Relationship between rural depopulation and puma-human conflict in the high Andes of Chile

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
OMAR OHRENS ◽  
ADRIAN TREVES ◽  
CRISTIÁN BONACIC
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Puma Concolor ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Residency Status ◽  
Rural Depopulation ◽  
Human Conflict

SUMMARYRural depopulation has different effects on biodiversity and ecosystems in many regions of the world. For large carnivores such as pumas (Puma concolor) the effects are uncertain. An analysis of relationships between patterns of rural depopulation and perceptions of the risk posed by pumas among Aymara people in the altiplano region of Chile examined perceived risk, as well as self-reported losses, in relation to livestock husbandry, sociodemographic variables (age, household size, and residency status), and reported self-sufficiency. There was no evidence that rural depopulation elevated perceived risk, or the level of self-reported losses of livestock blamed on pumas. Indeed, many respondents, including older respondents and those with smaller households, reported a decline in perceived risk over the preceding five years. These perceptions of risk were not associated with self-reported losses to pumas in the previous year. An increase in perceived risk was associated with the use of guards for livestock, suggesting livestock owners accommodated their absences from herds by using guards. Absolute numbers of livestock lost increased with the distance from households to where livestock were grazed or gave birth. A cost-effective verification system for puma attacks is recommended, and further human dimensions research is required to identify the owners who complained and the costs and benefits of different wildlife species. Further interventions to prevent either livestock losses or retaliation against pumas can then be targeted more precisely.

scholarly journals Perceived risk of lock-in in the front-end phase of major transportation projects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal C. Cantarelli ◽  
David Oglethorpe ◽  
Bert van Wee
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Project Proposal ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Transportation Projects ◽  
Front End ◽  
Mediating Factor ◽  
Lock In

AbstractLock-in is defined as the tendency to continue with an inefficient decision or project proposal. The front-end phase is critical to project success, yet most studies have focused on lock-in in the implementation phase. Moreover, little is known about the way in which decision-makers perceive the risk of lock-in. In this paper we identify determinants of lock-in in the front-end phase and we reveal decision-makers’ perceptions of risk of lock-in. Our findings show that risk attitudes towards lock-in vary with the level of risk aversion. However, this is not sufficiently acute to drive the level of regret needed to avoid lock-in. This implies that decision-makers do not accurately assess the risk of lock-in and as such their risk perceptions are a mediating factor in the formation of lock-in. Based on escalation of commitment, path dependency, and prospect theory, the main contribution lies in providing a more comprehensive understanding of lock-in in the front-end phase.

The Costs and Benefits of Primary Total Hip Replacement:How Likely Are New Prostheses To Be Cost-effective?

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Briggs ◽  
Mark Sculpher ◽  
Annie Britton ◽  
David Murray ◽  
Ray Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Total Hip Replacement ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hip Prostheses ◽  
Total Hip ◽  
Revision Operations

AbstractMany new hip prostheses are now available for use in total hip replacement. The majority remain untested relative to standard prostheses; however, many new prostheses are substantially more costly. We examine how much more effective new prostheses must be, in terms of reducing the need for revision operations, in order to justify this increased cost.

scholarly journals COVID-19: the relationship between perceptions of risk and behaviours during lockdown

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Douglas Brown ◽  
Lynne Coventry ◽  
Gillian V Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Extrinsic Mortality ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Threat To Life

Background Understanding COVID-19 risk perceptions and their impact on behaviour can improve the effectiveness of public health strategies in the future. Prior evidence suggests that, when people perceive uncontrollable risks to their health, they are less likely to make efforts to protect their health in those ways which they can control (e.g. through diet, exercise, and limiting alcohol intake). It is therefore important to understand the extent to which the threat of COVID-19 is perceived to be an uncontrollable risk, and to assess whether this perceived risk is associated with differences in health behaviour. MethodsWe surveyed a nationally representative sample of 496 participants, shortly after the peak of the pandemic in the UK. We collected data to assess people’s perceptions of COVID-19-related risk, and how these perceptions were associated with behaviours. We examined self-reported adherence to behaviours recommended by the UK Government and National Health Service to prevent the spread of the virus, as well as more general health behaviours. We predicted that increased perceived extrinsic mortality risk (the portion of a person’s mortality risk which they perceive to be uncontrollable) would disincentivise healthy behaviour. ResultsPerceived threat to life was found to be the most consistent predictor of reported adherence to measures designed to prevent the spread of infection. Perceived extrinsic mortality risk was found to have increased due to the pandemic, and was also associated with lower reported adherence to Government advice on diet and physical activity, as well as smoking. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that promoting a message that highlights threat to life may be effective in raising levels of adherence to measures of infection control, but may also have unintended consequences, leading to a reduction in health-promoting behaviours. We suggest that messages that highlight threat to life should be accompanied by statements of efficacy, and that messages evoking feelings of concern for others may also be effective in promoting compliance with anti-infection measures.

