scholarly journals The paediatric burden of rotavirus disease in Europe

2006 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 908-916 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Medical Visits ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Median Proportion ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
The Impact

Rotaviruses are a major cause of hospitalizations for acute gastroenteritis in developed countries. This review shows the burden of rotavirus disease in <5-year-old children in Europe. An estimated 72000–77000 hospitalizations for community-acquired rotavirus disease occur annually in the 23 million under-fives living in the European Union (EU-25), with a median cost of €1417 per case. Annual hospitalization incidence rates range from 0·3 to 11·9/1000 children <5 years old (median 3/1000). The median proportion of hospital-acquired rotavirus disease among all cases of hospitalization for rotavirus disease is estimated to be 21%. Countries of the EU-25 require information on the burden of rotavirus disease to support introduction of rotavirus vaccines. Data on cases treated at home, medical visits, and emergency wards as well as rotavirus-associated deaths are limited. To fully evaluate the impact and effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination programmes in Europe, additional epidemiological studies will be critical and desirable.

scholarly journals Detection of diarrhoea associated rotavirus and co-infection with diarrhoeagenic pathogens in the Littoral region of Cameroon using ELISA, RT-PCR and Luminex xTAG GPP assays

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahinatou N. Ghapoutsa ◽  
Maurice Boda ◽  
Rashi Gautam ◽  
Valantine Ngum Ndze ◽  
Akongnwi E. Mugyia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Littoral Region ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite the global roll-out of rotavirus vaccines (RotaTeq/Rotarix / ROTAVAC/Rotasiil), mortality and morbidity due to group A rotavirus (RVA) remains high in sub-Saharan Africa, causing 104,000 deaths and 600,000 hospitalizations yearly. In Cameroon, Rotarix™ was introduced in March 2014, but, routine laboratory diagnosis of rotavirus infection is not yet a common practice, and vaccine effectiveness studies to determine the impact of vaccine introduction have not been done. Thus, studies examining RVA prevalence post vaccine introduction are needed. The study aim was to determine RVA prevalence in severe diarrhoea cases in Littoral region, Cameroon and investigate the role of other diarrheagenic pathogens in RVA-positive cases. Methods We carried out a study among hospitalized children < 5 years of age, presenting with acute gastroenteritis in selected hospitals of the Littoral region of Cameroon, from May 2015 to April 2016. Diarrheic stool samples and socio-demographic data including immunization and breastfeeding status were collected from these participating children. Samples were screened by ELISA (ProSpecT™ Rotavirus) for detection of RVA antigen and by gel-based RT-PCR for detection of the VP6 gene. Co-infection was assessed by multiplexed molecular detection of diarrheal pathogens using the Luminex xTAG GPP assay. Results The ELISA assay detected RVA antigen in 54.6% (71/130) of specimens, with 45, positive by VP6 RT-PCR and 54, positive using Luminex xTAG GPP. Luminex GPP was able to detect all 45 VP6 RT-PCR positive samples. Co-infections were found in 63.0% (34/54) of Luminex positive RVA infections, with Shigella (35.3%; 12/34) and ETEC (29.4%; 10/34) detected frequently. Of the 71 ELISA positive RVA cases, 57.8% (41/71) were fully vaccinated, receiving two doses of Rotarix. Conclusion This study provides insight on RVA prevalence in Cameroon, which could be useful for post-vaccine epidemiological studies, highlights higher than expected RVA prevalence in vaccinated children hospitalized for diarrhoea and provides the trend of RVA co-infection with other enteric pathogens. RVA genotyping is needed to determine circulating rotavirus genotypes in Cameroon, including those causing disease in vaccinated children.

