties significantly differed for protein, starch and lignin (p < 0.01) and structural carbohydrates (p < 0.05) concentration. No significant differences were observed for energy content. All the in vitro fermentation parameters resulted significantly different among the varieties. Organic matter degradability ranged between 89.9% and 85.1% and the potential gas production from 367 to 325 mL/g. The Pearson’s analysis showed significant correlation between morphological characteristics, chemical data and in vitro fermentation parameters. In conclusion, this investigation confirms the possibility of using local faba bean varieties (i.e., Aquino, Castrocielo, 13#5, 4#4) in ruminant nutrition with the advantage that, being local natural resources, they are better adapted to the climate and agronomic conditions and limit environmental impact.

scholarly journals Essential oils effect on rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation under in vitro conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gunal ◽  
A. Ishlak ◽  
A.A. AbuGhazaleh ◽  
W. Khattab
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Tea Tree

The effects of adding essential oils (EO) at different levels (125, 250, 500 mg/l) on rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation were examined in a rumen batch culture study. Treatments were: control without EO (CON), control with anise oil (ANO), cedar wood oil (CWO), cinnamon oil (CNO), eucalyptus oil (EUO), and tea tree oil (TEO). Essential oils, each dissolved in 1 ml of ethanol, were added to the culture flask containing 40 ml of buffer solution, 2 ml of reduction solution, 10 ml of rumen fluid, 25 mg of soybean oil, and 0.5 g of the diet. After 24 h of incubation in a water batch at 39&deg;C, three samples were collected from each flask and analyzed for ammonia-N, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and fatty acids (FA). Expect for CNO, the proportions of acetate, propionate, and acetate to propionate ratios were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by EO addition. Addition of CWO, CNO, and TEO reduced total VFA concentrations (P &lt; 0.05) regardless of dose level. The ammonia-N concentration was greater in cultures incubated with EO regardless of dose level. Compared with the CON, the concentrations of C18:0 and trans C18:1 were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) with EO addition regardless of dose level. Compared with the CON, the concentration of linoleic acid was greater (P &lt; 0.05) when EO were added at 500&nbsp;mg/l. EO tested in this study had no effects on VFA profile but significantly reduced the formation of biohydrogenation products (C18:0 and trans C18:1).

Effects of season and time since defoliation on the nutritive characteristics of three irrigated perennial pasture species in northern Victoria 1. Energy, protein and fibre

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

The study reported here compared the nutritive characteristics of the 3 most common irrigated perennial pasture species grown in northern Victoria as they regrew after defoliation at various times during the year. In addition, the relative influence of changes to the proportions of morphological components and the nutritive characteristics of the individual components on the quality of whole plants was examined. The nutritive characteristics of white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa), ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Ellet) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) were examined at weekly intervals on 4 occasions during spring–autumn, 1993–94. On each occasion, pastures were defoliated with a drum mower and allowed to regrow for up to 9 weeks; defoliation dates were 24 September, 26 November, 28 January and 25 March. The variation in estimated metabolisable energy [obtained from in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility], crude protein and detergent fibre concentrations within species was significantly (P<0.01) less than between clover and the grasses. White clover was consistently high in metabolisable energy (9.3–11.2 MJ/kg DM) and crude protein (17.7–27.7% DM), and low in neutral detergent fibre (27.8–39.8% DM) in all periods. At the other extreme, paspalum had a metabolisable energy content that peaked at 9.3 MJ/kg DM, and fell as low as 7.4 MJ/kg DM. Paspalum also had low protein (7.5–14.7% DM) and very high neutral detergent fibre (61.9–69.9% DM) concentrations. Ryegrass varied greatly in metabolisable energy concentration between the 4 periods, being high in autumn (average of 10.2 MJ/kg DM) and low in summer–autumn (average of 8.4 MJ/kg DM). Metabolisable energy apart, there were few differences in the crude protein and detergent fibre contents of ryegrass and paspalum. Perennial ryegrass is generally considered a superior feed to paspalum, but the data indicate this is not always the case under irrigation in northern Victoria. The nutritive characteristics of the plant fractions (leaf, stem, dead, inflorescence) were analysed separately to give an indication of the limits to selection by grazing cows. Differences in metabolisable energy between leaf and stem in both white clover and perennial ryegrass suggested that grazing dairy cows could consume a pasture diet which is likely to be slightly higher in energy than that in the herbage on offer. With paspalum, this is unlikely to be the case because differences in energy content between plant parts were small. However, with all species, cows should be able to consume herbage that is significantly higher in protein, and lower in detergent fibre, than that on offer because of differences in their concentrations in leaf and stem. The nutritive characteristics of morphological components of each species remained relatively constant throughout the study. Therefore, it would seem that it is the proportions of these fractions in the plant, together with severity of grazing, that will largely determine the degree of selection that can occur.

