scholarly journals A syphilis outbreak in remote Australia: epidemiology and strategies for control

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 805-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. MAK ◽  
G. H. JOHNSON ◽  
A. J. PLANT
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Service Delivery ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Indigenous Australians ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Community Knowledge ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

This paper describes the epidemiology of a syphilis outbreak in remote Australia, and explores contributing factors and control strategies. Between 1 August 2000 and 31 January 2002, 74 cases of early syphilis (42 female, 32 male) were identified in 73 Kimberley residents. Syphilis rates in age groups 10–19 and 20–29 years were 583 and 439 per 100000 person years respectively. Factors contributing to the outbreak included incompleteness of sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinical management, untimely contact tracing, staffing and management issues, and poor community knowledge about STIs. Outbreak control strategies addressed factors that could be influenced by changes in health service delivery, and focused on providing education and support to health staff, and efforts to increase community knowledge about sexual health. Although some improvements have occurred, the outbreak is still continuing. Until open and honest discussion and a collaborative approach is taken toward STI problems affecting Indigenous Australians, outbreaks such as this will continue to occur.

scholarly journals Prepuce: Phimosis, Paraphimosis, and Circumcision

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 289-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaro Hayashi ◽  
Yoshiyuki Kojima ◽  
Kentaro Mizuno ◽  
Kenjiro Kohri
Keyword(s):  
Penile Cancer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Topical Steroid ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Skin Condition ◽  
Rite Of Passage ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Prophylactic Measure ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Male Patients

Phimosis is a condition in which the prepuce cannot be retracted over the glans penis. Actually, physiologic phimosis is common in male patients up to 3 years of age, but often extends into older age groups. Balanoposthitisis a common inflammation occurring in 4–11% of uncircumcised boys. Circumcision is generally undertaken for three reasons: first, as an item of religious practice, typically neonatally although occasionally transpubertally, as a rite of passage; second, as a prophylactic measure against future ailments for the reduction in the risk of penile cancer, urinary tract infection, and sexually transmitted infection; and third, for immediate medical indication. Balanitisxeroticaobliterans is an infiltrative skin condition that causes a pathological phimosis and has been considered to be the only absolute indication for circumcision. Various kinds of effective alternatives to circumcision have been described, including manual retraction therapy, topical steroid therapy, and several variations of preputioplasty. All of these treatments have the ability to retract the foreskin as their goal and do not involve the removal of the entire foreskin. Paraphimosis is a condition in which the foreskin is left retracted. When manipulation is not effective, a dorsal slit should be done, which is usually followed by circumcision.

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans; hospital based study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Njeru ◽  
Joseph Mwafaida
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractBackgroundChlamydia and candidiasis have only mild or no symptoms at all. When symptoms develop, they are often mistaken for something else like urinary tract infections or yeast infections. These infections affect both men and woman of all backgrounds and economic levels.ObjectiveThe prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (C.trachomatis) and Candida albicans (C.albicans) infections among attendees of Kilifi Medical Centre in Kilifi county, Kenya was studied.MethodologyUrethral and vaginal swabs samples were aseptically collected from 305 subjects, examined for Candida albicans and Chlamydia trachomatis using standard microbiological methods. The swabs were analyzed using direct wet smears, Gram-stained smear and culture techniques.ResultsOf the 305 participants, 181 (59.34%) females and 124 (40.66%) males were tested with the overall prevalence of 53.44 % for both Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans with females having a higher infection rate (35.14 %) for chlamydia and candidasis than men (17.71). Amongst the different age groups investigated, candida and chlamydia distribution was highest in participants aged 28-32 years (21.97 %).The infection rate of C.trachomatis (14.43 %) among the male participants was higher than the infection rate revealed among the female participants of 1.97 % while the infection rate of C.albicans was higher among the female participants (33.77 %) compared to the 3.28 % recorded in male participants with no co-infections revealed.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated a significant difference between male and female chlamydia and candida infections with women being severely affected than men. The study recommended routine screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) which is essential in preventing infections transmissions, assessment of the role of socio-demographic and behavioral risks on Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans, proper treatment of all candida and chlamydia by use of correct/effective medicines, contact tracing and treatment of sexual partners and health education.