scholarly journals Impact of Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Children Less Than 2 Years of Age Presenting for Medical Care With Diarrhea in Rural Matlab, Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2059-2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Schwartz ◽  
K Zaman ◽  
Md Yunus ◽  
Ahasan-ul H Basunia ◽  
Abu Syed Golam Faruque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Service Area ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Following the conclusion of a human rotavirus vaccine (HRV) cluster-randomized, controlled trial (CRT) in Matlab, Bangladesh, HRV was included in Matlab’s routine immunization program. We describe the population-level impact of programmatic rotavirus vaccination in Bangladesh in children <2 years of age. Methods Interrupted time series were used to estimate the impact of HRV introduction. We used diarrheal surveillance collected between 2000 and 2014 within the 2 service delivery areas (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [icddr,b] service area [ISA] and government service area [GSA]) of the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System, administered by icddr,b. Age group–specific incidence rates were calculated for both rotavirus-positive (RV+) and rotavirus-negative (RV–) diarrhea diagnoses of any severity presenting to the hospital. We used 2 models to assess the impact within each service area: Model 1 used the pre-vaccine time period in all villages (HRV– and control-only) and Model 2 combined the pre-vaccine time period and the CRT time period, using outcomes from control-only villages. Results Both models demonstrated a downward trend in RV+ diarrheal incidences in the ISA villages during 3.5 years of routine HRV use, though only Model 2 was statistically significant. Significant impacts of HRV on RV+ diarrhea incidences in GSA villages were not observed in either model. Differences in population-level impacts between the 2 delivery areas may be due to the varied rotavirus vaccine coverage and presentation rates to the hospital. Conclusions This study provides initial evidence of the population-level impact of rotavirus vaccines in children <2 years of age in Matlab, Bangladesh. Further studies are needed of the rotavirus vaccine impact after the nationwide introduction in Bangladesh.

Public Health, Epidemiology and Geriatric Psychiatry

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-357
Author(s):  
Carol Brayne
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Geriatric Psychiatry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Topic Area ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Public Health Epidemiology ◽  
The Impact

In the last 50 years there has been both extraordinary and extraordinarily little progress in geriatric psychiatry, depending on the perspective from which the topic is viewed. In developed countries there has been a slow recognition of the emergence of the particular issues raised by aging populations. This has accelerated in the last few years, with the acknowledgment of the importance of the topic area in funding initiatives such as the European Union Framework V. In tandem with such developments has come the realization that aging populations, and their challenges, are not limited to the developed world, but also to developing countries that are experiencing demographic transition at much greater speed. Among the key areas of the impact of aging populations is health, and particularly mental health.

scholarly journals Rural areas from demographic perspective. Study case Poland and Romania

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
Cosmina-Simona Toader ◽  
Malgorzata Zajdel ◽  
Andrea Ana Feher ◽  
Malgorzata Michalcewicz-Kaniowska
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact

The rural area is an extremely varied area, agricultural area, the area occupied by forests and grazing the surface of non-agricultural lands (Riviera sea, etc.) and rural agglomerations is a separate entity from the urban areas characterized by a high demographic concentration and vertical and horizontal structures. Being often under the impact of old production systems, characterized by accelerated development and irrational of industry, the countryside has been subject to economic transformation, social and environmental, which mostly resulted in exodus and impoverishment of the rural population. Given this situation, are downright remarkable efforts of developed countries and not only to balance rural-urban ratio, reconciliation and revival of rural areas is kept of unique material and spiritual values. Rural areas are the result of interactions between man and nature, between interdependencies relations, who are specific to diversity of social actions and their natural environment, between the material and spiritual civilization, which for centuries coexist and evolve in a particular national territory. Image of rural area is emphasized by its size, which is the synthetic expression of social activities that are conducted using specific processes and phenomena of nature. All specific features of rural areas (natural, human, material and spiritual), which define the dimension of rural areas, are highlighted by the following components of the system: territorial administrative, demographic, economic and infrastructural. European rural area was and is the subject of extensive restructuring processes that were the result of a complex interaction of social phenomena, economic, sectoral and regional transfers. In circumstances where over half of the 27 Member States of the European Union lives in rural areas, and it occupies over 80% of the total territory, rural areas have considerable potential for growth, with a vital social role. Rural population and surface area occupied and the importance of rural life for a country, make the problem of rural development to gain a national and international importance. In this article the authors presents rural areas as an important part of a country with all its components. The authors elaborated a comparative analysis of rural areas from Poland and Romania from demographic perspective. The analysis was elaborated using indicators like population density, population structure by gender and age, migrations of population, relying on data from national and european statistics.  

