“PC-PDF”: A Search/Display System Utilizing the CD-ROM and the Complete Powder Diffraction File

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jenkins ◽  
M. Holomany
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Search Display ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Powder Diffraction File ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
The Past ◽  
Read Only Memory

AbstractThe Powder Diffraction File (PDF) is a collection of single phase X-ray powder patterns, maintained and distributed by the JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data. Over the past 10 years there has been increasing use of the PDF in computer readable form, but the limited amount of disk space available on most commercial powder diffractometer systems has limited use to a small subset of the total PDF. The recent availability of low-cost Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) systems offers an attractive alternative to conventional disk media. This paper describes a low-cost Personal Computer/CD-ROM system, “PC-PDF”, having a total available storage of 550 Mbytes. While seek times are relatively slow – typically, 0.5 seconds are required to traverse the complete PDF – by use of optimum packing and access algorithms, search strategies based on PDF numbers, chemistry, strongest d-spacing, etc., operate at a speed causing no great inconvenience to the user.

scholarly journals Profile Data Acquisition for the JCPDS?ICDD Database

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Powder Diffraction File ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
Peak Location ◽  
Read Only Memory ◽  
To Come ◽  
Qualitative Phase

The principal advantage offered by a fully digitised diffraction pattern is the retention of all features of the experimental pattern, including the line width and shape, the form and distribution of the background, etc. A file containing this type of reference data would in the future allow the use of techniques yet to be developed and of data processing, such as peak location, background subtraction and a2 stripping. The availability of digitised reference patterns would also allow the use of pattern-recognition techniques for qualitative phase analysis, as well as offering interesting possibilities for quantitative work. Until recently most commercially available automated powder diffractometers were limited to 10-20 Mbytes of disc storage and since a single fully digitised pattern requires about 10 kbytes, the provision of a file for thousands of digitised single phase reference patterns has not been possible. The recent advent of compact disc-read only memory (CD-ROM) systems providing in excess of 500 Mbytes now offers a low cost data storage capability. Plans are now in place for a new version of the Powder Diffraction File consisting of fully digitised patterns. Because of the need to maintain the database for years to come, it is most important that the stored data be as accurate and complete as possible.

Evaluation of Reference X-ray Diffraction Patterns in the ICDD Powder Diffraction File

1990 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 369-376
Author(s):  
G. J. McCarthy ◽  
J. M. Holzer ◽  
W. M. Syvinski ◽  
K. J. Martin ◽  
R. G. Garvey
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Powder Diffraction File ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Binary Oxides ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Input Format ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractProcedures and tools for evaluation of reference x-ray powder patterns in the JCPDSICDD Powder Diffraction File are illustrated by a review of air-stable binary oxides. The reference patterns are evaluated using an available microcomputer version of the NBS*A1DS83 editorial program and PDF patterns retrieved directly from the CD-ROM in the program's input format. The patterns are compared to calculated and experimental diffractograms. The majority of the oxide patterns have been found to be in good agreement with the calculated and observed diffractograms, but are often missing some weak reflections routinely observed with a modern diffractometer. These weak reflections are added to the PDF pattern. For the remainder of the phases, patterns are redetermined.

The Efficiency of the Numerical Search Manual with Respect to the Number of Entries per Phase

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-88
Author(s):  
Peter Bayliss
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Powder Diffraction Data ◽  
Powder Diffraction File ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Single Entry

AbstractWith the Powder Diffraction File (1988), twelve different numerical search manuals with the number of entries per phase from one to four were used to identify the 237 experimental X-ray powder diffraction data sets collected from visually measured 57.3 mm diameter Debye-Scherrer films. Eighty-four percent of the experimental X-ray powder diffraction data have the same strongest reflection as the data in the Powder Diffraction File. For a single-phase unknown the most efficient numerical search manual type is a single entry per phase if used correctly and systematically; however, multiple entries do help in some instances. Up to seven groups must be searched in a single-entry numerical search manual to identify a phase.

