scholarly journals The seroepidemiology of pertussis in Australia during an epidemic period

2006 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 1208-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. CAGNEY ◽  
C. R. MacINTYRE ◽  
P. McINTYRE ◽  
M. PUECH ◽  
A. GIAMMANCO
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Notification Rate ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
The Impact

Studying the epidemiology of pertussis and impact of differing vaccine schedules is difficult because of differing methods of case ascertainment. The advent of internationally standardized serological diagnosis for recent infection has allowed comparison of age-specific pertussis infection among European countries and was applied in Australia at the time of a major national epidemic. In 1997 and 1998, a nationally representative serum bank using residual sera from diagnostic laboratories was established. Measurement of pertussis toxin (PT) IgG level was conducted by a reference laboratory using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay standardized for a number of European countries. A titre of 125 EU/ml was interpreted as indicative of recent pertussis infection. The serological data were correlated with age, gender, region and disease epidemiology in Australia. The highest prevalence of recent pertussis infection was in the 5–9 years age group, and the lowest in 1–4 and 25–64 years age groups. In the 5–14 years age group, 29·7% (5–9 years) and 14·6% (10–14 years) of the sample had serological evidence of recent infection, correlating with the pattern of epidemic notifications. The 15- to 24-year-olds had similar high titres but the same notification rate as 25- to 44-year-olds, suggesting ascertainment bias may result in under-notification in the former age group. The prevalence of high titres observed was up to 20-fold higher than some European countries during a similar time period. Although vaccination has reduced the transmission of pertussis in the youngest and most vulnerable age group, pertussis is still endemic in Australia, particularly in older children and the elderly. The Australian vaccination schedule has been changed in an attempt to address this problem, by spacing doses more widely, with the fifth dose at 15–17 years of age. Seroepidemiology for pertussis offers the potential to compare patterns of pertussis between countries and examine the impact of vaccine schedule changes independent of notification and diagnostic bias.

scholarly journals Pertussis over two decades: seroepidemiological study in a large population of the Siena Province, Tuscany Region, Central Italy

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e032987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Marchi ◽  
Emanuele Montomoli ◽  
Edmond J Remarque ◽  
Geraldo Tadinho Monteverde Spencer ◽  
Angela Azzarello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Italian Region ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Antibody Levels

ObjectivesTo evaluate seroprevalence againstBordetellapertussisin Tuscany, a large Italian region, from 1992 to 2005 and from 2013 to 2016.DesignSeroepidemiological study.Participants1812 serum samples collected in Tuscany from subjects older than 12 years from 1992 to 2005 and from 2013 to 2016.Outcome measuresSpecific antibody levels were determined by means of standard commercial ELISA using a dual cut-off of 50 and 125 IU/mL as markers of past and recent infection/vaccination, respectively.ResultsThe highest values of IgG titres were observed in 1992–1994 in all subjects (69.5 IU/mL), with prevalence values of subjects with IgG titres of >50 and >125 IU/mL of 68.3% and 23.8%, respectively. IgG titres decreased in the years thereafter (37.8 IU/mL in 2002–2005), together with prevalence values (41.7% and 8.1% in 2002–2005). In 2013–2016, both IgG titres and prevalence values showed a slight increase (50.6 IU/mL, 53.9% and 14.7%, respectively). IgG titres and prevalence followed the same age-related trend in all time periods considered, with the highest values in subjects aged 12–22 years. The lowest values were found in the age group of subjects aged 23–35 years (OR 0.54).ConclusionsSince 2002, approximately half of the population over 22 years of age have low IgG titres and are presumably susceptible to acquiring and transmitting pertussis infection. In addition, in 2013–2016, almost one-third of subjects aged 12–22 years, that is, the age group most likely to have been vaccinated against pertussis in infancy, had low antibody levels. Improving vaccination coverage and implementing careful surveillance are therefore recommended in order to prevent morbidity and mortality due to pertussis.

scholarly journals The Influence of Age on the Likelihood of Catheter-Free Fistula Use in Hemodialysis Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 205435811986194
Author(s):  
Farah Ladak ◽  
Pietro Ravani ◽  
Matthew J. Oliver ◽  
Fareed Kamar ◽  
Alix Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Median Percentage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dialysis Time

