Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) Interference in Soybean (Glycine max) and Dry Edible Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Zollinger ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Dry Edible Bean ◽  
Seedling Growth Rate ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis

Field experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to examine interference from a natural population of perennial sowthistle on soybean and dry edible bean. In 1987, an average of 78 and 90 perennial sowthistle shoots per m2in 71-cm (wide) crop row spacing reduced soybean and dry edible bean yield by 49% and 36%, respectively. In 1988, a year of less precipitation, an average density of 96 and 88 shoots per m2reduced soybean and dry bean yield by 87% and 83%, respectively. One cultivation 5 wk after planting increased crop yield and decreased perennial sowthistle density compared with no cultivation. Perennial sowthistle reduced seed weight, germination percentage, and seedling growth rate of seed produced by both crops. In the presence of perennial sowthistle, one cultivation resulted in improved seed quality compared with no cultivation.

Sensitivity of dry edible bean to dicamba and 2,4-D

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Scott R. Bales ◽  
Christy L. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Navy Bean ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Dry Edible Bean ◽  
Bean Yield

AbstractDicamba and 2,4-D exposure to sensitive crops, such as dry bean, is of great concern with the recent registrations of dicamba- and 2,4-D–resistant soybean. In 2017 and 2018, field experiments were conducted at two Michigan locations to understand how multiple factors, including dry bean market class, herbicide rate, and application timing, influence dry bean response to dicamba and 2,4-D. Dicamba and 2,4-D at rates of 0.1%, 1%, and 10% of the field use rate for dicamba and 2,4-D choline were applied to V2 and V8 black and navy bean. Field-use rates for dicamba and 2,4-D choline were 560 and 1,120 g ae ha−1, respectively. There were few differences between market classes or application timings when dry bean was exposed to dicamba or 2,4-D. Estimated rates to cause 20% dry bean injury 14 d after treatment were 4.5 and 107.5 g ae ha−1 for dicamba and 2,4-D, respectively. When dicamba was applied at 56 g ae ha−1, light interception was reduced up to 51% and maturity was delayed up to 16 d. Although both herbicides caused high levels of injury to dry bean, yield reductions were not consistently observed. At four site-years, 2,4-D did not reduce dry bean yield or seed weight with any rate tested. However, when averaged over site-years, dicamba rates of 3.7, 9.8 and 17.9 g ae ha−1 were estimated to cause 5%, 10%, and 15% yield loss, respectively. Dicamba also reduced seed weight by 10% when 56 g ae ha−1 was applied. However, the germination of harvested seed was not affected by dicamba or 2,4-D. Long delays in dry bean maturity from dicamba injury can also indirectly increase losses in yield and quality due to harvestability issues. This work further stresses the need for caution when using dicamba or 2,4-D herbicides near sensitive crops.

Effect of date of harvest on seed quality and viability of soya beans

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nangju
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Black Seeds ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Made In ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

SummaryField experiments were made in both 1974 rainy seasons in Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate the effect of harvest time on seed quality and viability of soya beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The first harvest was made when about 85% of the pods had ripened and subsequent harvests were made at 7-day intervals. Delaying harvest increased the percentage purple-stained, cracked and black seeds in the first season, and of cracked seed in the second season. In the second season soya-bean seeds showed neither purpling nor dark discoloration on the seed coat; the crop matured during sunny, dry weather. However, in both seasons the reduction in seed quality was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in germination percentage. Varietal differences were noted in that the small-seeded Improved Pelican was least affected, and Hardee was the most affected by field weathering in both seasons. Kent and Bossier were intermediate between the two extremes. The results point out the importance of proper timing of harvest of soya beans in rainy seasons, and the need for screening soya beans for resistance to weathering in the tropics.

scholarly journals Volunteer Corn (Zea mays) Interference in Dry Edible Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo M. Sbatella ◽  
Andrew R. Kniss ◽  
Emmanuel C. Omondi ◽  
Robert G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Dry Edible Bean ◽  
Seed Field ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Volunteer Corn ◽  
Growing Conditions