Characterization of kenaf fiber and its composites: A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 731-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ramesh ◽  
B Durga Prasad ◽  
KL Narayana
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Kenaf Fiber ◽  
The Past ◽  
Glass Fiber Composite

Nowadays, fiber-reinforced composites have gained attention due to their improved potential for replacing the conventional materials in various applications. Kenaf fiber has been widely used as reinforcement in composites over the past few years which is a most attractive alternative due to its rapid growth at different climatic conditions and ensuring low cost; kenaf fiber has gained some attention to replacing the glass fiber composite and making it purely an eco-friendly composite. However, for enhancing its properties in different applications, an appropriate characterization is very important. Hence, many researches have been conducted in recent years, for the characterization of kenaf fiber and its composites. In this paper, a state-of-the-art review of these characterizations is presented.

X-ray and neutron powder diffraction studies of (Ba1−xSrx)Y2CuO5

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-209
Author(s):  
Z. Yang ◽  
W. Wong-Ng ◽  
L. P. Cook ◽  
J. A. Kaduk ◽  
Q. Z. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Neutron Powder Diffraction ◽  
Powder Diffraction File ◽  
Triangular Face ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Orthorhombic Cell

This paper reports the results of crystallography and crystal chemistry investigation of the (Ba1−xSrx)Y2CuO5 (“green phase”) solid solution series by X-ray powder diffraction (XPD) and neutron powder diffraction techniques. The single phase regions for (Ba1−xSrx)Y2CuO5 were determined to be 0⩽x⩽0.3 for samples prepared at 810 °C in 100 Pa pO2, and 0⩽x⩽0.7 for samples prepared at 930 °C in air. All single phase (Ba1−xSrx)Y2CuO5 samples are isostructural to BaY2CuO5 and can be indexed using an orthorhombic cell with the space group Pnma. Lattice parameters, a,b,c and the cell volume, V, of the (Ba1−xSrx)Y2CuO5 members decrease linearly with increasing Sr substitution (x) on the Ba site. The general structure of (Ba1−xSrx)Y2CuO5 can be considered as having a three-dimensional interconnected network of [YO7],[(Ba,Sr)O11], and [CuO5] polyhedra. The copper ions are located inside distorted [CuO5] “square” pyramids. These pyramids are connected by the [Y2O11] groups that are formed from two monocapped [YO7] trigonal prisms sharing a triangular face. The Ba2+ ions are found to reside in distorted 11-fold coordinated cages. The oxygen sites are essentially fully occupied. XPD reference patterns of two members of the series, (Ba0.3Sr0.7)Y2CuO5 and (Ba0.7Sr0.3)Y2CuO5, were prepared for inclusion in the powder diffraction file.

Cross-culture outcomes of a brazilian professor Fulbright in the USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (50) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Marcelo Da Silva Leite ◽  
Celeste Gaia
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
College And University ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
University Curriculum ◽  
Fulbright Scholar ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Higher Education Costs

Over the past decade due the expansion of globalization there has been an increasing emphasis on internationalization among faculty, administration and accrediting agencies in the Higher Education.  Although to promote internationalization in the Higher Education, costs are a big challenge, one way to have the international actions with low cost, it is seeking for grants from different governmental agencies and foundations.The Fulbright Scholar program provides a long-standing and externally-funded means for internationalizing college and university curriculum. This article is going to share the perspective   of a Brazilian Fulbright Scholar at an American college and the institution perspective of the Fulbright scholar participation at the College.

An Assessment of a Low-Cost Wastewater Disposal System after Twenty-Five Years of Operation

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 701-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Reidy ◽  
G. W. Samson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Industrial Wastewaters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Coal Resource

A low-cost wastewater disposal system was commissioned in 1959 to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters generated in the Latrobe River valley in the province of Gippsland, within the State of Victoria, Australia (Figure 1). The Latrobe Valley is the centre for large-scale generation of electricity and for the production of pulp and paper. In addition other industries have utilized the brown coal resource of the region e.g. gasification process and char production. Consequently, industrial wastewaters have been dominant in the disposal system for the past twenty-five years. The mixed industrial-domestic wastewaters were to be transported some eighty kilometres to be treated and disposed of by irrigation to land. Several important lessons have been learnt during twenty-five years of operating this system. Firstly the composition of the mixed waste stream has varied significantly with the passage of time and the development of the industrial base in the Valley, so that what was appropriate treatment in 1959 is not necessarily acceptable in 1985. Secondly the magnitude of adverse environmental impacts engendered by this low-cost disposal procedure was not imagined when the proposal was implemented. As a consequence, clean-up procedures which could remedy the adverse effects of twenty-five years of impact are likely to be costly. The question then may be asked - when the total costs including rehabilitation are considered, is there really a low-cost solution for environmentally safe disposal of complex wastewater streams?