scholarly journals Microbiological profile of patients attending sexually transmitted infection/reproductive tract infection clinic in a tertiary care hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 3649
Author(s):  
Sonal Prakash Chavan ◽  
Sharmila Sanjay Raut ◽  
Pragati Sharma ◽  
Ravindra Kashinath Khadse
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infection ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are an important public health problem worldwide. Growing spread of RTIs/STIs are an augmenting factor for HIV transmission. Due to lack of adequate laboratory infrastructure, there is limited data. Hence information regarding STIs lies essentially on syndromic basis.Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study carried from June 2016 to September 2016 with sample size of 300 patients attending STI/RTI clinic. Various samples were collected like scrapings, exudates and swabs from ulcerative lesions for microscopy. Urethral, vaginal and cervical swabs for wet mount, gram stain and culture. Blood sample were collected for RPR, TPHA, ELISA HSV II, HIV, HBsAg. Processing and identification of organism as per NACO guidelines.Results: Out of total 300 cases, 255 (85%) are females and 45 (15%) are males. Maximum cases are from 25-44 years age group. Genital discharge syndrome is more common in females while genital ulcerative syndrome more in males. Coinfection with HIV is found in 17% cases. Herpes genitals (20%) is the most common causative agent for ulcerative STIs in males. VDS is the most common syndrome in Females. Candida (27.8%), G. vaginalis (12.2%) and T. vaginalis (3.5%).Conclusions: Viral and fungal STIs are more common than bacterial STIs. Targeted intervention and contact tracing as done for HIV should be effectively emphasised for STI/RTI also. Syndromic approach should be supplemented by Laboratory diagnosis for more effective outcome.

scholarly journals Gonococcal Prosthetic Joint Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Gassiep ◽  
Bradley Gilpin ◽  
Joel Douglas ◽  
David Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Septic Arthritis ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Prosthetic Joint Infection ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gonococcal Infection ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoea ◽  
Prosthetic Joint

Abstract. Neisseria gonorrhoea is a common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Disseminated gonococcal infection is an infrequent presentation and rarely can be associated with septic arthritis. Incidence of this infection is rising, both internationally and in older age groups. We present the first documented case of N. gonorrhoea prosthetic joint infection which was successfully treated with laparoscopic debridement and antimicrobial therapy.

Novel outreach settings to enhance sexually transmitted infection/HIV awareness, diagnosis and treatment in hard-to-reach populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Lampejo ◽  
R Turner ◽  
C Roberts ◽  
K Allen ◽  
L Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Hiv Screening ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Risk Reduction Behaviour ◽  
Hard To Reach Populations

Despite recent rises in the number of cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as syphilis and gonorrhoea in England and increasing rates of HIV diagnosis among several men who have sex with men populations, many individuals are still not engaging with sexual health services. The John Hunter Clinic for Sexual Health, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London set up outreach clinics at the two world’s largest adult lifestyle exhibitions in 2013 and 2015. This was the first time that a sexual health screening and promotion service was available at these large-scale (over 10,000 attendees at each) adult lifestyle events. A total of 381 individuals underwent STI screening across the two events. Nineteen (5.0%) patients were diagnosed with an infection. Twelve (3.1%) patients with Chlamydia trachomatis, three (0.8%) patients with syphilis, one (0.3%) patient with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, one (0.3%) patient with HIV, one (0.3%) patient with hepatitis B and one (0.3%) patient with hepatitis C. All 19 patients were promptly contacted with their results and had arrangements made for treatment or were referred for specialist follow up. Where possible, contact tracing was also performed. Implementing such outreach-based projects is challenged by lack of on-site laboratory support, high staffing demands and potentially high costs. However, we achieved a total HIV screening uptake rate of 94.5% amongst our outreach clinic attendees (versus 67% nationally in conventional sexual health clinic attendees) with an HIV positivity rate of 0.3% (versus 0.2% nationally in high HIV prevalence band populations). Additionally, 30.7% had never been tested for HIV previously (versus 20.7% nationally). Our work demonstrates that these strategies can help to address issues related to lack of STI/HIV screening in hard-to-reach populations and promote risk reduction behaviour.

scholarly journals Molecular Typing of Mycoplasma genitalium-Positive Specimens Discriminates between Persistent and Recurrent Infections in Cases of Treatment Failure and Supports Contact Tracing

