Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans; hospital based study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Njeru ◽  
Joseph Mwafaida
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractBackgroundChlamydia and candidiasis have only mild or no symptoms at all. When symptoms develop, they are often mistaken for something else like urinary tract infections or yeast infections. These infections affect both men and woman of all backgrounds and economic levels.ObjectiveThe prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (C.trachomatis) and Candida albicans (C.albicans) infections among attendees of Kilifi Medical Centre in Kilifi county, Kenya was studied.MethodologyUrethral and vaginal swabs samples were aseptically collected from 305 subjects, examined for Candida albicans and Chlamydia trachomatis using standard microbiological methods. The swabs were analyzed using direct wet smears, Gram-stained smear and culture techniques.ResultsOf the 305 participants, 181 (59.34%) females and 124 (40.66%) males were tested with the overall prevalence of 53.44 % for both Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans with females having a higher infection rate (35.14 %) for chlamydia and candidasis than men (17.71). Amongst the different age groups investigated, candida and chlamydia distribution was highest in participants aged 28-32 years (21.97 %).The infection rate of C.trachomatis (14.43 %) among the male participants was higher than the infection rate revealed among the female participants of 1.97 % while the infection rate of C.albicans was higher among the female participants (33.77 %) compared to the 3.28 % recorded in male participants with no co-infections revealed.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated a significant difference between male and female chlamydia and candida infections with women being severely affected than men. The study recommended routine screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) which is essential in preventing infections transmissions, assessment of the role of socio-demographic and behavioral risks on Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans, proper treatment of all candida and chlamydia by use of correct/effective medicines, contact tracing and treatment of sexual partners and health education.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Risk of Candida albicans Associated with Gestation amongst Women in Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
T. Sampson ◽  
A. P. George
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Individual Knowledge ◽  
Tract Infections

Candidiasis is increasingly affecting women in developing countries, due to several factors relating to environmental and physiological conditions of the individual. Knowledge of the factors influencing the epidemiology of Candida spp. will be useful in formulating public health measures targeted at reducing the incidence of Candidiasis. This study was therefore conducted to determine the prevalence of Candida albicans amongst women in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, in order to decipher the epidemiology of Candida albicans in relation to age and gestation. A total of seventy (140) vaginal swab samples were collected from 70 pregnant and 70 non-pregnant women in Port Harcourt, and analyzed using standard microbiological methods. The result showed that 36% of the total women studied had Candida albicans while 64% were negative. In the overall analysis, the distribution of the yeast was 43% prevalent in pregnant and 29% in non-pregnant women. The risk of Candidiasis in pregnancy was evaluated using the Odds Ratio (OR) and was determined to be 1.88. Also, a paired sample t-test indicated a positive and strong statistical relationship between age distribution and the presence of Candida albicans in women, with a correlation coefficient of 0.911 (91.1%) (< 0.05), indicating a higher incidence among the older group, albeit lower in age groups close to menopause. The study concluded that the prevalence is higher in pregnant women, with a significant relationship with age. Regular screening of women for Candida spp. should be advocated and women should as well avoid conditions that dispose them to genital tract infections.

scholarly journals Quinolones for the Treatment ofNeisseria GonorrhoeaeandChlamydia Trachomatis

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Faro
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Tract Infections

The most commonly sexually transmitted bacteria areNeisseria gonorrhoeaeandChlamydia trachomatis.The quinolones ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin have been shown to have activity against both of these bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Ofloxacin is particularly well suited for the treatment ofN. gonorrhoeaeandC. trachomatiscervical infection, which can be considered the earliest manifestation of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Not only can ofloxacin be effectively used as a single agent, it is also useful in treating urinary tract infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae. Although it has moderate activity against anaerobes in general, ofloxacin does have activity against the anaerobes commonly isolated from female patients with soft tissue pelvic infections. Thus, ofloxacin has the potential for being utilized to treat early salpingitis.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection in Cattle in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
SG Adamu ◽  
NB Adamu ◽  
AU Aliyu ◽  
NN Atsanda ◽  
FB Mustapha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Staining Method ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cryptosporidium Infection ◽  
Zoonotic Infection ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Statistical Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Young Cattle