scholarly journals Regional Effects of Perceived Risks of Harm on Cigarette Smoking among U.S. High School Seniors: Evidence from Monitoring the Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9120
Author(s):  
Jorge Medina
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
High School Seniors ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Regional Effects ◽  
The Future ◽  
Monitoring The Future

Overall, there has been an increasing trend in the perceived risk of harm from smoking among U.S. high school seniors. However, these perceptions of risk have been falling in recent years. This study uses regional-level panel data from the Monitoring the Future survey and a fixed effects model to estimate the effect of perceived risk on three regional measurements of smoking behavior: consumption, lifetime prevalence, and daily smoking prevalence. Elasticity measurements at regional levels show that an increase in perceived risk decreases these regional measurements of smoking behavior. Moreover, the results show that, at regional levels, these measurements of smoking behavior are more responsive to changes in the perceived risk associated with smoking than to changes in the price of cigarettes.

scholarly journals Perceptions of risk for COVID-19 among individuals with chronic diseases and stakeholders in Central Appalachia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manik Ahuja ◽  
Hadii M. Mamudu ◽  
Florence M. Weierbach ◽  
Karilynn Dowling-McClay ◽  
David W. Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Perception Of Risk ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Actual Risk ◽  
Central Appalachia

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is rapidly evolving and is a serious public health threat worldwide. Timely and effective control of the pandemic is highly dependent on preventive approaches. Perception of risk is a major determinant of health behavior. The current study explores the association between actual risk and perceived risk for one’s self, family/friends and friends, and community. A questionnaire was administered to participants in Central Appalachia (n = 102). The actual risk was based on the number of chronic conditions of the following conditions: hypertension, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Participants were also queried about their perception of risk for COVID-19. Generalized Linear Models were used to independently evaluate the likelihood of perceived risk for one’s: self, family/friends, and community, based on actual risk. Actual risk for COVID-19 was significantly associated with higher likelihood of higher perception of risk for one’s self (b = 0.24; p = 0.04), but not with one’s family/friends (b = 0.05; p = 0.68), or one’s community (b = 0.14; p = 0.16). No health insurance was negatively associated with perception of risk for self (b = −0.59; p = 0.04) and family/friends (b = −0.92; p < 0.001). Male gender (b = −0.47; p = 0.01) was also negatively associated with perception of risk for family/friends. In conclusion, individuals’ actual risk for COVID-19 is associated with their own perception of risk. This indicates that one’s perception of risk for COVID-19 is greater for their own health compared to their family/friends or the community. Therefore, monitoring and following up with chronic disease patients and addressing their lack of awareness of risk to others is needed to prevent and curtail the spread of COVID-19.

Perceived Risk of Co-Occurrent Substance Abuse

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
James B. Hittner ◽  
Margaret A. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk

A strong negative correlation between perceptions of risk for co-occurrent substance abuse and the variability associated with those risk perceptions was found in two independent samples.

Risks in the built environment

1981 ◽  
Vol 376 (1764) ◽  
pp. 151-165 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Accidental Injury ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
And Control ◽  
Transport Accidents

There are good statistics for deaths in transport accidents, fires, and from accidents in the home in Great Britain, and considerable (but less comprehensive) information about injuries and material damage. Information about the causes of these events is much more scanty, and little is known about the long-term effects of accidental injury. The available data are reviewed and the nature, magnitude and frequency of various kinds of risks are analysed for different age groups and in relation to environmental and other factors. The contribution of ‘volun­tary’ actions (notably alcohol and smoking) is assessed. Finally, the extent to which both actual and perceived risk can be modified by education, engineering (modifying the design of roads, vehicles, aircraft, homes and fittings), and the enforcement of regulations and control systems is evaluated. While costs cannot easily be measured, false perceptions of risk can lead to wasteful investment, and education and information are essential if resources are to be deployed where they will do most good.

