scholarly journals 9. On the Fu Hao Inscriptions

Early China ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (S1) ◽  
pp. 19-20
Author(s):  
Chang Ping-Ch'üan
Keyword(s):  
Logical Flaw ◽  
Oracle Bones ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
The One

ABSTRACTBoth the paper and the author's presentation.The paper deals with the oracle-bone inscriptions referring to Fu Hao (or Zi), indirectly addressing the question whether this Fu Hao is the same person as the one mentioned in the bronze inscriptions from M5 at Anyang. The combined researches of Shima Kunio and Yen I-p'ing have already established that all but one of the 262 Fu Zi oracle inscriptions so far known are from Tung Tso-pin's Period I. The only doubtful instance remaining is Jiabian 668, dated by Shima to Tung's Period IV. The main reason for this dating was the shape of the graph used for the character wu. On Jiabian 668, this graph is rendered as , whereas according to the received opinion it should, in Period I, have been 1, or 8. Chang Ping-Ch'üan, however, had also observed the graph in Period I oracle bones. Therefore he agreed with Hu Houxuan's opinion that Jiabian 668 ought to date from Period I. Among Tung Tso-pin's criteria for dating oracle bones, calligraphic style was decidedly the weakest, and it should not be made the basis for far-reaching arguments.There is a logical flaw in dating Jiabian 668 to Period IV and at the same time assuming that Fu Hao was Wu Ding's consort. Neiteher Wu Yi nor Wenwu Ding could have referred to her as fu, but would have had to address her as mu, or bi, or gaobi. Yen-I-p'ing's hypothesis that Jiabian 668 was inscribed when Fu Hao had already long been dead did not take this into account.

MARITAL ALLIANCES AND AFFINAL RELATIVES (SHENG甥 ANDHUNGOU婚購) IN THE SOCIETY AND POLITICS OF ZHOU CHINA IN THE LIGHT OF BRONZE INSCRIPTIONS

Early China ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 39-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Khayutina
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Society ◽  
New Members ◽  
Weak Center ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One ◽  
Eastern Zhou ◽  
Radial Network

AbstractSeveral hundred inscribed bronze objects dating from Western and Eastern Zhou periods were commissioned for or by married women. Several dozen inscriptions are known whose commissioners called themselvessheng生 (甥) of a number of lineages. In pre-Qin Chinese, the termsheng甥 designated several categories of affinal relatives: paternal aunts’ sons, maternal uncles’ sons, wives’ brothers, sisters’ husbands, and sons of sisters or daughters. The wide geographical and chronological spread of female- orsheng-related vessels, as well as dedications to “many affinal relatives” (hungou婚購) in bronze inscriptions point to the importance of marital ties in early Chinese society and politics.Focusing on the inscriptions commissioned bysheng, the present article suggests that even when concluded at a considerable distance, marriages produced long-term mutual obligations for male members of the participating lineages or principalities. Affinal relationships represented social and political capital that could be converted in terms of individuals’ careers and prestige or benefits for their whole lineages/states. In sum, starting from the early Western Zhou period, marital alliances represented a substantial integrative factor in early Chinese politics. On the one hand, marital alliances helped to consolidate the radial network of Zhou states centered on the Zhou king. On the other hand, they facilitated the construction of decentralized regional and interregional inter-state networks. The latter guaranteed the stability of the Zhou political system even when it had a weak center. As a result, the Zhou networks did not fall apart following crises in the Zhou royal house, but continued to expand by the inclusion of new members.