Volunteer corn can affect dry bean by reducing yields; expanding the life cycle of insects, mites, and pathogens; interfering with harvest; and contaminating bean seed. Field studies were conducted at Lingle, WY, and Scottsbluff, NE, to determine the relationship between volunteer corn density and dry bean yield, establish the proper time of volunteer corn removal, and determine whether dry bean yield was affected by the method used to remove volunteer corn. Volunteer corn reduced dry bean yields, as recorded in other crops. Growing conditions for each location were different, as indicated by the accumulated growing degree days (GDD): Lingle 2008 (990), Lingle 2009 (780), and Scottsbluff 2009 (957). No difference in dry bean yields was observed between hand removal of volunteer corn and herbicide application. Dry bean yield loss increased with longer periods of volunteer corn competition and ranged from 1.2 to 1.8% yield loss for every 100 GDD that control was delayed. Control measures should be implemented 15 to 20 d after planting when volunteer corn densities are close to 1 plant m−2. Dry bean yield losses also increased as volunteer corn densities increased, with losses from 6.5 to 19.3% for 1 volunteer corn plant m−2. Based on 2015 prices, the cost of controlling volunteer corn would be the equivalent of 102 kg ha−1of dry bean, and potential losses above 4% would justify control and should not be delayed beyond 15 to 20 d after planting.

Influence of planting date and herbicide program on Amaranthus palmeri control in dry bean

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Clint W. Beiermann ◽  
Cody F. Creech ◽  
Stevan Z. Knezevic ◽  
Amit J. Jhala ◽  
Robert Harveson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Density And Biomass

Abstract Late-emerging summer annual weeds are difficult to control in dry bean production fields. Dry bean is a poor competitor with weeds, due to its slow rate of growth and delayed canopy formation. Palmer amaranth is particularly difficult to control due to season-long emergence and resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Dry bean growers rely on PPI and preemergence residual herbicides for the foundation of their weed control programs; however, postemergence herbicides are often needed for season-long weed control. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate effect of planting date and herbicide program on late-season weed control in dry bean in western Nebraska. Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 near Scottsbluff, Nebraska. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design, with planting date and herbicide program as main-plot and sub-plot factor, respectively. Delayed planting was represented by a delay of 15 days after standard planting time. The treatments EPTC + ethalfluralin, EPTC + ethalfluralin fb imazamox + bentazon, and pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P fb imazamox + bentazon, resulted in the lowest Palmer amaranth density three weeks after treatment (WAT) and the highest dry bean yield. The imazamox + bentazon treatment provided poor Palmer amaranth control and did not consistently result in Palmer amaranth density and biomass reduction, compared to the non-treated control. In 2018, the delayed planting treatment had reduced Palmer amaranth biomass with the pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P treatment, as compared to standard planting. Delaying planting did not reduce dry bean yield and had limited benefit in improving weed control in dry bean.

Effect of five desiccants applied alone and in combination with glyphosate in dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1235-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen E. McNaughton ◽  
Robert E. Blackshaw ◽  
Kristine A. Waddell ◽  
Robert H. Gulden ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Dry Edible Bean ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Seed Pigmentation

McNaughton, K. E., Blackshaw, R. E., Waddell, K. A., Gulden, R. H., Sikkema, P. H. and Gillard, C. L. 2015. Effect of five desiccants applied alone and in combination with glyphosate in dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1235–1242. Application of dry bean desiccants just prior to crop maturity is common practice by Canadian producers. As dry beans are grown for human consumption it is critical that producers pick desiccants that do not affect crop yield, seed quality, or result in desiccant seed residue levels above accepted levels. In this study the efficacy of glyphosate, diquat, glufosinate, carfentrazone, flumioxazin, and saflufenacil as desiccants was examined for navy, cranberry, pinto, and great northern dry bean. Seed herbicide residues were also tested for each of the dry bean classes tested. Navy, cranberry, pinto, and great northern dry bean yields were not impacted by use of the desiccants diquat, carfentrazone, flumioxazin, or saflufenacil when applied at labelled rates and application timings. Additionally, herbicide residues in seed following application remained lower than maximum residue limits (MRL) established by primary Canadian dry bean export partners. Generally, dry bean colour, irrespective of class, was not altered by desiccant use; diquat and flumioxazin caused minor increases in the degree of red and yellow seed pigmentation for cranberry bean only. Although colour differences were noted using a Chroma meter the differences were slight and would not likely be of economic importance. Application of glyphosate did not affect crop yield, and seed residue levels were below MRLs for navy, pinto, and great northern bean. However, seed glyphosate residue levels were above the MRL for cranberry bean when glyphosate was applied alone or tankmixed with carfentrazone, flumioxazin, or saflufenacil. Seed residue levels were also above listed MRLs for some export countries when glufosinate was applied to navy, cranberry, and pinto bean, although crop yield and seed quality remained unaffected. These findings suggest that growers and contractors should avoid using glufosinate as a dry bean desiccant at least for some markets and that care should be taken when selecting glyphosate as a desiccant, especially for cranberry bean. Across all market classes desiccation progress of bean leaf, stem, and pod tissue was slowest when glyphosate and carfentrazone were used.