A study was carried out to survey the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of four hundred (400) fecal samples from cattle were randomly collected and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) staining method. The results showed that the overall prevalence of infection was 22.3%, with an infection rate of23.4% in adult cattle and 19.1% in young cattle, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference (P<0.05) between the age groups, with (OR: 1.298; 95%CI: 0.7507–2.245). Out of 89 positive samples, 21.2% were male and 25.0% were female, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference (P>0.05) between the sex, with (OR: 0.8062; 95% CI: 0.4828–0.346). It was concluded that Cryptosporidium sp. infection is prevalent in Nigeria; and cattle could serve as reservoirs for the zoonotic infection in humans.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23712Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 25-28

Prevalence of Linguatula serrata infection in domestic ruminants from Meshkin Shahr, Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Β. ESMAEILNEJAD ◽  
J. GHAREKHANI ◽  
H. REZAEI ◽  
M. GOLABI ◽  
N. MOLAYI
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Linguatula Serrata ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Northwest Of Iran

Linguatula serrata is an aberrant cosmopolitan parasite, which inhabits the canine respiratory system (final host). The domestic ruminants such as sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes (intermediate hosts) play the important role for transmission of parasite to humans and animals. The current investigation aimed to investigate the prevalence of L. serrata infection in domestic ruminants in Meshkin Shahr, Northwest of Iran. In cross-sectional study between March 2013 and March 2014, the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of 753 sheep, 403 goats, 657 cattle, and 341 buffaloes were sampled in Meshkin Shahr slaughterhouse, randomly. All of samples were examined for L. serrata infection using parasitology methods. The prevalence rate was reported 26.30% in goats, 18.32% in sheep, 14.30% in cattle, and 13.19% in buffaloes (P<0.05). In all animals, a significant difference were found between infection rate and different seasons (P<0.05), opposite to different age groups. Also, there was significant differences between infection rate and gender in cattle (P=0.024, OR=1.6) and buffaloes (P=0.034, OR=2), unlike to sheep and goats (P>0.05). This study was demonstrated of linguatulosis in domestic ruminants from Northwest of Iran for first time. According to our findings, Meshkin Shahr is a new endemic region for L. serrata infection in Iran. Since the linguatulosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease, preventive measures to break the parasite’s life cycle and reduce the risk of infection in humans and animals is highly recommended.

scholarly journals Prevalence estimates of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Belgium: results from two cross-sectional studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Fischer ◽  
Ilse Peeters ◽  
Sofieke Klamer ◽  
Marion Montourcy ◽  
Vicky Cuylaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Chlamydia Infection ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Belgian Population

Abstract Background Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) is the most diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in Belgium. Screening programs focus on young women, due to the implications of chronic asymptomatic infections for reproductive health. Thereby, the frequency of infections in men and older adults is underestimated. This study aimed to estimate the point-prevalence of chlamydia in the broader Belgian population, to inform evidence-based prevention and control strategies. Methods We conducted two cross-sectional prevalence studies of chlamydia infection in the population of Belgium aged 16–59 years, 2018–2020. In the CT1 study 12,000 representative individuals were randomly selected from the national register and invited by letter to collect a urine sample at home. The CT2 study used urine samples collected through the Belgian Health Examination Survey. Molecular detection of chlamydia DNA was performed using Xpert® or Abbott Real-Time CT/NG assays. Weighted estimated prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated per gender and age groups of 16/18–29, 30–44 and 45–59 years, relative to the general Belgian population. Data collected on sociodemographic variables and sexual behavior were used to identify potential risk factors for chlamydia infection through calculation of the odds ratio (OR). Results The population-wide weighted estimated prevalence was 1.54% (95% CI 0.78–3) in CT1 and 1.76% (95% CI 0.63–4) in CT2. We observed no statistically significant difference between men and women or age groups. Civil relationship status (OR = 14.1 (95% CI 1.78–112), p < 0.01), sexual intercourse with a casual partner (OR = 6.31 (95% CI 1.66–24.1), p < 0.01) and > 3 sexual partners in the last 12 months (OR = 4.53 (95% CI 1.10–18.6), p = 0.02) were associated with higher relative risk for chlamydia infection. Conclusion Nationwide prevalence studies are relevant to assess the distribution of chlamydia and inform public health actions. The overall low prevalence and heterogeneous distribution of chlamydia in the general Belgian population needs to be considered for future strategies and potential harm of testing and treating asymptomatic individuals need to be taken into account. Effective case management should include appropriate treatment of symptomatic patients and partner notification, and prevention strategies should encourage behaviors such as condom use.