scholarly journals Effect of Risk and Protective Decision Aids on Flood Preparation in Vulnerable Communities

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Wong-Parodi ◽  
Baruch Fischhoff ◽  
Benjamin Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Decision Aids ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
Protective Actions ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Although the risks of flooding demand responses by communities and societies, there are also many cost-effective actions that individuals can take. The authors examine two potential determinants of such adoption: individual predisposition to act and the impact of decision aids that emphasize the risk, the actions, both, or neither (control). Respondents are a representative sample (N = 1201) of individuals in the areas most heavily affected by Superstorm Sandy in 2012. The authors find that, in the overall sample, seeing protective actions coupled with risk information or alone produced higher rates of individuals reporting that they intended to take action preparing for future storms, compared to a control group receiving no additional information. Moreover, that occurred despite the aids reducing their perceptions of risk. The authors find that individuals who reported having taken previous action are more responsive to decision aid messages with the exception of the combined message (risk and protective actions)—which had a positive effect on those who had not acted previously, but a negative effect on those who had. These results suggest that, in communities that already are aware of their flood risks, the critical need is for authoritative, comprehensible information regarding the most feasible and cost-effective protective actions that they can take. Providing such information requires analysis to determine which actions qualify and a design process that incorporates user feedback to ensure that recommendations are easily understood and credible.

The influence of risk and uncertainty on teachers’ responses to professional learning and development

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaye Twyford ◽  
Deidre Le Fevre ◽  
Helen Timperley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Professional Learning ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Learning Context ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Teachers Perceptions ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how perceptions of risk influenced teachers’ sensemaking and actions during a professional learning and development (PLD) initiative where teachers were expected to change their practices. Design/methodology/approach A risk perception lens, focussed on uncertainty, was used to capture the on-going experiences of teachers as they participated in PLD. The PLD, delivered by one organisation, focussed on developing teacher use and understanding of formative assessment practices. Data for this three-school qualitative exploratory case study of teachers’ perceptions of risk primarily utilised qualitative interviews. Findings Findings identified that teachers perceived risk and experienced feelings of vulnerability as a result of their on-going assessment and evaluation of the uncertainty in the professional learning context. The perceived risk informed teachers’ responses and actions, ultimately impacting on teachers’ learning. Practical implications The risk perception process model developed from the findings and conceptual framework provides a tool for educators to navigate and reduce perceived risk and enhance learning in change. Originality/value This research advances the conceptualisation of perceived risk in PLD. It challenges the current concept of teachers’ resistance and instead considers the role of their perceptions of risk, broadening the understanding of responses to educational change.

scholarly journals Supporting Tourism by Assessing the Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccination for Travel Reasons

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 918
Author(s):  
Cezar Morar ◽  
Alexandru Tiba ◽  
Tamara Jovanovic ◽  
Aleksandar Valjarević ◽  
Matthias Ripp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Vaccine Booster ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
Perceptions Of Safety

The persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus imposed vaccination passports for traveling in most countries. We investigated psychological factors that predict the intention to vaccinate for travel. In a cross-sectional study, we examined how demographic variables, vaccination status, perceived risk of infection and severity of disease contracted at travel destination, safety and effectiveness of vaccines against contracting COVID-19 during travel, and conspiracy beliefs are related to intention to vaccinate for travel. Further analyses involved differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in a Romanian sample regarding conspiracy beliefs, attitudes about vaccines, and self-efficacy of controlling COVID-19 infection. Results showed that the intention to vaccinate for travel reasons is best predicted by vaccination status and perceptions of safety and efficacy of vaccines against COVID-19. Thus, vaccinated individuals believing that vaccines are safe and effective most probably will take another vaccine booster if it will allow them to travel. Positive relationships of the intention to vaccinate for travel reasons were found with age, vaccination status, conspiracy beliefs, perceptions of safety and effectiveness of vaccines, intention to travel, and a more cautious approach to travel. No significant relationships were found between perceptions of risk for self or for transmitting the disease to others, severity of disease, and the intention to vaccinate for travel. We also found significant differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants, as unvaccinated participants showed higher levels of conspiracy beliefs and less trust in the safety and efficacy of vaccines. We conclude that campaigns focused on promoting information on the safety and efficacy of vaccines is the most important direction for promoting vaccination in young travelers.

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