scholarly journals Rapid, large-scale species discovery in hyperdiverse taxa using 1D MinION sequencing

BMC Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Srivathsan ◽  
Emily Hartop ◽  
Jayanthi Puniamoorthy ◽  
Wan Ting Lee ◽  
Sujatha Narayanan Kutty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Species Discovery ◽  
Short Period

Abstract Background More than 80% of all animal species remain unknown to science. Most of these species live in the tropics and belong to animal taxa that combine small body size with high specimen abundance and large species richness. For such clades, using morphology for species discovery is slow because large numbers of specimens must be sorted based on detailed microscopic investigations. Fortunately, species discovery could be greatly accelerated if DNA sequences could be used for sorting specimens to species. Morphological verification of such “molecular operational taxonomic units” (mOTUs) could then be based on dissection of a small subset of specimens. However, this approach requires cost-effective and low-tech DNA barcoding techniques because well-equipped, well-funded molecular laboratories are not readily available in many biodiverse countries. Results We here document how MinION sequencing can be used for large-scale species discovery in a specimen- and species-rich taxon like the hyperdiverse fly family Phoridae (Diptera). We sequenced 7059 specimens collected in a single Malaise trap in Kibale National Park, Uganda, over the short period of 8 weeks. We discovered > 650 species which exceeds the number of phorid species currently described for the entire Afrotropical region. The barcodes were obtained using an improved low-cost MinION pipeline that increased the barcoding capacity sevenfold from 500 to 3500 barcodes per flowcell. This was achieved by adopting 1D sequencing, resequencing weak amplicons on a used flowcell, and improving demultiplexing. Comparison with Illumina data revealed that the MinION barcodes were very accurate (99.99% accuracy, 0.46% Ns) and thus yielded very similar species units (match ratio 0.991). Morphological examination of 100 mOTUs also confirmed good congruence with morphology (93% of mOTUs; > 99% of specimens) and revealed that 90% of the putative species belong to the neglected, megadiverse genus Megaselia. We demonstrate for one Megaselia species how the molecular data can guide the description of a new species (Megaselia sepsioides sp. nov.). Conclusions We document that one field site in Africa can be home to an estimated 1000 species of phorids and speculate that the Afrotropical diversity could exceed 200,000 species. We furthermore conclude that low-cost MinION sequencers are very suitable for reliable, rapid, and large-scale species discovery in hyperdiverse taxa. MinION sequencing could quickly reveal the extent of the unknown diversity and is especially suitable for biodiverse countries with limited access to capital-intensive sequencing facilities.

Economic Consequences of War

1943 ◽  
Vol 3 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Curtis P. Nettels
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Competitive Position ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Costs Of Production ◽  
Foreign Competitors

One influence of war has repeatedly asserted itself in the past—an effect on the costs of production and on the competitive position of the industries and firms of victorious or neutral nations. This subject needs more study, but certain facts suggest a hypothesis, of three parts. First: war expands some industries or concerns, increases their efficiency, enables them to operate, at the end of the struggle, on a comparatively low-cost basis, intensifies their competitive advantages, and improves their position in relation to foreign competitors. Second: war—for the duration—bolsters up some high-cost units by enabling them to sell at a profit all they can produce. The end of the war places such high-cost units at a disadvantage in the process of absorbing the shocks of the transition to a peacetime economy. Third: the history of postwar periods usually exhibits a sharp contest between such low-cost and high-cost enterprises. While “low cost” and “high cost” may refer to the relative positions of units within the same country, in most of this discussion, the terms will be applied to the producers of one country (either victor or neutral) to mean that their costs are low or high in comparison with those of their foreign competitors.

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