scholarly journals A RANDOMISED CONTROL STUDY TO COMPARE THE EFFICACY OF CEFUROXIME, CLARITHROMYCIN, AND LEVOFLOXACIN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PAEDIATRIC UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
GOUTHAMI PADUGUNDLA ◽  
JYOTHIRMAYEE V ◽  
BETHALA RAVALI ◽  
JAGILLAPURAM ARUNDHATHI ◽  
THAKUR SRILATHA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Efficacy Rate ◽  
Pool Data ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: The upper respiratory infections cause considerable morbidity mainly in children due to the fact that they mainly affect children. Accordingly, a study was conducted on antibiotics to compare the effectiveness of clarithromycin, cefuroxime, and levofloxacin for treating upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in children. Methods: A prospective observational study for a period of 6 months was conducted in the pediatrics department of RVM hospital. Outpatients under the age of 14 years given antibiotics for the treatment of URTI were included in the study. A total of 99 study subjects were included in the study, divided into three groups each containing 33 sample sizes (clarithromycin, cefuroxime, and levofloxacin). Patient data was collected using a form and verbal consent was obtained from patients/patient representatives, and drugs were given using the lottery method. Follow-up was done and noted for the 3rd, 5th, 7th day through telephonic calls, and the collected data were evaluated using statistical analysis. Results: Pool data from 99 patients shows that many patients belong to 0–5 years age groups (age distribution), and males were more than female (gender distribution). Clarithromycin (cure rate 3 days) and cefuroxime (cure rate 5 days) showed an equal rate of cure percentage (94%), while levofloxacin for 3–5 days with a 3% failure rate. A significant difference of p<0.05 (p=0.000) was observed and no adverse events were noted. Conclusion: The study findings showed, out of 3 drugs, clarithromycin and cefuroxime showed an equal efficacy rate of 94%, but clarithromycin showed shorter duration of outcome, i.e., 3 days. Hence, clarithromycin is effective than the other two drugs in the treatment of URTI.

scholarly journals Nasopharyngeal Meningococcal Carriage among Children and Adolescents in Turkey in 2018: An Unexpected High Serogroup X Carriage

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 871
Author(s):  
Mahmut Can Kizil ◽  
Omer Kilic ◽  
Mehmet Ceyhan ◽  
Merve Iseri Nepesov ◽  
Adem Karbuz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Meningococcal carriage studies and transmission modeling can predict IMD epidemiology and used to define invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) control strategies. In this multicenter study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of nasopharyngeal Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) carriage, serogroup distribution, and related risk factors in Turkey. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from a total of 1267 children and adolescents and were tested with rt-PCR. Nm carriage was detected in 96 participants (7.5%, 95% CI 6.1–9.0), with the peak age at 13 years (12.5%). Regarding age groups, Nm carriage rate was 7% in the 0–5 age group, was 6.9%in the 6–10 age group, was 7.9% in the 11–14 age group, and was 9.3% in the 15–18 age group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). The serogroup distribution was as follows: 25% MenX, 9.4% MenA, 9.4% MenB, 2.1% MenC, 3.1% MenW, 2.1% for MenY, and 48.9% for non-groupable. The Nm carriage rate was higher in children with previous upper respiratory tract infections and with a high number of household members, whereas it was lower in children with antibiotic use in the last month (p < 0.05 for all). In this study, MenX is the predominant carriage strain. The geographical distribution of Nm strains varies, but serogroup distribution in the same country might change in a matter of years. Adequate surveillance and/or a proper carriage study is paramount for accurate/dynamic serogroup distribution and the impact of the proposed vaccination.