Common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) Interference in Dry Bean

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 902-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel O. Mesbah ◽  
Stephen D. Miller ◽  
Paul J. Koetz
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Pinto Bean ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
The University

Field experiments were conducted in 1994 and 1995 under sprinkler irrigation at the University of Wyoming Research and Extension Center at Torrington to evaluate the effects of season-long interference and the effects of duration of interference of several common sunflower and green foxtail densities, alone or in combination, on pinto bean yield. Green foxtail densities did not significantly affect pinto bean yield in 1994 and reduced yield only at the highest density in 1995. In contrast, sunflower densities reduced pinto bean yield, except at the lowest density in 1994. Pinto bean yield was reduced as the combined density of green foxtail and sunflower increased. Compared with yield losses from each weed species alone, yield reductions from mixed species were additive in 1994 and at low weed densities in 1995 and less than additive at higher weed densities in 1995. The minimum number of weeds per m of row that will economically reduce pinto bean yield was estimated to be 1.6 to 2.9 for green foxtail and 0.12 to 0.2 for sunflower. Pinto bean yield reduction increased as the duration of green foxtail and sunflower interference increased, whether grown alone or in combination. The maximum duration that green foxtail, sunflower, and green foxtail plus sunflower can interfere with pinto bean before causing economical losses was estimated to be 4.5, 3.2, and 2.5 wk, respectively.

scholarly journals Management practices effect on seed features of Italian ryegrass following storage period

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Mandic ◽  
A. Simic ◽  
S. Vuckovic ◽  
R. Stanisavljevic ◽  
Z. Tomic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Germination Energy

Italian ryegrass seed crop was established in 2007 with two sowing densities (D1 = 60 cm row spacing and 5 kg ha-1 seeding rate; D2 = 20 cm row spacing and 20 kg ha-1 seeding rate) and using two spring nitrogen rates (0 and 150 kg N ha-1). Seed germination and thousand seed weight (TSW) of Italian ryegrass was observed in first production year. After harvest in June, seeds were stored under standard storage conditions and sampled 90 days after harvest (DAH), and then 2000 DAH. At 90 DAH, seeds were tested for TSW, as well as germination energy and total germination percentage at incubation temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 25?C. Ryegrass seeds had the best germination energy 90 DAH at 20?C and maximum total germination at 15?C, which implies that early autumn (September-October) is proper sowing period for freshly harvested seeds of Italian ryegrass. Italian ryegrass seeds could maintain satisfactory germination energy (59.3%) and total germination (77.3%) up to 2000 DAH. High seed quality was obtained and applied treatments did not change seed quality significantly unlike storage period which had considerable influence on seed quality. The data can serve for the determination of a proper storage duration management between harvest and sowing of the tested species under ambient conditions of Serbia.

Canopy architecture, row spacing and plant density effects on yield of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the absence and presence of hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides)

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
H. H. Muendel ◽  
G. Saindon
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Sarrachoides ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Bean Yield

