scholarly journals Incidence, clinical features, and outcomes of COVID-19 in Canada: impact of sex and age

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob O’Brien ◽  
Kevin Y. Du ◽  
Chun Peng
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Lower Incidence Rate ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMale sex and older age have been reported to be associated with worse outcomes from COVID-19. It was postulated that estrogens may play a role in reducing the severity of the disease and may therefore offer a treatment option for COVID-19 patients. However, more female cases and deaths from COVID-19 have been recorded in Canada. To determine the potential role of estrogens, we analyzed COVID-19 data from Canada, focusing on the impact of sex and age. Although the overall incidence rate is higher in females than in males, when several high risk groups, including health care workers and long-term care residences, which are predominantly females, were excluded, we found that females had a lower incidence rate than males between the ages of 20s to 70s. Interestingly, this sex-based difference is more evident in females of the reproductive ages (20–49) than in postmenopausal patients (60s or older). Males have significantly higher hospitalization, ICU admission, and case fatality rates; however, a greater difference was observed in the older age groups. Finally, symptom manifestation varied between sexes. Some of the symptoms, which were more frequently observed in patients who recovered than patients who died, were more commonly observed in females of the reproductive age compared to their male counterparts. Since only females of the reproductive age have much higher circulating estrogens than males, these findings suggest that estrogens may play a role in reducing COVID-19 incidence and in the development of symptoms, especially those related to better survival.

scholarly journals Incidence, clinical features, and outcomes of COVID-19 in Canada: Impact of sex and age

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob O’Brien ◽  
Kevin Y. Du ◽  
Chun Peng
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Lower Incidence Rate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Male sex and older age have been reported to be associated with worse outcomes from COVID-19. It was postulated that estrogens may play a role in reducing the severity of the disease and may therefore offer a treatment option for COVID-19 patients. However, more female cases and deaths from COVID-19 have been recorded in Canada. To determine the impact of sex and the potential role of estrogens, we analyzed COVID-19 data, focusing on the impact of sex and age. Although the overall incidence rate is higher in females than in males, when several high risk groups, including health care workers and long-term care residences, which are predominantly females, were excluded, we found that females had a lower incidence rate than males between the ages of 20s to 70s. Interestingly, this sex-based difference is more evident in females of the reproductive ages (20-49) than in postmenopausal patients (60s or older). Males have significantly higher hospitalization, ICU admission, and case fatality rates; however, a greater difference was observed in the older age groups. Finally, symptom manifestation varied between sexes. Some of the symptoms, which were more frequently observed in patients who recovered than patients who died, were more commonly observed in females of the reproductive age compared to their male counterparts. Since only females of the reproductive age have much higher circulating estrogens than males, these findings suggest that estrogens may play a role in reducing COVID-19 incidence and in the development of symptoms, especially those related to better survival.

scholarly journals Emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses in England and Wales (1990–9)

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. LAMAGNI ◽  
B. G. EVANS ◽  
M. SHIGEMATSU ◽  
E. M. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Invasive Mycoses

Invasive fungal infections are becoming an increasing public health problem owing to the growth in numbers of susceptible individuals. Despite this, the profile of mycoses remains low and there is no surveillance system specific to fungal infections currently existing in England and Wales. We analysed laboratory reports of deep-seated mycoses made to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre between 1990 and 1999 from England and Wales. A substantial rise in candidosis was seen during this period (6·76–13·70 reports per million population/year), particularly in the older age groups. Rates of cryptococcosis in males fluctuated over the decade but fell overall (1·05–0·66 per million population/year), whereas rates of female cases gradually rose up until 1998 (0·04–0·41 per million population/year). Reports of Pneumocystis carinii in men reduced substantially between 1990 and 1999 (2·77–0·42 per million population/year) but showed little change in women. Reports of aspergillosis fluctuated up until 1996, after which reports of male and female cases rose substantially (from 0·08 for both in 1996 to 1·92 and 1·69 per million population/year in 1999 for males and females respectively), largely accounted for by changes in reporting practice from one laboratory. Rates of invasive mycoses were generally higher in males than females, with overall male-to-female rate ratios of 1·32 (95% CI 1·25–1·40) for candidosis, 1·30 (95% CI 1·05–1·60) for aspergillosis, 3·99 (95% CI 2·93–5·53) for cryptococcosis and 4·36 (95% CI 3·47–5·53) for Pneumocystis carinii. The higher male than female rates of reports is likely to be a partial reflection of HIV epidemiology in England and Wales, although this does not fully explain the ratio in infants and older age groups. Lack of information on underlying predisposition prevents further identification of risk groups affected. Whilst substantial under-reporting of Pneumocystis carinii and Cryptococcus species was apparent, considerable numbers of superficial mycoses were mis-reported indicating a need for clarification of reporting guidelines. Efforts to enhance comprehensive laboratory reporting should be undertaken to maximize the utility of this approach for surveillance of deep-seated fungal infections.

