scholarly journals Row spacing, cultivar and fungicide application affect the incidence of soybean stem blight

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nédio Rodrigo Tormen ◽  
Luiz Eduardo Bassay Blum
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Stem Blight

Brazil is a major soybean production country and cultivate yearly more than 36 million hectares. Several factors have been reported reducing soybean production and occurrence of diseases is one of the most important. Some diseases such as the pod and stem blight (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae) can limit soybean yield by shortening plant cycle and reducing seed quality. Field experiments were conducted aiming to evaluate the effect of row spacing, soybean cultivar and fungicide application on the incidence of pod and stem blight on soybean. The trial was carried out twice, with planting date at 11/15/2012 and 12/15/2012, in Planaltina-DF, Brazil. Treatments were arranged in a split-split plot scheme obeying the randomized block design. The factors evaluated were row spacing (42, 60 and 75 cm), soybean cultivars (“Syn1180RR” and “Syn1080RR”) and spray or not the fungicide Boscalid (500 g a.i./ha) at R1 and R3 soybean growth stages. Disease incidence was assessed on stems at the harvest time and on seeds after harvest and yield was estimated. Results obtained show that broader row spacing increased disease incidence on stems and seed, cultivar “Syn1180RR” was more susceptible than “Syn1080RR” and fungicide application reduced disease incidence. Pod and stem blight significantly reduced soybean yield.

Impacts of row spacing and fungicide timing on foliar disease, greenstem and yield in double cropped soybeans grown in the Chesapeake Bay region of the United States.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Kleczewski ◽  
Andrew Kness ◽  
Alyssa Koehler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
The United States ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Foliar Disease ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Foliar Fungicide

Double cropped soybeans are planted on approximately 1/3 of crop acres in the Chesapeake Bay region of the United States. Producers have asked if foliar fungicides are required to optimize yields in this region. We assessed the impacts of foliar fungicide application timing and row spacing on foliar disease, greenstem, and yield from 11 site years spanning 2017-2019. Foliar diseases only developed at rateable levels in one location. Fungicide application, regardless of timing, increased percent greenstem over non-treated controls. Fungicide application did not impact soybean yield. Yield was greater in 38.1 cm rows when compared to 19 cm rows. Our data do not support the use of foliar fungicides in double cropped soybean production in this region.

A review of copper fertilizer management for optimum yield and quality of crops in the Canadian Prairie provinces

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
R. E. Karamanos
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Yield And Quality

Deficiency of copper (Cu) in Canadian prairie soils is not widespread, but whenever it occurs it can cause a drastic reduction in seed yield and quality of most cereals, especially wheat. Field experiments conducted in western Canada indicated that broadcast-incorporation of granular Cu fertilizers prior to seeding at 3-5.6 kg Cu ha-1 was usually sufficient to prevent Cu deficiency in wheat, and improve seed yield and quality. At lower rates (< 2.0 kg Cu ha-1), broadcast-incorporation of granular Cu fertilizers was not effective, while surface spray-broadcast followed by incorporation of liquid Cu fertilizers was much more effective in increasing seed yield of wheat in the first year of application. Surface broadcast without incorporation and seedrow-placed granular Cu fertilizers were much less effective in improving seed yield of wheat than their foliar or soil-incorporated applications. In the growing season, foliar applications of Cu at 0.20 to 0.28 kg Cu ha-1 to wheat at the Feekes 6 (first node of stem visible at base of shoot or stem elongation), Feekes 10 (sheath of last leaf completely grown or flag-leaf) and early boot growth stages were very effective in restoring seed yield, while Cu applications at the Feekes 2 (four-leaf) or Feekes 10.5 (complete heading) growth stage did not have a consistent effect to correct damage caused by Cu deficiency. Some Cu fertilizers (e.g., Cu oxide) were less effective than others in preventing/correcting Cu deficiency. Soil application at relatively high rates produced residual benefits in increasing seed yield for a number of years. The sensitivity of crops to Cu deficiency is usually in the order (wheat, flax, canary seed) > (barley, alfalfa) > (timothy seed, oats, corn) > (peas, clovers) > (canola, rye, forage grasses). Stem melanosis in wheat was associated with deficiency of Cu in soil, and the disease was reduced substantially with Cu application. A high level of available P in soil was observed to induce/increase severity of Cu deficiency in wheat. Soil analysis for diethylene triamine pentacetic acid- (DTPA) extractable Cu in soil can be used as a good diagnostic tool to predict Cu deficiency, but there was a poor relationship between total Cu concentration in shoots and the degree of Cu deficiency in crops. Application of Cu fertilizers to wheat on Cu-deficient soils also generally improved seed quality. Key words: Application time, Cu source, foliar application, granular Cu, growth stage, placement method, rate of Cu, seedrow-placed Cu, soil incorporation, wheat