A field study was conducted to determine the combined effects of cultivar growth habit, row spacing and plant density on weed management and dry bean yield. In the absence of weeds, upright and viny cultivars expressed similar yield potentials and greater yields of both cultivars were attained by increasing density from 24 to 48 plants m−2. A reduction in row spacing from 69 to 23 cm apart increased dry bean yield in all years when grown at a density of 48 plants m−2 but only increased yield in 1 of 3 yr when grown at 24 plants m−2. In the presence of hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides Sendt.), the upright cultivar always attained a greater yield than the viny cultivar. Upright dry beans were often 15–20 cm taller than viny beans, and this resulted in their being more competitive for light with hairy nightshade. Regardless of cultivar, an increase in plant density resulted in greater suppression of hairy nightshade and greater dry bean yield. Narrow compared with wide rows always resulted in less hairy nightshade biomass, and a concurrent increase in dry bean yield occurred in 2 of 3 yr. Despite the advantages conferred by an upright cultivar, narrow rows and high plant density, yield of weedy beans was always much less than that of weed-free beans. Further studies are required to integrate these desirable agronomic practices with herbicides or other weed control tactics to develop an improved weed management program for dry bean. Key words: cultural control, hairy nightshade, integrated weed management, upright dry beans, weed suppression, Solanum sarrachoides

Tank contamination with dicamba and 2,4-D influences dry edible bean

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Scott R. Bales ◽  
Christy L. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Dry Edible Bean ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Herbicide Programs

AbstractThe occurrence of herbicide tank contamination with dicamba or 2,4-D will likely increase with the recent commercialization of dicamba- and 2,4-D-resistant soybean. High-value sensitive crops, including dry bean, will be at higher risks for exposure. In 2017 and 2018, two separate field experiments were conducted in Michigan to understand how multiple factors may influence dry bean response to dicamba and 2,4-D herbicides, including 1) the interaction between herbicides applied POST to dry bean and dicamba or 2,4-D, and 2) the impact of low rates of glyphosate with dicamba or 2,4-D. Dry bean injury was 20% and 2% from POST applications of dicamba (5.6 h ae ha−1) and 2,4-D (11.2 g ae ha−1), respectively, 14 days after treatment (DAT). The addition of glyphosate (8.4 g ae ha−1) did not increase dry bean injury from dicamba or 2,4-D. Over 2 site-years the addition of dry bean herbicides to dicamba or dicamba + glyphosate (8.4 g ae ha−1) increased dry bean injury and reduced yield by 6% to 10% more than when dicamba or dicamba + glyphosate was applied alone. The interaction between 2,4-D (11.2 g ae ha−1) and dry bean herbicides was determined to be synergistic. However, 2,4-D (11.2 g ae ha−1) had little effect on dry bean with or without the addition of a dry bean herbicide program. These studies document that synergy also occurs between dicamba and dicamba + glyphosate and both common dry bean herbicide programs tested: 1) imazamox (35 g ha−1) + bentazon (560 g ha−1), and 2) fomesafen (280 g ha−1). The synergy between dry bean herbicide and dicamba and dicamba + glyphosate can increase plant injury, delay maturity, and reduce yield to a greater extent than dicamba or dicamba + glyphosate alone. This work emphasizes the need to properly clean out sprayers after applications of dicamba to reduce the risk of exposure to other crops.

scholarly journals Row spacing, cultivar and fungicide application affect the incidence of soybean stem blight

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nédio Rodrigo Tormen ◽  
Luiz Eduardo Bassay Blum
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Stem Blight

Brazil is a major soybean production country and cultivate yearly more than 36 million hectares. Several factors have been reported reducing soybean production and occurrence of diseases is one of the most important. Some diseases such as the pod and stem blight (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae) can limit soybean yield by shortening plant cycle and reducing seed quality. Field experiments were conducted aiming to evaluate the effect of row spacing, soybean cultivar and fungicide application on the incidence of pod and stem blight on soybean. The trial was carried out twice, with planting date at 11/15/2012 and 12/15/2012, in Planaltina-DF, Brazil. Treatments were arranged in a split-split plot scheme obeying the randomized block design. The factors evaluated were row spacing (42, 60 and 75 cm), soybean cultivars (“Syn1180RR” and “Syn1080RR”) and spray or not the fungicide Boscalid (500 g a.i./ha) at R1 and R3 soybean growth stages. Disease incidence was assessed on stems at the harvest time and on seeds after harvest and yield was estimated. Results obtained show that broader row spacing increased disease incidence on stems and seed, cultivar “Syn1180RR” was more susceptible than “Syn1080RR” and fungicide application reduced disease incidence. Pod and stem blight significantly reduced soybean yield.

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