scholarly journals Vaccine impact and effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup ACWY conjugate vaccine implementation in the Netherlands: a nationwide surveillance study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milou Ohm ◽  
Susan J M Hahné ◽  
Arie van der Ende ◽  
Elizabeth A M Sanders ◽  
Guy A M Berbers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Vaccination Programme ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Mass Campaign ◽  
Conjugate Vaccination ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background In response to the recent serogroup W invasive meningococcal disease (IMD-W) epidemic in the Netherlands, meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) conjugate vaccination for 14-month-olds was replaced with a MenACWY conjugate vaccination, and a mass campaign targeting 14-18 year-olds was executed. We investigated the impact of MenACWY vaccination implementation in 2018-2020 on incidence rates and estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE). Methods We extracted all IMD cases diagnosed between July 2014 and December 2020 from the national surveillance system. We calculated age group-specific incidence rate ratios by comparing incidence rates before (July 2017-March 2018) and after (July 2019-March 2020) MenACWY vaccination implementation. We estimated VE in vaccine-eligible cases using the screening method. Results Overall, IMD-W incidence rate lowered by 61% (95%CI 40-74). It declined by 82% (95%CI 18-96) in vaccine-eligible age group (15-36 month-olds and 14-18 year-olds) and by 57% (95%CI 34-72) in vaccine non-eligible age groups. VE was 92% (95%CI -20-99.5) against IMD-W vaccine-eligible toddlers. No IMD-W cases were reported in vaccine-eligible teenagers after the campaign. Conclusions The MenACWY vaccination programme was effective in preventing IMD-W in the target population. The IMD-W incidence reduction in vaccine non-eligible age groups may be caused by indirect effects of the vaccination programme. However, disentangling natural fluctuation from vaccine-effect was not possible. Our findings encourage the use of toddler- and teenager MenACWY vaccination in national immunization programmes especially when implemented together with a teenager mass campaign during an epidemic.

scholarly journals THE AGE STRUCTURE OF THE MORBIDITY RATE OF HIV INFECTIONS ASSOCIATING WITH TUBERCULOSIS AND ITS CHANGES OVER LAST YEARS

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 254-257
Author(s):  
E. V Sarmometov ◽  
Viktor I. Sergevnin ◽  
D. V Shmagin
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Perm Region

The age structure of the morbidity rate of HIV infections` and HIV-infection associating with tuberculosis among population of the Perm Region from 2005 to 2014 was studied. In recent years the incidence rate of these infections was noticed to be redistributed towards the older age groups. The average age of cases has increased from 27.0 and 25.4 years in 2005 to 34.1 and 32.5 years in 2014. The hypotheses explaining changes in the age structure of epidemic processes of the studied infections were formulated.

scholarly journals COVID-19 mortality among Indigenous people in Brazil: a nationwide register-based study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Santana Santos ◽  
Adriano Antunes Souza Araújo ◽  
Jarbas Ribeiro de Oliveira ◽  
Lucindo José Quintans-Júnior ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Martins-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Black People ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The North ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disproportionately affected Black people and minority ethnic groups, but there are limited data regarding the impact of disease on Indigenous people. Herein, we investigated the burden of COVID-19 on the Indigenous population in Brazil. We performed a populational-based study including all cases and deaths from COVID-19 among Brazilian Indigenous people from 26 February to 28 August 2020. Data were obtained from official Brazilian information systems. We calculated incidence, mortality and fatality rates for the Indigenous population for each of the five Brazilian regions. Brazil had an incidence and a mortality rate of 3546.4 cases and 65.0 deaths per 100 000 population, respectively. The case fatality rate (CFR) was 1.8%. The Central-West had the higher estimates of disease burden among Brazilian Indians (incidence rate: 3135.0/100 000; mortality rate: 101.2/100 000 and CFR: 3.2%) followed by the North region (incidence rate: 5664.4/100 000; mortality rate: 92.2/100 000 and CFR: 1.6%). Governmental actions should guarantee the isolation, monitoring and testing capabilities of Indigenous people and rapidly to provide social protection and health facilities.

scholarly journals B Part of It School Leaver protocol: an observational repeat cross-sectional study to assess the impact of a meningococcal serogroup B (4CMenB) vaccine programme on carriage ofNeisseria meningitidis

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e027233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen S Marshall ◽  
Mark McMillan ◽  
Ann Koehler ◽  
Andrew Lawrence ◽  
Jenny MacLennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carriage Prevalence