scholarly journals Multiple-factor associative effects of peanut shell combined with alfalfa and concentrate determined by in vitro gas production method

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 352-360
Author(s):  
Jiu Yuan ◽  
Xinjie Wan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Peanut Shell ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production

The associative effects (AE) between concentrate (C), peanut shell (P) and alfalfa (A) were investigated by means of an automated gas production (GP) system. The C, P and A were incubated alone or as 40 : 60 : 0, 40 : 45 : 15, 40 : 30 : 30, 40 : 15 : 45, 40 : 0 : 60 and 30 : 70 : 0, 30 : 55 : 15, 30 : 40 : 30, 30 : 25 : 45, 30 : 10 : 60, 30 : 0 : 70 mixtures where the C : roughage (R) ratios were 40 : 60 and 30 : 70. Samples (0.2000 ± 0.0010 g) of single feeds or mixtures were incubated for 96 h in individual bottles (100 ml) with 30 ml of buffered rumen fluid. GP parameters were analysed using a single exponential equation. After incubation, the residues were used to determine pH, dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N) of the incubation fluid, and their single factor AE indices (SFAEI) and multiple-factors AE indices (MFAEI) were determined. The results showed that group of 30 peanut shell had higher SFAEI of GP<sub>48 h</sub>, DMD, OMD and total volatile fatty acids (p &lt; 0.05) and MFAEI (p &lt; 0.05) than groups 60, 45 and 0 when C : R was 40 : 60. The group of 10 peanut shell showed higher SFAEI of GP<sub>48 h</sub>, DMD and OMD (p &lt; 0.05) than groups 70, 55 and 40 and MFAEI (p &lt; 0.01) when C : R was 30 : 70. It is concluded that optimal SFAEI and MFAEI were obtained when the C : P : A ratios were 40 : 30 : 30 and 30 : 10 : 60.

Effects of heavy metals and other trace elements on the fermentative activity of the rumen microflora and growth of functionally important rumen bacteria

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Forsberg
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Butyrivibrio Fibrisolvens ◽  
Fermentative Activity ◽  
Rumen Microflora ◽  
High Concentrations

The inhibitory effects of high concentrations of essential and non-essential trace elements were tested on the rumen microflora using the rate of fermentation in vitro as the assay. The elements (and the concentration causing 50% inhibition) in decreasing order of toxicity were Hg2+ (20 μg/ml), Cu2+ (21 μg/ml), Cr6+ (70 μg/ml), Se4+ (73 μg/ml), Ni2+ (160 μg/ml), Cd2+ (175 μg/ml), As3+ (304 μg/ml), and As5+ (1610 μg/ml). The elements tested that were either weak or non-inhibitory at concentrations greater than 400 μg/ml included Zn2+, Cr2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, and Co2+. Methylmercury was as inhibitory as mercuric chloride to the fermentation. When the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was tested on separated bacterial and protozoal fractions, it was more inhibitory to the bacteria. The inhibitory effects of trace elements were also determined for a number of axenic cultures of rumen bacteria. The bacteria which most frequently exhibited the greatest sensitivity were Bacteroides succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Bacteroides amytophilus, and Eubacterium ruminantium. Those often exhibiting intermediate sensitivities included Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Selenomonas niminantium, and Megasphera elsdenii, while Streptococcus bovis was very refractory to all elements tested. Rumen fluid provided a modest protective effect for the bacteria.

scholarly journals Excretion of purine derivatives by ruminants: recycling of allantoin into the rumen via saliva and its fate in the gut

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. B. Chen ◽  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
E. R. ØRskov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Complete Destruction ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Micro Organisms

The saliva of sheep was shown to contain significant concentrations of uric acid (16 (sd) 4.5) μmol/l) and allantoin (120 (sd 16.4) μmol/l), sufficient to recycle purine derivatives equivalent to about 0.10 of the normal urinary excretion. When allantoin was incubated in vitro in rumen fluid, it was degraded at a rate sufficient to ensure complete destruction of recycled allantoin. In a series of experiments in which allantoin was infused into the rumen of sheep fed normally, or into the rumen or abomasum of sheep and the rumen of cattle completely nourished by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids and casein, no additional allantoin was recovered in the urine. These losses were probably due to the degradation of allantoin by micro-organisms associated with the digestive tract. It is concluded that all allantoin and uric acid recycled to the rumen via saliva will be similarly degraded. Therefore, the use of urinary excretion of purine derivatives as an estimator of the rumen microbial biomass available to ruminants will need to be corrected for such losses.

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