The Critical Role of Microscopy and Spectroscopy in the Development of New Materials for Microelectronics Packaging

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 634-635
Author(s):  
R.A. Youngman
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Microelectronics Packaging ◽  
Sintered Ceramic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sintered Aluminum ◽  
New Material

It has been over thirty years since sintered aluminum nitride (AIN) has been the focus of many research and development activities in Japan, the U.S., and Europe. Only in the past 5 years has there been significant use of this material in microelectronics. There are many reasons for this considerable time for application including, technology needs and acceptance of a new material. Also important has been the role of materials understanding of AIN through the use of microscopy and spectroscopy. We illustrate the use of both standard and unique characterization techniques to elucidate the nature of the crystalline defects which control the important property of thermal conductivity.The thermal conductivity of pure AIN is 320 W/mK. This value has never been achieved in a sintered ceramic. In order to develop a sintered AIN with a high thermal conductivity it is necessary to understand the factors which control the thermal conductivity.

scholarly journals CUL4A ubiquitin ligase: a promising drug target for cancer and other human diseases

Open Biology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 130217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puneet Sharma ◽  
Alo Nag
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cellular Transformation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cullin 4A ◽  
Broad Overview

The ability of cullin 4A (CUL4A), a scaffold protein, to recruit a repertoire of substrate adaptors allows it to assemble into distinct E3 ligase complexes to mediate turnover of key regulatory proteins. In the past decade, a considerable wealth of information has been generated regarding its biology, regulation, assembly, molecular architecture and novel functions. Importantly, unravelling of its association with multiple tumours and modulation by viral proteins establishes it as one of the key proteins that may play an important role in cellular transformation. Considering the role of its substrate in regulating the cell cycle and maintenance of genomic stability, understanding the detailed aspects of these processes will have significant consequences for the treatment of cancer and related diseases. This review is an effort to provide a broad overview of this multifaceted ubiquitin ligase and addresses its critical role in regulation of important biological processes. More importantly, its tremendous potential to be exploited for therapeutic purposes has been discussed.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Effects of Melatonin on Ocular Diseases: Knowledge Map and Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haozhe Yu ◽  
Qicong Wang ◽  
Wenyu Wu ◽  
Weizhen Zeng ◽  
Yun Feng
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Knowledge Map ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Ocular Diseases ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clinical Transformation ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Melatonin plays a critical role in the pathophysiological process including circadian rhythm, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. It can be synthesized in ocular tissues, and its receptors are also found in the eye, triggering more investigations concentrated on the role of melatonin in the eye. In the past decades, the protective and therapeutic potentials of melatonin for ocular diseases have been widely revealed in animal models. Herein, we construct a knowledge map of melatonin in treating ocular diseases through bibliometric analysis and review its current understanding and clinical evidence. The overall field could be divided into twelve topics through keywords co-occurrence analysis, in which the glaucoma, myopia, and retinal diseases were of greatest research interests according to the keywords burst detection. The existing clinical trials of melatonin in ocular diseases mainly focused on the glaucoma, and more research should be promoted, especially for various diseases and drug administration. We also discuss its bioavailability and further research topics including developing melatonin sensors for personalized medication, acting as stem cell therapy assistant drug, and consuming food-derived melatonin for facilitating its clinical transformation.

Precision medicine: Driving the evolution of biobanking quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca O. Barnes ◽  
Peter H. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research Domain

The promise of precision medicine will only be realized if the healthcare system adapts to meet some key infrastructure needs. Among these needs are adequate biobanking practices, capable of producing the biological samples and data that precision medicine relies upon in both the research and clinical phases. Within the research domain, there have been significant improvements to biobanking processes over the past two decades, driven by increased understanding of the impact of pre-analytical variability and the critical role of biospecimen and data quality. In the era of precision medicine, biobanking to support clinical needs has similar quality requirements. The extensive knowledge and resources that have been developed by the research biobanking community are available for adoption by clinical biobanking. The challenge and opportunity now presented to the healthcare system is to adopt or adapt these resources, for example, external biobanking standards and verification programs.