Effect of In-Furrow and Early-Season Banded Applications of Fungicides on Incidence of Early Leaf Spot of Peanut

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
Albert K. Culbreath ◽  
Robert C. Kemerait ◽  
Yun-Ching Tsai ◽  
Timothy B. Brenneman ◽  
Katherine L. Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Fungicide Application

Field experiments were conducted in Tifton, GA, in 2012-2014 to determine the effect of in-furrow applications of prothioconazole and early-season banded applications of prothioconazole or pyraclostrobin on incidence of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). In each year, border rows were planted in May as a source of inoculum for plants in the treatment plots. Plots were planted in August or September after epidemics of early leaf spot were severe in the border plots. Fungicide application regimes included two rates (100 and 200 g a.i./ha) of prothioconazole applied in-furrow at planting, and 200 g a.i./ha of prothioconazole or 164 g a.i./ha of pyraclostrobin applied concentrated in a 30-cm band 21 days after planting (DAP). Incidence (percent of leaflets with one or more leaf spot) of early leaf spot was monitored until 54 to 57 days after planting in each year. In all years, disease incidence was below 10% at 28 DAP in plots treated with 200 g a.i./ha of prothioconazole in-furrow compared to over 40% in nontreated plots at the same time. In-furrow applications of 100 g a.i./ha of prothioconazole were less effective, but suppressed leaf spot incidence compared to the control. Banded applications of either fungicide at 21 DAP resulted in a decrease in leaf spot incidence, and prevented increase in leaf spot incidence for 19 days or longer. Accepted for publication 30 November 2015. Published 3 December 2015.

scholarly journals SOURGRASS INTERFERENCE ON SOYBEAN GROWN IN BRAZILIAN CERRADO

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-358
Author(s):  
GUILHERME BRAGA PEREIRA BRAZ ◽  
ALINE GUIMARÃES CRUVINEL ◽  
ALAN BRUNO CANEPPELE ◽  
HUDSON KAGUEYAMA TAKANO ◽  
ALESSANDRO GUERRA DA SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
The Third ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

ABSTRACT Sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) is one of the main species causing significant losses in Brazilian soybean production systems. Thus, this paper aimed to evaluate sourgrass interference on soybeans grown under Cerrado conditions. Three field experiments were conducted, of which the first two (E1 and E2) simulated sourgrass after pre-sowing burndown, using plants already emerged by the time soybeans were sown; whereas the third (E3) simulated both sourgrass and soybeans emerged simultaneously. Both E1 and E2 were conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments based on sourgrass infestation densities (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 plants m-2) and four replications. In turn, E3 was also carried out in an RCBD but with treatments arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial and four replications. The first factor comprised two soybean cultivars, while the second was sourgrass density levels, just as in E1 and E2. The results showed that increasing sourgrass densities reduced soybean yield regardless of the plant growth stage when the crop was sown. Yield losses were higher when sourgrass plants were already established by the time soybean was sown. Soybean yield losses reached up to 80% under higher sourgrass infestation levels.