IntroductionInvasive meningococcal disease is uncommon but associated with a high-case fatality rate. Carriage prevalence of the causative bacteria,Neisseria meningitidis, is high in adolescents. A large (n=34 500) cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) to assess the impact of a meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine on meningococcal carriage was implemented in the state of South Australia (SA) for year 10, 11 and 12 senior school students in 2017–2018. This study will assess the impact of MenB vaccine (4CMenB) on carriage prevalence in school leavers in SA, 1 and 2 years after implementation of the cluster RCT in adolescents. Measuring the impact of population programmes on carriage can assist in informing future meningococcal immunisation programmes such as targeted age groups and use of catch-up campaigns.Methods and analysisThis repeat cross-sectional study will assess carriage prevalence in 2018 and 2019. All school leavers who attended year 12 in any school in SA in 2018 or 2019 will be invited to participate in this study. An oropharyngeal swab will be taken from each participating student and a risk factor questionnaire completed by the student following informed consent. Students will attend clinics at SA universities, technical colleges, and metropolitan, rural and remote government council clinics. Confirmed vaccination history will allow a comparison in carriage prevalence between vaccinated and unvaccinated school leavers. A sample size of 4096 students per year will provide 80% power to detect a 20% difference in carriage prevalence of disease-causing meningococci (defined as genogroup A, B, C, W, X or Y) between years.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Women’s and Children’s Health Network Human Research Ethics Committee. Results will be published in international peer review journals and presented at national and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT03419533; Pre-results

Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities, 2003–2006

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. ROSENTHAL ◽  
L. E. LEE ◽  
B. A. J. VERMEULEN ◽  
K. HEDBERG ◽  
W. E. KEENE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Duration Of Illness ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYTo identify the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of norovirus (NoV) outbreaks and estimate the impact of NoV infections in an older population, we analysed epidemiological and laboratory data collected using standardized methods from long-term care facilities (LTCFs) during 2003–2006. Faecal specimens were tested for NoV by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. NoV strains were genotyped by sequencing. Of the 234 acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks reported, 163 (70%) were caused by NoV. The annual attack rate of outbreak-associated NoV infection in LTCF residents was 4%, with a case-hospitalization rate of 3·1% and a case-fatality rate of 0·5%. GII.4 strains accounted for 84% of NoV outbreaks. Median duration of illness was longer for GII.4 infections than non-GII.4 infections (33 vs. 24 h, P<0·001). Emerging GII.4 strains (Hunter/2004, Minerva/2006b, Terneuzen/2006a) gradually replaced the previously dominant strain (Farmington Hills/2002) during 2004–2006. NoV GII.4 strains are now associated with the majority of AGE outbreaks in LTCFs and prolonged illness in Oregon.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Sociodemographic Determinants of Hypertension History among Women in Reproductive Age in Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Nyarko
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Sociodemographic Determinants ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ghanaian Women ◽  
Global Health Problem

Background. Hypertension is a global health problem. Yet, studies on hypertension rarely focus on women in Ghana. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of hypertension history among Ghanaian women in reproductive age.Methods. This study used data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were carried out to ascertain the prevalence and determinants of hypertension history among the respondents.Results. The study found that the overall prevalence of hypertension history among the respondents was 7.5%; however, there were vast variations within most of the sociodemographic categories. Age, level of education, marital status, work status, and wealth status had a significant relationship with hypertension history among the respondents. Women in advanced age groups, highly educated, married, and widowed/divorced/separated, nonworking women, and women from wealthy households were at higher risk of having hypertension history.Conclusion. Myriads of sociodemographic factors determine the hypertension history of women in Ghana. It is therefore essential to target medical and psychosocial hypertension interventions at Ghanaian women in the higher risk groups.

A Serological Study of the Immune Status to Rubella in a Community in Singapore

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
T W Wong ◽  
YC Chan ◽  
HC Tan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Agglutination Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reproductive Age Group ◽  
Rubella Antibody

In 1986, a seroepidemiological study on rubella antibody was conducted in a public housing community in Singapore using the direct latex agglutination method. The overall seropositive rate was 78.1% (95% confidence limit: 73.5% to 82.7%). There was no significant association between age and immune status for both sexes. However, the seropositive rates for females aged 15 to 19 years and 20 to 24 years were significantly higher than for females in other age groups, reflecting the impact of the rubella immunisation programme launched in 1976. There is still a considerable number of susceptible females in the reproductive age group. An extension of the present programme to cover all persons above 12 months of age is recommended, as this would reduce the overall incidence of rubella, and hence congenital rubella, by conferring immunity to young children who presently act as reservoirs of infections.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document