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Piñeiro ◽  
Pedro Idigoras ◽  
Gustavo Cilla
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Recurrent Infections ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Mycoplasma genitalium causes a sexually transmitted infection that sometimes persists or recurs despite adequate antibiotic treatment. Between 2014 and 2018, molecular typing was applied to 75 M. genitalium-positive samples from 48 patients with repeated infection and/or couples/groups of other infected sexual contacts. MG191 adhesin, MG309 lipoprotein, and the rRNA operon were amplified, sequenced, and typed using phylogenetic, variable number tandem repeat, and single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis, respectively. Amplicons were obtained in 74/75 samples, and the combination of locus patterns gave 44 different genetic profiles (discriminatory index of 0.987), with 43 considering only MG191 and MG309. Interestingly, 15/17 patients who presented a first sample sensitive and a second resistant to macrolides had the same genetic variant in the samples (persistence of the same strain). In 2/17 patients, discordant variants (one mixed infection and one recurrence due to incomplete contact tracing) were detected. In 31 additional not related and randomly distributed samples, MG191 typing obtained 23 different genotypes, with no appreciable clustering over time. The typing method allowed persistent and recurrent infections to be distinguished, indicating that macrolide resistance-associated mutations mostly developed during treatment. To detect these secondary resistant strains, prevent reinfections, and improve the control of M. genitalium infections, tests of cure and contact tracing of sexual partners should be mandatory.

scholarly journals Serodiagnostic Investigation of Syphilis in Taluka Gambat

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Sagheer Hussain Shah ◽  
Agha Asad Noor
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Syphilis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Serological Method ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Background: Syphilis is a chronic and sexually transmitted infection, caused by Treponema pallidum. Taluka Gambat is an under developing rural area of District Khairpur, Sindh having higher poverty rate. This study was undertaken to assess the morbidity rate of syphilis and awareness about this disease in the population of Gambat. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of syphilis in various age groups of male and female population of Taluka Gambat to review the frequency of occurrence of syphilis. Methodology: This work was done using conventional serological method by collecting data and laboratory diagnosis. Total 437 serum samples from different private and public health units, dispensaries and hospitals in Taluka Gambat were collected between October 2016 to March 2017 and subjected to qualitative testing by VDRL-Immune Chromatography test. Results: Out of 437 samples, 80 samples (18%) were reactive in adults of 30-45 years of age and one sample showed positive case in 9 months old boy indicating congenital syphilis (0.2%) whereas 373 stood non-reactive.  Our results showed a 14% prevalence of syphilis in Taluka Gambat in the age group between 30-45 years of age and 0.2% congenital syphilis. It is an alarming situation due to lack of diagnostic, treatment facilities and awareness about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Conclusion: It is concluded that syphilis is found more or less in all age groups. The highest incidence is observed in population of age group between 30-40 years in Taluka Gambat. Majority infections were found in immunocompromised patients owing to drug abuse and having multiple sex partners.

Should men with asymptomatic non-specific urethritis be identified and treated?

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 744-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Blume ◽  
C Main ◽  
R Patel ◽  
E Foley
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infection ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
Health Screen ◽  
Asymptomatic Men ◽  
Case Note Review

There is currently a debate as to whether microscopy is necessary in asymptomatic men presenting for a sexual health screen. Arguments favouring microscopy include finding chlamydia in a significant proportion of sexual partners of men with non-specific urethritis (NSU) in studies that included symptomatic men. We aimed to investigate the proportion of partners of men with asymptomatic NSU who were diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. A retrospective case-note review was carried out for all men diagnosed with asymptomatic pathogen-negative NSU, and their traced sexual contacts, during a nine-month period. As a result of contact-tracing, we identified 42 partners who attended the clinic. Only one partner (2.4%) tested positive for chlamydia. A further two partners were diagnosed with a viral sexually transmitted infection (STI). The low level of chlamydia and other STIs in partners of asymptomatic men with pathogen-negative NSU does not support the routine use of microscopy to identify these patients.

scholarly journals Modern concepts of epidemiologyHPV-infection

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Kseniya Yevgenyevna Semenova ◽  
Armine Robertovna Khachaturyan
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Dna Testing ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Hpv Dna Testing

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is widespread sexually transmitted infection, which is defined by high risk of contagion and high cancer potential. HPV extension depends on patiens age, residence, opportunites of diagnostics, etc. There are general methods of HPV-diagnostics such as HPV DNA testing, cytological, hystological methods, which are not always useful in detection of transitory and persistent HPV-infection forms. Nowadays, there is acute need to develop new diagnostic and prognostic methods, treatment strategies for patients from various age groups, having different infection formss.

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