8. Art Historical Issues Arising From the M5 Burial at Anyang

Early China ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (S1) ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Virginia Kane
Keyword(s):  
Single Individual ◽  
Individual Woman ◽  
Bronze Vessels ◽  
Oracle Bones ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
Historical Issues ◽  
Sizable Number ◽  
Royal Women

ABSTRACTThis paper takes the position that the “late Wu Ting” or “Period II” dating for M5, now accepted by many scholars, cannot be reconciled with the advanced typological and stylistic qualities exhibited by so many of its bronze vessels, and that therefore the reading of the M5 bronze inscriptions as “Fu Hao” and the viewing of this as the name of a single individual woman, the consort of Wu Ting, constitute a methodology which must be rejected. Instead, the inscriptions could be read as “Fu Tzu,” with Tzu ( ) recognized as the feminization of the Shang surname Tzu ( ). Since this name would have been inherited by all daughters of the Tzu clan, there would have been at any one time a sizable number of royal women of various ages appropriately titled “Fu Tzu” ; and the necessity of identifying the Fu Tzu of the M5 inscriptions only with a woman named in the Wu Ting oracle bones can be eliminated. It is, moreover, likely that even in the Wu Ting oracle-bone inscriptions the references to “Fu Tzu” actually concerned several different ladies of the royal clan—daughters or aunts of the king, as well as consorts (the royal clan being endogamous).

scholarly journals 20. The Character of Xuci as Seen in the Oracle Inscriptions

Early China ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (S1) ◽  
pp. 46-47
Author(s):  
Itō Michiharu
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Oracle Bones ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
Positive Nature

ABSTRACTBased on a careful analysis of the words hui and wei in the oracle inscriptions, the author comes to the conclusion that they are most naturally explained as grammatic particles (xuci). Hui should be interpreted as highlighting that which is the main interest of the inquiry. Wei is very similar in meaning and grammatic function, but not in nuance of connotation; while hui is “closely connected with the manner of affirmation” and occurs mostly in divinations of a positive nature, wei tends to occur in a context of negation and inauspiciousness.The distribution of the two particles through the inscription record, however, is uneven: hui scarcely occurs in the oracle bones of Tung Tso-pin's Period II, while wei is virtually absent in Periods III and IV. Yet continuous developments of meanings can be traced throughout the epigraphic record -- including the oracle bones from Anyang and Zhou yuan as well as the bronze inscriptions. Wei by Period V has developed into a marker of words of time reference. Shang xuci are more restricted than later ones both in their range of occurrence and in their implied meanings.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Nucleation of Disorder in Fe3Al Alloys

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 312-313
Author(s):  
P. R. Swann ◽  
W. R. Duff ◽  
R. M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Antiphase Domain ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Domain Boundaries ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The One

Recently we have investigated the phase equilibria and antiphase domain structures of Fe-Al alloys containing from 18 to 50 at.% Al by transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer techniques. This study has revealed that none of the published phase diagrams are correct, although the one proposed by Rimlinger agrees most closely with our results to be published separately. In this paper observations by transmission electron microscopy relating to the nucleation of disorder in Fe-24% Al will be described. Figure 1 shows the structure after heating this alloy to 776.6°C and quenching. The white areas are B2 micro-domains corresponding to regions of disorder which form at the annealing temperature and re-order during the quench. By examining specimens heated in a temperature gradient of 2°C/cm it is possible to determine the effect of temperature on the disordering reaction very precisely. It was found that disorder begins at existing antiphase domain boundaries but that at a slightly higher temperature (1°C) it also occurs by homogeneous nucleation within the domains. A small (∼ .01°C) further increase in temperature caused these micro-domains to completely fill the specimen.

Fundamental Research into Thin Films in a Developing Country

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
J.A. Eades ◽  
E. Grünbaum
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Empirical Process ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Film Research ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Controlled Deposition ◽  
The One ◽  
The University

In the last decade and a half, thin film research, particularly research into problems associated with epitaxy, has developed from a simple empirical process of determining the conditions for epitaxy into a complex analytical and experimental study of the nucleation and growth process on the one hand and a technology of very great importance on the other. During this period the thin films group of the University of Chile has studied the epitaxy of metals on metal and insulating substrates. The development of the group, one of the first research groups in physics to be established in the country, has parallelled the increasing complexity of the field.The elaborate techniques and equipment now needed for research into thin films may be illustrated by considering the plant and facilities of this group as characteristic of a good system for the controlled deposition and study of thin films.