scholarly journals Landfill Impacts on the Environment— Review

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaverková
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Technical Requirement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Landfill Management ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
The Impact

Waste management (WM) is a demanding undertaking in all countries, with important implications for human health, environmental preservation, sustainability and circular economy. The method of sanitary landfilling for final disposal of waste remains a generally accepted and used method but the available scientific evidence on the waste-related environmental and health effects is not conclusive. Comparative studies of various WM methods (landfilling, incineration, composting etc.) show that among the municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment and disposal technological options, sanitary landfilling or open dumping is popular in most countries because of the relative low cost and low-technical requirement. The European Union (EU) Directive on waste landfills has introduced specific goals for reducing the volume of disposed waste and very strict requirements for landfilling and landfill sites. Evaluation of the impact of landfills on the environment is a crucial topic in the literature and has received increased attention recently, given growing environmental concerns. The main goal of this survey was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of possible impacts of MSW landfills on the environment. The main conclusion of the overall assessment of the literature is that the disposal of MSW in landfills entails a number of environmental risks but with respect to the current situation and rich style of living adopted in industrially developed countries, the idea of WM systems functioning without landfilling—at least in the foreseeable future within one generation—seems to be somewhat unreal. The results also provided important information of landfills as a source of environmental risk. Results of this research may have an important impact on landfill management and the disposal of waste. From the literature review, it is evident that even if high levels of waste avoidance, reuse and recycling are achieved, some waste materials will always need to be forwarded for disposal.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis and Rotavirus-Associated Benign Convulsions with Mild Gastroenteritis after the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccines in South Korea: Nationwide Data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8374
Author(s):  
Dong Hyun Kim ◽  
Yeong Seok Lee ◽  
Dong Jun Ha ◽  
Min Jun Chun ◽  
Young Se Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Annual Prevalence ◽  
The Impact

Using nationwide data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment service, we assessed the impact of rotavirus vaccines, introduced in South Korea, in 2007, on changes in the prevalence of factors (age, sex, and geographic location) associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and rotavirus-associated benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (RaCwG). We analyzed health records of children younger than 3 years who visited clinical facilities and were diagnosed with RVGE or RaCwG between 2007 and 2019. The annual mid-year population (MYP) was obtained from the Korean Statistical Information Service. The annual prevalence of RVGE, RaCwG and associated factors were statistically analyzed. Overall, 219,686, and 4032, children were confirmed to have RVGE and RaCwG, respectively. Although the annual prevalence of RVGE decreased significantly, that of RaCwG did not. The annual ratio of RaCwG to RVGE was significantly high. Compared to the prevalence of RVGE, the prevalence of RaCwG was significantly lower in rural areas. The age of RaCwG patients was significantly lower than that of the MYP and that of RVGE patients. The decrease in the number of RaCwG patients after rotavirus vaccination was not as pronounced as the decrease in the number of RVGE patients.

scholarly journals The impact of rotavirus vaccination in the prevalence of gastroenteritis and comorbidities among children after suboptimal rotavirus vaccines implementation in Taiwan

Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (25) ◽  
pp. e25925
Author(s):  
Meng-Che Lu ◽  
Ben-Chang Shia ◽  
Yi-Wei Kao ◽  
Sheng-Chieh Lin ◽  
Chuan-Yu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Tax policy for business entities under the conditions of association with the European Union: features and optimization directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 13013 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Abuselidze ◽  
Inga Gogitidze
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
International Studies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Macroeconomic Effect ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
The Impact