scholarly journals Effects of Intra-Row Spacing of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and Frequency of Weeding on Yields of Maize-Sesame Intercrop in Makurdi, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Michael Ojore Ijoyah ◽  
J.A. Idoko ◽  
T. Iorlamen
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Competitive Pressure ◽  
Optimal Frequency ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Field experiments were conducted from July to October, during 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons, at the Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria, to evaluate the effects of intra-row spacing of sesame and frequency of weeding on yields of maize-sesame intercrop. The trial was a 3 x 3 factorial experiment fitted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Nine of the treatments consisted of intercropped maize with sesame sown at the intra-row spacing of 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm, and at the varied weeding frequencies: maize-sesame intercrop sown on plots weeded once (1x) at 3 weeks after planting (WAP); maize-sesame intercrop sown on plots weeded twice (2x) at 3 and 6 WAP; maize-sesame intercrop sown on plots not weeded (NW). Sole sesame and sole maize respectively sown at their recommended intra-row spacing of 10 cm and 30 cm and at their recommended frequency of weeding (2x at 3 and 6 WAP) constituted the tenth and eleventh treatments, which also served as control plots. The results obtained showed that in a maize-sesame intercrop, increasing intra-row spacing of sesame up to 20 cm, on plots weeded 2x at 3 and 6 WAP, significantly (P≤0.05) produced the highest intercrop yields of maize and sesame. This level of treatment not only recorded the lowest competitive pressure, but gave the highest total intercrop yields, highest land equivalent coefficient values (1.01 and 1.13 respectively, in years 2012 and 2013), indicating the highest yield advantage, and highest land equivalent ratio (LER) values of 2.11 and 2.25 respectively recorded for years 2012 and 2013. With these LER values, 52.6 % and 55.6 % of land were respectively saved in years 2012 and 2013, which could be used for other agricultural purposes. The implication of study showed that, to maximize intercrop yields of maize and sesame in a maize-sesame intercrop, the appropriate intra-row spacing for sesame is 20 cm, while the optimal frequency of weeding is 2x at 3 and 6 WAP. This should therefore, be recommended for Makurdi location, Nigeria.

scholarly journals AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF GRAIN SORGHUM CULTIVATED IN DOUBLE ROWS SPACE ON BRAZILIAN CERRADO

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-432
Author(s):  
EDUARDO LIMA DO CARMO ◽  
JOÃO VITOR ALVES DE SOUSA ◽  
CAMILA JORGE BERNABÉ FERREIRA ◽  
GUILHERME BRAGA PEREIRA BRAZ ◽  
GUSTAVO ANDRÉ SIMON
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Double Row

ABSTRACT The spatial arrangement of plants in the cultivation area is a factor that directly influences grain yield, since the best arrangement can result in the greater use of water, light and nutrients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of sorghum sown in double row spacing in the Brazilian Cerrado. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted in the 2018 and 2019 seasons in a complete block design with a factorial scheme of 2 x 5. There were four replications, using two row spacing: traditional (0.50 m) and double rows (0.25 m/0.75 m) and five plant populations: 120, 180 (recommended), 240, 300 and 360 thousand, plants ha-1. Morphological characteristics, yield components and grain yield were evaluated using joint data analysis for the two years of study. In 2018, due to lower rainfall during the crop season, the use of a double row arrangement presented grain yield lower than traditional spacing. On the other hand, in 2019, the year with the best water distribution, the yield was superior to that of 2018. The increase in plant population per hectare increased the yield of sorghum grains, with gains of up to 24% in relation to the recommended population of 180 thousand plants ha-1, demonstrated that the densification in this crop can be a promising technique as long as its cost/benefit is considered.

Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) Interference in Soybean (Glycine max) and Dry Edible Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Zollinger ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Dry Edible Bean ◽  
Seedling Growth Rate ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis

Field experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to examine interference from a natural population of perennial sowthistle on soybean and dry edible bean. In 1987, an average of 78 and 90 perennial sowthistle shoots per m2in 71-cm (wide) crop row spacing reduced soybean and dry edible bean yield by 49% and 36%, respectively. In 1988, a year of less precipitation, an average density of 96 and 88 shoots per m2reduced soybean and dry bean yield by 87% and 83%, respectively. One cultivation 5 wk after planting increased crop yield and decreased perennial sowthistle density compared with no cultivation. Perennial sowthistle reduced seed weight, germination percentage, and seedling growth rate of seed produced by both crops. In the presence of perennial sowthistle, one cultivation resulted in improved seed quality compared with no cultivation.