scholarly journals Microbiological profile of patients attending sexually transmitted infection/reproductive tract infection clinic in a tertiary care hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 3649
Author(s):  
Sonal Prakash Chavan ◽  
Sharmila Sanjay Raut ◽  
Pragati Sharma ◽  
Ravindra Kashinath Khadse
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infection ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are an important public health problem worldwide. Growing spread of RTIs/STIs are an augmenting factor for HIV transmission. Due to lack of adequate laboratory infrastructure, there is limited data. Hence information regarding STIs lies essentially on syndromic basis.Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study carried from June 2016 to September 2016 with sample size of 300 patients attending STI/RTI clinic. Various samples were collected like scrapings, exudates and swabs from ulcerative lesions for microscopy. Urethral, vaginal and cervical swabs for wet mount, gram stain and culture. Blood sample were collected for RPR, TPHA, ELISA HSV II, HIV, HBsAg. Processing and identification of organism as per NACO guidelines.Results: Out of total 300 cases, 255 (85%) are females and 45 (15%) are males. Maximum cases are from 25-44 years age group. Genital discharge syndrome is more common in females while genital ulcerative syndrome more in males. Coinfection with HIV is found in 17% cases. Herpes genitals (20%) is the most common causative agent for ulcerative STIs in males. VDS is the most common syndrome in Females. Candida (27.8%), G. vaginalis (12.2%) and T. vaginalis (3.5%).Conclusions: Viral and fungal STIs are more common than bacterial STIs. Targeted intervention and contact tracing as done for HIV should be effectively emphasised for STI/RTI also. Syndromic approach should be supplemented by Laboratory diagnosis for more effective outcome.

scholarly journals Comparison Study about Selected Human Infection of Zoonotic Cryptosporidiosis by Conventional Diagnostic Methods in Karbala Province, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Jihad T O AL-Yasary ◽  
Azhar A Faraj
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Human Samples ◽  
Significant Difference

Cryptosporidium spp Parasites were detected in man in Karbala province of Iraq by conventional methods (Flotation Methods by Sheather's sugar solution and stained with modified Ziehl-Neelsen) to study the effects of age, sex, and months on the infection rate and to record the morphological characterization of Cryptosporidium spp in patients. This study was done through the period from beginning of December 2019 to September 2020. A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from adult and young and from both sexes of human. The result recorded infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp in human in about 26%. Infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. showed a significant relation among age groups of humans and the maximum infection rate was showed at age group 2-6 years 44% (11/25) and this percentage of infection from the number human samples at this age group, while the minimum rate was among age group 18-25 years 12% (3/25) and this percentage of infection from the number human samples at the age group. Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in relation to the sex of infected human. The result showed no significant difference between the rate of infection and the highest rate was in males who recorded 27.41% (17/62) and this percentage of infection from the number male samples, while the lowest percentage 23.68% (9/38) was recorded in the females and this percentage of infection from the number female samples. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in human was according to Months of the year. The results of current study showed that higher infection rate with Cryptosporidium 46.66% (7/15) in February and this percentage of infection from the number of samples at this month. And the lowest rate of infection was 10% (1/10) infection rate in July and this percentage of infection from the number of samples at this month. In Conclusion, human patients indicated that the Cryptosporidium spp infection rate by using microscopic technique to be 26%, significant differences in infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. among age groups and months of study. There was no significant difference in infection rate between sex.

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