Under the conditions of EU association, one of the important for Georgia is to create such tax policy that shall be agreeable and settled with the economic systems of developed countries. The efficiency of the tax system depends on the optimal tax policy, according to which highly available and modern standard-oriented business environment is created. In 2017, the Parliament of Georgia passed the reform of profit tax that is aimed to free the business entities from profit tax during the reinvestment process. All the above mentioned maintains the topicality of ongoing reforms in Georgia. The goal of the research is to identify the impact of the new tax system on the Gross Domestic Product, the stream of investments, stimulation of business, and the period, after which the results of the reform will be favourable for the economic. There are various researches and scientific publications on the given issue. According to the study, the reform will produce a long-term macroeconomic effect that will mainly aim to favour small and middle scale businesses. Liberal tax approaches are advancing Georgia’s investment attractiveness, reflecting an increase of investments. This work is based on Estonian experience presented in statistics and international studies. The information processed by experts and researchers helps us to evaluate the impact of this reform on Georgia.

scholarly journals Temporal Change of Risk Factors in Hospital-Acquired Clostridioides difficile Infection Using Time-Trend Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s403-s403
Author(s):  
Jiyoun Song ◽  
Bevin Cohen ◽  
Philip Zachariah ◽  
Jianfang Liu ◽  
Elaine Larson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New York ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: In the past few decades, the epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has evolved. Given recent changes in the incidence of CDI and prevention efforts, we investigated temporal changes over a period of 8 years (2009–2016) in the incidence of and risk factors for CDI. Methods: Both pediatric and adult inpatients discharged from hospitals in metropolitan New York City were included. Individual and environmental (eg, pharmacological) risk factors were identified through a matched case-control by the length of stay at a ratio of 1:4. A Cochran–Armitage test or Mann-Kendall test was used to investigate trends of incidence and risk factors. Results: During the study period, 6,038 of 694,849 (0.87%) patients had a positive test for C. difficile during their hospitalization. Of these, 2,659 of 6,038 (44.04%) were identified as hospital-acquired CDI (HA-CDI) and just over half (3,379 of 6,038, 55.96%) were identified as community-acquired CDI (CA-CDI). There were no trends in total CDI incidence rates; rather, we detected downward trends in HA-CDI and upward trends in CA-CDI (Ptrend < .05). Younger patients and patients with lower risk of illness had HA-CDI over time (Ptrend < .05). Antibiotics were administered to more patients over time and in longer cumulative days (+3% and +3.1% per year). We detected a reduction in the receipt of high-risk antibiotics in all cohorts (−0.12% per year) and a decrease in cumulative days of high-risk antibiotics in the cohort with HA-CDI (−1.1% per year). When stratified by the type of high-risk antibiotics, the use of carbapenem, cephalosporins, clindamycin, and monobactam increased (+0.53%, +1.8%, +0.5%, and +0.39% per year, respectively), whereas the use of broad-spectrum penicillins and glycylcycline significantly decreased over time in all cohorts (−1.8% and −0.22% per year). Among the cohorts with HA-CDI, only cephalosporins showed a significant upward trend (+ 5.7% per year) and only fluoroquinolones showed a significant downward trend (−2.2% per year). Lastly, a reduction of proton pump inhibitors and an increased use of histamine-2 blockers were detected in all cohorts (−3.8% and +7.3% per year) (all Ptrend < .05). Conclusions: Although the incidence of HA-CDI decreased, more effort to decrease all antibiotics use and cumulative days should be emphasized as part of antibiotic stewardship. The downward trends of high-risk antibiotics might have been associated with the decrease in the trend of HA-CDI; however, the impact of the trends of risk factors on the trend of HA-CDI should be further investigated.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals Probiotics and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Thomas V Riley ◽  
Clayton L Golledge
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Infectious Diarrhoea ◽  
Bed Days ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Associated Diarrhoea

Clostridium difficile is now recognised as the major cause of hospital acquired infectious diarrhoea. Data from Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (SCGH) in Perth, Western Australia, is typical of many similar hospitals in developed countries. SCGH is a 600 bed adult university teaching hospital. During the period 1983 to 1992, C. difficile was detected in 917 patients who were being investigated for diarrhoeal illness. Up to 120 patients a year were infected, most of these being elderly females. Incidence rates increased from 23/100,000 occupied bed days in 1983 to 56/100,000 occupied bed days in 1990.

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