scholarly journals Effective Plant Ages for Screening for Field Resistance to Alternaria Leaf Spot (Caused by Alternaria spp.) under Natural Infection in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanalai Viriyasuthee ◽  
Suwita Saepaisan ◽  
Weerasak Saksirirat ◽  
Mark L. Gleason ◽  
Ruey Shyang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Alternaria Leaf Spot ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
The Impact

Host plant resistance has proven to be effective for controlling Alternaria leaf spot on Jerusalem artichoke (JA), but efficient screening techniques have not been developed yet. The objective of this study is to estimate the relationship between disease resistance parameters of JA as a function of plant age. Six JA varieties and three plant ages at the time of inoculation (20, 40 and 60 days after transplanting) (DAT) are evaluated in a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Disease incidence (DI) and severity (DS) are estimated, from which area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. Disease parameters are positively and significantly correlated for plant ages of 40 and 60 DAT. Based on our results, screening of JA at 40 DAT for resistance to Alternaria leaf spot is recommended. Knowledge of the impact of plant age on resistance to key diseases can help breeders to accelerate breeding programs so superior genotypes can be identified before reproductive growth stages.

Soybean response to weed interference and defoliation

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Grymes ◽  
James L. Griffin ◽  
David J. Boethel ◽  
B. Rogers Leonard ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Hemp Sesbania

Field experiments were conducted in Louisiana over 2 yr to evaluate the influence of full-season interference from johnsongrass, common cocklebur, or hemp sesbania at densities of 2.5, 0.5, and 2.0 plants m–1of row, respectively, and simulated insect defoliation of soybean on weed and soybean growth. Defoliation at R2 (full bloom) and R5 (beginning seed development) soybean growth stages was accomplished by removal of zero, one, or two leaflets per soybean trifoliate, which approximated 0, 33, and 66% defoliation, respectively. Height and dry weight of all weeds were not affected by soybean defoliation level or defoliation stage. Soybean height 3 wk after defoliation at R5 was not influenced by weed interference, soybean defoliation level, or defoliation stage in either year. Averaged across soybean defoliation levels and stages in 1994, johnsongrass, common cocklebur, and hemp sesbania reduced soybean yields 30, 15, and 14%, respectively. In 1995, johnsongrass reduced soybean yield 35%. As soybean defoliation level increased, a linear decrease in soybean yield was observed. Averaged across weeds and soybean defoliation stages, 33 and 66% defoliation reduced soybean yield 6 and 20% in 1994 and 12 and 33% in 1995, respectively. Defoliation at R5 resulted in 10% lower yield than defoliation at R2 in one of two years. Yield reduction due to combinations of weeds and soybean defoliation was additive.

scholarly journals Epicotyl length in seedlings of soybean cultivars subjected to reduced inter-row spacing

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Willian Daniel Reis Gontijo ◽  
Pedro Henrique Santos Sousa ◽  
Éder Matsuo ◽  
Jorge Cunha Resende ◽  
Paulo Henrique Frois Correa Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The State ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Randomized Block Design

The objective was to evaluate the epicotyl length of seedlings of soybean cultivars in the field, submitted to plant densification by reducing the inter-row spacing. Two field experiments were conducted in Rio Paranaíba in the state of Minas Gerais and the effect of reduced spacing (20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm and 50 cm between rows) was evaluated. The assessment of the epicotyl length was done by using a millimeter ruler when the plants reached the V2 development stage. The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four repetitions. In experiment 1, the BRSMG752S cultivar was submitted to four inter-row spacings and no differences were found among them. In experiment 2, the simple factorial scheme 4 x 3 was considered, with 4 spacings and 3 cultivars, to analyze the effect of the interaction between cultivars (96R10, 97R50 and 98Y21) and spacing (20, 30, 40 and 50 cm between rows). The results of experiment 2 indicated that there was no significant effect for spacing and that the cultivars presented statistically different averages. Thus, it can be concluded that the epicotyl length of soybean seedlings, grown in the field in Rio Paranaíba in the state of Minas Gerais and evaluated at the V2 stage of development, was not influenced by the distance between the sowing lines and that the cultivar 96R10 showed the highest and 98Y21 the lowest mean epicotyl length of soybean seedlings, grown in the field in Rio Paranaíba in the state of Minas Gerais and evaluated at the V2 stage of development.

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