Performance Feedback Persistence: Comparative Effects of Historical Versus Peer Performance Feedback on Innovative Search

2020 ◽  
pp. 014920632091622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Ye ◽  
Wei Yu ◽  
Robert Nason
Keyword(s):  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Theory Of The Firm ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
The Past ◽  
Likelihood Analysis ◽  
Peer Performance ◽  
Quasi Maximum Likelihood

Firms use aspirations to regulate innovative search activities, but peer and historical referents may contain different signals regarding performance feedback. Integrating insights from the literature on profit persistence with the behavioral theory of the firm, we propose a persistence-based framework of organizational innovative search that connects the persistence characteristics of feedback from peer and historical referents with innovative search. We first predict that feedback from peer referents is more persistent than feedback from historical referents. Further, we theorize that peer performance feedback produces more pronounced effects: Performance above (below) peer aspiration leads to less (more) innovative search compared with performance above (below) the historical aspiration level. In addition, because industries impose heterogeneous levels of profit persistence, the differential effect between peer and historical performance feedback on innovative search is likely to be more evident in highly persistent industries. Examining the research-and-development intensity of a comprehensive panel of Compustat manufacturing firms over the past 45 years, our results from quasi–maximum likelihood analysis and fixed-effect panel regression largely support our theoretical development. Our study extends a nascent understanding of aspiration heterogeneity by revealing and empirically confirming the critical role of persistence.

Ideology and International Institutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Voeten
Keyword(s):  
International Institutions ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multilateral Institutions ◽  
Militarized Conflicts ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
Institutional Order

Today's liberal international institutional order is being challenged by the rising power of illiberal states and by domestic political changes inside liberal states. Against such a backdrop, this book offers a broader understanding of international institutions by arguing that the politics of multilateralism has always been based on ideology and ideological divisions. The book develops new theories and measures to make sense of past and current challenges to multilateral institutions. It presents a straightforward theoretical framework that analyzes multilateral institutions as attempts by states to shift the policies of others toward their preferred ideological positions. It then measures how states have positioned themselves in global ideological conflicts during the past seventy-five years. Empirical chapters illustrate how ideological struggles shape the design of international institutions, membership in international institutions, and the critical role of multilateral institutions in militarized conflicts. The book also examines populism's rise and other ideological threats to the liberal international order. It explores the essential ways in which ideological contestation has influenced world politics.

scholarly journals The role of CD154 in organ transplant rejection and acceptance

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1409) ◽  
pp. 691-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan D. Kirk ◽  
Patrick J. Blair ◽  
Douglas K. Tadaki ◽  
He Xu ◽  
David M. Harlan
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Transplant Rejection ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
The Past ◽  
Costimulatory Signals ◽  
Intensive Investigation ◽  
Antigen Presenting

CD154 plays a critical role in determining the outcome of a transplanted organ. This simple statement is amply supported by experimental evidence demonstrating that anti–CD154 antibodies are potent inhibitors of allograft rejection in many rigorous transplant models. Unfortunately, despite intensive investigation over the past ten years, the precise mechanisms by which antibodies against CD154 exert their anti–rejection effects have remained less obvious. Though originally classified with reference to B–cell function, CD154–CD40 interactions have also been shown to be important in T cell–antigen–presenting cell interactions. Accordingly, CD154 has been classified as a T–cell co–stimulatory molecule. However, mounting data suggest that treatment with anti–CD154 antibodies does not simply block costimulatory signals, but rather that the antibodies appear to induce signalling in receptor–bearing T cells. Other data suggest that anti–CD154 effects may be mediated by endothelial cells and possibly even platelets. In fact, the current literature suggests that CD154 can either stimulate or attenuate an immune response, depending upon the model system under study. CD154 has secured a fundamental place in transplant biology and general immunology that will no doubt be the source of considerable investigation and therapeutic manipulation in the coming decade.

scholarly journals A review of the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. E2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Dakwar ◽  
Jaypal Reddy ◽  
Fernando L. Vale ◽  
Juan S. Uribe
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Hla B27 ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Findings