STM studies of crystal growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
M. G. Lagally
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Sputter Deposition ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Wide Field Of View ◽  
The One

It has been recognized since the earliest days of crystal growth that kinetic processes of all Kinds control the nature of the growth. As the technology of crystal growth has become ever more refined, with the advent of such atomistic processes as molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, sputter deposition, and plasma enhanced techniques for the creation of “crystals” as little as one or a few atomic layers thick, multilayer structures, and novel materials combinations, the need to understand the mechanisms controlling the growth process is becoming more critical. Unfortunately, available techniques have not lent themselves well to obtaining a truly microscopic picture of such processes. Because of its atomic resolution on the one hand, and the achievable wide field of view on the other (of the order of micrometers) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) gives us this opportunity. In this talk, we briefly review the types of growth kinetics measurements that can be made using STM. The use of STM for studies of kinetics is one of the more recent applications of what is itself still a very young field.

Preparation of Electron Transparent Metal-Matrix Composites

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 334-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Pinnel ◽  
A. Lawley
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The One

Numerous phenomenological descriptions of the mechanical behavior of composite materials have been developed. There is now an urgent need to study and interpret deformation behavior, load transfer, and strain distribution, in terms of micromechanisms at the atomic level. One approach is to characterize dislocation substructure resulting from specific test conditions by the various techniques of transmission electron microscopy. The present paper describes a technique for the preparation of electron transparent composites of aluminum-stainless steel, such that examination of the matrix-fiber (wire), or interfacial region is possible. Dislocation substructures are currently under examination following tensile, compressive, and creep loading. The technique complements and extends the one other study in this area by Hancock.The composite examined was hot-pressed (argon atmosphere) 99.99% aluminum reinforced with 15% volume fraction stainless steel wire (0.006″ dia.).Foils were prepared so that the stainless steel wires run longitudinally in the plane of the specimen i.e. the electron beam is perpendicular to the axes of the wires. The initial step involves cutting slices ∼0.040″ in thickness on a diamond slitting wheel.

Grain boundary segregation in metals

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1204-1205
Author(s):  
C.L. Briant
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Surface ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Boundary Segregation ◽  
Grain Boundary Segregation ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
The One

Grain boundary segregation is the process by which solute elements in a material diffuse to the grain boundaries, become trapped there, and increase their local concentration at the boundary over that in the bulk. As a result of this process this local concentration of the segregant at the grain boundary can be many orders of magnitude greater than the bulk concentration of the segregant. The importance of this problem lies in the fact that grain boundary segregation can affect many material properties such as fracture, corrosion, and grain growth.One of the best ways to study grain boundary segregation is with Auger electron spectroscopy. This spectroscopy is an extremely surface sensitive technique. When it is used to study grain boundary segregation the sample must first be fractured intergranularly in the high vacuum spectrometer. This fracture surface is then the one that is analyzed. The development of scanning Auger spectrometers have allowed researchers to first image the fracture surface that is created and then to perform analyses on individual grain boundaries.

Towards quantitative simulations of inelastic electron diffraction patterns and images

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1170-1171
Author(s):  
Z. L. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Phonon Scattering ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Inelastic Electron ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Coupled Equations ◽  
Atomic Vibrations ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Primary Advantage ◽  
The One

A new dynamical theory has been developed based on Yoshioka's coupled equations for describing inelastic electron scattering in thin crystals. Compared to existing theories, the primary advantage of this theory is that the incoherent summation of the diffracted intensities contributed by electrons after exciting vast numbers of different excited states has been evaluated before any numerical calculation. An additional advantage is that the phase correlations of atomic vibrations are considered, so that full lattice dynamics can be combined in the phonon scattering calculation. The new theory has been proven to be equivalent to the inelastic multislice theory, and has been applied to calculate energy-filtered diffraction patterns and images formed by phonon, single electron and valence scattered electrons.A calculated diffraction pattern of elastic and phonon scattered electrons for a parallel incident beam case is in agreement with the one observed (Fig. 1), showing thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) streaks and Kikuchi pattern.

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