scholarly journals Emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses in England and Wales (1990–9)

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. LAMAGNI ◽  
B. G. EVANS ◽  
M. SHIGEMATSU ◽  
E. M. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Invasive Mycoses

Invasive fungal infections are becoming an increasing public health problem owing to the growth in numbers of susceptible individuals. Despite this, the profile of mycoses remains low and there is no surveillance system specific to fungal infections currently existing in England and Wales. We analysed laboratory reports of deep-seated mycoses made to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre between 1990 and 1999 from England and Wales. A substantial rise in candidosis was seen during this period (6·76–13·70 reports per million population/year), particularly in the older age groups. Rates of cryptococcosis in males fluctuated over the decade but fell overall (1·05–0·66 per million population/year), whereas rates of female cases gradually rose up until 1998 (0·04–0·41 per million population/year). Reports of Pneumocystis carinii in men reduced substantially between 1990 and 1999 (2·77–0·42 per million population/year) but showed little change in women. Reports of aspergillosis fluctuated up until 1996, after which reports of male and female cases rose substantially (from 0·08 for both in 1996 to 1·92 and 1·69 per million population/year in 1999 for males and females respectively), largely accounted for by changes in reporting practice from one laboratory. Rates of invasive mycoses were generally higher in males than females, with overall male-to-female rate ratios of 1·32 (95% CI 1·25–1·40) for candidosis, 1·30 (95% CI 1·05–1·60) for aspergillosis, 3·99 (95% CI 2·93–5·53) for cryptococcosis and 4·36 (95% CI 3·47–5·53) for Pneumocystis carinii. The higher male than female rates of reports is likely to be a partial reflection of HIV epidemiology in England and Wales, although this does not fully explain the ratio in infants and older age groups. Lack of information on underlying predisposition prevents further identification of risk groups affected. Whilst substantial under-reporting of Pneumocystis carinii and Cryptococcus species was apparent, considerable numbers of superficial mycoses were mis-reported indicating a need for clarification of reporting guidelines. Efforts to enhance comprehensive laboratory reporting should be undertaken to maximize the utility of this approach for surveillance of deep-seated fungal infections.

HIV and other STIs in the United Kingdom: further increases

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (48) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Health Protection Agency ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Living With Hiv

The Health Protection Agency Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre for England and Wales and others have reported that the number of people living with HIV in the UK has increased

Antibiotics in whooping cough

1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (23) ◽  
pp. 91-92
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Similar Magnitude ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Disturbed Sleep ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Although whooping cough no longer carries a high mortality, symptoms may persist for several months so that both the child and its family suffer weeks of anxiety and disturbed sleep.1 The prevalence and severity of the disease have declined since the turn of the century. Publicity about the adverse effects of whooping cough vaccination steeply reduced the uptake of immunisation in England and Wales - from 78% in 1971 to 37% in 1974.2 The subsequent epidemics of whooping cough in 1977–79 and 1982–83 were the largest since vaccination began. The epidemic which started in September 1985 could well be of similar magnitude. The uptake of immunisation has now somewhat improved and is currently about 65% (information from Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre). This article discusses whether antibiotics can help in whooping cough, either in treatment of the illness or preventing its spread.

Suicide in Australia—A Comparison with Suicide in England and Wales

1979 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Snowdon
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Cultural Attitude ◽  
England And Wales

This study reports changes of suicide rate in Australia and in England and Wales in the twenty years up to 1976. Rates in both places reached a peak in 1963, related to increases in poisoning as a means of suicide. Decreases since then can be attributed partly to reduced likelihood of death after inhalation of domestic gas or after ingestion of poisons. There has been an increase in suicide deaths among younger people, but a decrease among older age groups. The two countries have patterns of suicide which are similar in many respects, the most striking difference being the frequency with which firearms are used by male suicides in Australia. There is good reason to believe that variation in availability of a means of suicide is the factor which has most effect on rates of suicide, though cultural attitude towards each method also is an important determinant of how much it will be used for suicide.

scholarly journals Nosocomial outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis PT 6a (Nx, CpL) in the United Kingdom

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (43) ◽  
Author(s):  
S O’Brien ◽  
L Ward
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Nosocomial Outbreak ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
The United Kingdom

During an ongoing investigation into a nosocomial outbreak of S. Enteritidis PT 6a (Nx, CpL) in London, where raw shell eggs were being used, the London Food, Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory (LFWE) tested 402 raw shell eggs obtained from the premises. Two hundred and forty of these were labelled as imported, and four of the 40 samples of six pooled whole eggs were positive. The Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens (LEP) at the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (PHLS CDSC) confirmed the presence of S. Enteritidis PT 6 (one sample), S. Enteritidis PT 13a (one sample) and S. Enteritidis PT 14b (one sample). Of the 27 samples from the unlabelled eggs (162 eggs) one sample was positive for S. Enteritidis PT 6. Results are awaited on the final isolate. Since the raw eggs have been withdrawn from use no further cases have occurred. Hospitals in the United Kingdom are reminded that advice issued by the Chief Medical Officer in 1988 that raw shell eggs should be replaced with pasteurised eggs in recipes in institutions with high risk groups (1) is extant and must be adhered to if vulnerable patients are not to be put at risk.

scholarly journals Incidence, clinical features, and outcomes of COVID-19 in Canada: impact of sex and age