✓ Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory rheumatic disease involving primarily the sacroiliac joints and the axial skeleton. The main clinical features are back pain and progressive stiffness of the spine. Oligoarthritis of the hips and shoulders, enthesopathy, and anterior uveitis are common, and involvement of the heart and lungs is rare. The current understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder is limited. Despite the strong association between human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) and susceptibility to AS reported over the past 30 years, the exact pathogenic role of HLA-B27 in AS and other spondyloarthropathies has yet to be determined. The authors present a review of the literature pertaining to the pathogenesis of AS over the past several decades. Ankylosing spondylitis is a polygenic disorder, with HLA-B27 playing a critical causative role in its pathogenesis. Animal studies of the immunobiology of HLA-B27 have provided significant insight into the pathogenic role of HLA-B27. The search for the antigenic peptide to support the “arthritogenic peptide” hypothesis has been disappointing. Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in the critical role of the misfolding and unfolded protein response of the heavy chain HLA-B27 in the modulation of the inflammatory response. Although there have been significant new findings in the understanding of the pathogenesis of AS, the exact mechanisms have yet to be identified. There is considerable optimism that additional susceptibility genes, predisposing factors, and regulators of the inflammatory process will be identified that will provide avenues for future treatment.

scholarly journals Learning through reflection: the critical role of reflection in work-based learning (WBL)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Helyer
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Professional Learning ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the critical role reflection plays in work-based learning (WBL). Design/methodology/approach This paper presents an contextualist examination of reflection in the WBL environment. Findings People consciously reflect in order to understand events in their lives and as a consequence hopefully add and enhance meaning. Research limitations/implications Reflection is associated therefore with “looking back” and examining the past in order to learn from what happened and perhaps not repeat mistakes. However, it is also increasingly associated with reflecting on action (Schon, 1983) and encourages an exploring of thoughts and feelings; looking for insights; and maximizing on self-awareness which all tie the process closely to identity formation (Lacan, 1977). Practical implications If used effectively and purposefully reflection facilitates ongoing personal and professional learning, and creates and develops practitioners capable of demonstrating their progression towards learning outcomes and required standards. Reflection can also provide a structure in which to make sense of learning, so that concepts and theories become embedded in practice, and constant thought and innovation are simultaneously fostered. Social implications By actively considering the thoughts and actions one becomes aware of the power of reflective thinking as a tool for continuous improvement, and one that has implications beyond the personal. Originality/value This paper represents the first study which examines the role reflection plays in WBL.

scholarly journals Small RNAs and chromatin in the multigenerational epigenetic landscape of Caenorhabditis elegans

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1826) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Frolows ◽  
Alyson Ashe
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
The Past ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
Do So

For decades, it was thought that the only heritable information transmitted from one individual to another was that encoded in the DNA sequence. However, it has become increasingly clear that this is not the case and that the transmission of molecules from within the cytoplasm of the gamete also plays a significant role in heritability. The roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans, has emerged as one of the leading model organisms in which to study the mechanisms of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI). Collaborative efforts over the past few years have revealed that RNA molecules play a critical role in transmitting transgenerational responses, but precisely how they do so is as yet uncertain. In addition, the role of histone modifications in epigenetic inheritance is increasingly apparent, and RNA and histones interact in a way that we do not yet fully understand. Furthermore, both exogenous and endogenous RNA molecules, as well as other environmental triggers, are able to induce heritable epigenetic changes that affect transcription across the genome. In most cases, these epigenetic changes last only for a handful of generations, but occasionally can be maintained much longer: perhaps indefinitely. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of RNA and histones in TEI, as well as making clear the gaps in our knowledge. We also speculate on the evolutionary implications of epigenetic inheritance, particularly in the context of a short-lived, clonally propagating species. This article is part of the theme issue ‘How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?’

scholarly journals Mining the Gut Microbiota for Microbial-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolei Li ◽  
Tao Gong ◽  
Yu Hao ◽  
Xuedong Zhou ◽  
Lei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Promising Strategy

The past two decades witnessed a revolution in our understanding of host–microbiota interactions that led to the concept of the super-organism consisting of a eukaryotic part and a prokaryotic part. Owing to the critical role of gut microbiota in modulating the host immune system, it is not beyond all expectations that more and more evidence indicated that the shift of gut microbiota influenced responses to numerous forms of cancer immunotherapy. Therapy targeting gut microbiota is becoming a promising strategy to improve cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the role of the gut microbiota in response to cancer immunotherapy, the mechanisms that the gut microbiota influences cancer immunotherapy, and therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota to improve cancer immunotherapy.

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