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob O’Brien ◽  
Kevin Y. Du ◽  
Chun Peng
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Lower Incidence Rate ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMale sex and older age have been reported to be associated with worse outcomes from COVID-19. It was postulated that estrogens may play a role in reducing the severity of the disease and may therefore offer a treatment option for COVID-19 patients. However, more female cases and deaths from COVID-19 have been recorded in Canada. To determine the potential role of estrogens, we analyzed COVID-19 data from Canada, focusing on the impact of sex and age. Although the overall incidence rate is higher in females than in males, when several high risk groups, including health care workers and long-term care residences, which are predominantly females, were excluded, we found that females had a lower incidence rate than males between the ages of 20s to 70s. Interestingly, this sex-based difference is more evident in females of the reproductive ages (20–49) than in postmenopausal patients (60s or older). Males have significantly higher hospitalization, ICU admission, and case fatality rates; however, a greater difference was observed in the older age groups. Finally, symptom manifestation varied between sexes. Some of the symptoms, which were more frequently observed in patients who recovered than patients who died, were more commonly observed in females of the reproductive age compared to their male counterparts. Since only females of the reproductive age have much higher circulating estrogens than males, these findings suggest that estrogens may play a role in reducing COVID-19 incidence and in the development of symptoms, especially those related to better survival.

scholarly journals Switching vaccination among target groups to achieve improved long-lasting benefits

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 210292
Author(s):  
Ruiyun Li ◽  
Ottar N. Bjørnstad ◽  
Nils Chr. Stenseth
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
To Come ◽  
Indirect Risk ◽  
Roll Out

The development of vaccines has opened a way to lower the public health and societal burden of COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve sustainable gains in the long term, switching the vaccination from one target group to a more diverse portfolio should be planned appropriately. We lay out a general mathematical framework for comparing alternative vaccination roll-out strategies for the year to come: single focus groups: (i-a) the high-risk older age groups and (i-b) the core-sociable groups; and two focus groups: (ii-a) mixed vaccination of both the high-risk and core-sociable groups simultaneously and (ii-b) cyclic vaccination switching between groups. Featuring analyses of all relevant data including age pyramids for 15 representative countries with diverse social mixing patterns shows that mixed strategies that result in both direct and indirect protection of high-risk groups may be better for the overall societal health impact of COVID-19 vaccine roll-out. Of note, over time switching the priority from high-risk older age groups to core-sociable groups responsible for heightened circulation and thus indirect risk may be increasingly advantageous.

scholarly journals Target blood pressure levels in patients with arterial hypertension and frailty

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Olga D Ostroumova ◽  
Marina S Cherniaeva ◽  
Alexandr P Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Target Blood Pressure ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Increased Risk

Arterial hypertension (AH) is an important public health problem worldwide. The high prevalence of hypertension can partially be explained by an increase in blood pressure (BP) with age and a rapid increase in the elderly population (over 65 years old). Despite the effect of age on BP, evidence of target blood pressure values for its control in patients of older age groups with AH is limited, especially if they have frailty. There are data from a number of studies that reveal a relationship between lower BP levels and all-cause mortality in patients with AH in older age groups. In clinical practice, decisions regarding BP targets are especially difficult in elderly people with frailty who often do not meet the criteria for inclusion in randomized controlled trials and for this group of elderly people the clinical recommendations of leading communities do not give a specific answer about the target BP level. The evidence base regarding the target BP values in the treatment of AH in patients of older age groups with frailty presented in this review is not numerous, but its analysis suggests the advantages of higher BP numbers, with maximum systolic BP values of 165 mm Hg and diastolic BP of 90 mm Hg, while lower BP levels may be unsafe in terms of increasing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and mortality from both cardiovascular causes and all causes. Polymorbidity in combination with polypharmacy and an increased risk of adverse events require a patient-oriented individual approach to the appointment of antihypertensive therapy. For a final decision on the management tactics of patients with AH and frailty, large, specially designed randomized clinical trials are needed.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude and practices about diabetes mellitus and its complications in T2DM patients attending the UHC in Mumbai

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 2793
Author(s):  
Rufiat Nasiruddin Kazi ◽  
Mangala M. Bote ◽  
Kedar J. Raikar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Urban Health Centre ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Background: Diabetes Mellitus has become a major public health problem in India and also the major cause of disability through complications such as blindness, renal failure, lower limb gangrene etc. People suffering from Diabetes related complications are many times unaware about the measures to curb the onset of the complications. The aim of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practices about diabetes and its complications in the diabetic patientsMethods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study conducted at an Urban Health Centre attached to the parent medical college in Mumbai. The knowledge, attitude and practices of the 116 participants who were registered at the non-communicable disease (NCD) OPD were assessed via a pre-designed, pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis used: SPSS version 20.Results: Majority belonged the age groups of 40-60 years (69%), 63.8% were women, 91.4% were married and 44.4% were illiterate. 13.8% of the respondents had correct knowledge about the causes of diabetes and 62.9% could correctly identify the symptoms of diabetes. Knowledge regarding the complications in diabetics was found to be quite low with only 52.6% correctly identifying one or more complications. The most commonly known complication was neuropathy (83.6%) followed by nephropathy (57.3%). The attitude of the patients with respect to screening of complications was found to be poor and the same reflected in their practicesConclusions: There is a lack of understanding of the basics of the disease, its prevention as well as prevention of complications in those suffering from the disease. 

scholarly journals Epidemiology of parainfluenza virus type 3 in England and Wales over a ten-year period

1989 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Easton ◽  
R. P. Eglin
Keyword(s):  
Virus Type ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Type 3

SUMMARYWe have analysed data on respiratory syneytial (RS) and parainfiuenza type 3 (PF3) viruses reported to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. London, over the period 1978–87. These confirm the annual winter epidemic of RS virus and show that, in England and Wales, PF3 is a summer infection with regular yearly epidemics.

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