Background: Clinical practice guidelines recommend arteriovenous fistulas as the preferred form of vascular access for hemodialysis. However, some studies have suggested that older age is associated with poorer fistula outcomes. Objective: We assessed the impact of age on the outcomes of fistula creation and access-related procedures. Design: This was a prospective cohort study using data collected as part of the Dialysis Measurement Analysis and Reporting (DMAR) system. Setting: Participating Canadian dialysis programs, including Southern Alberta Renal Program, Manitoba Renal Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Toronto, Ontario), London Health Sciences Centre (London, Ontario), and The Ottawa Hospital (Ottawa, Ontario). Patients: Incident hemodialysis patients aged 18 years and older who started dialysis between January 1, 2004, and May 31, 2012. Measurements: The primary outcome was the proportion of all first fistula attempts that resulted in catheter-free fistula use, defined as independent use of a fistula for hemodialysis (ie, no catheter in place). Secondary outcomes included the time to catheter-free fistula use among patients with a fistula creation attempt, total number of days of catheter-free fistula use, and the proportion of a patient’s hemodialysis career spent with an independently functioning fistula (ie, catheter-free fistula use). Methods: We compared patient characteristics by age group, using t tests or Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and chi-square or Fisher exact tests, as appropriate. Logistic and fractional logistic regression were used to estimate the odds of achieving catheter-free fistula use by age group and the proportion of dialysis time spent catheter-free, respectively. Results: A total of 1091 patients met our inclusion criteria (567 age ≥ 65; 524 age < 65). Only 57% of first fistula attempts resulted in catheter-free fistula use irrespective of age (adjusted odds ratio [OR]≥65vs<65: 1.01; P = .93). The median time from hemodialysis start to catheter-free use of the first fistula did not differ by age when grouped into fistulas attempted pre- and post-dialysis initiation. The adjusted rates of access-related procedures were comparable (incidence rate ratio [IRR]≥65vs<65: 0.95; P = .32). The median percentage of follow-up time spent catheter-free was similar and low in patients who attempted fistulas (<65 years: 19% vs ≥65 years: 21%; P = .85). Limitations: The relatively short follow-up time may have underestimated the benefits of fistula creation and the observational study design precludes inferences about causality. Conclusions: In our study, older patients who underwent a fistula attempt were just as likely as younger patients to achieve catheter-free fistula use, within a similar time frame, and while requiring a similar number of access procedures. However, the minority of dialysis time was spent catheter-free.

scholarly journals The seroepidemiology of Bordetella pertussis infection in Western Europe

2004 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. PEBODY ◽  
N. J. GAY ◽  
A. GIAMMANCO ◽  
S. BARON ◽  
J. SCHELLEKENS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
High Titre ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Low Coverage ◽  
The Impact

High titres of pertussis toxin (PT) antibody have been shown to be predictive of recent infection with Bordetella pertussis. The seroprevalence of standardized anti-PT antibody was determined in six Western European countries between 1994 and 1998 and related to historical surveillance and vaccine programme data. Standardized anti-PT titres were calculated for a series of whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccine trials. For the serological surveys, high-titre sera (>125 units/ml) were distributed throughout all age groups in both high- (>90%) and low-coverage (<90%) countries. High-titre sera were more likely in infants in countries using high-titre-producing vaccines in their primary programme (Italy, 11·5%; Western Germany, 13·3%; France, 4·3%; Eastern Germany, 4·0%) compared to other countries (The Netherlands, 0·5%; Finland, 0%). Recent infection was significantly more likely in adolescents (10–19 years old) and adults in high-coverage countries (Finland, The Netherlands, France, East Germany), whereas infection was more likely in children (3–9 years old) than adolescents in low-coverage (<90%; Italy, West Germany, United Kingdom) countries. The impact and role of programmatic changes introduced after these surveys aimed at protecting infants from severe disease by accelerating the primary schedule or vaccinating older children and adolescents with booster doses can be evaluated with this approach.

scholarly journals Parvovirus B19 in Croatia: A Large-Scale Seroprevalence Study

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1279
Author(s):  
Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek ◽  
Irena Tabain ◽  
Branko Kolaric ◽  
Klara Mihulja ◽  
Lana Blazevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Recent Infection

Background and Objectives: Seroepidemiological studies indicate that parvovirus B19 circulates in all areas of the world, although with some differences. The aim of this study is to analyze the seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 in the Croatian population. Materials and Methods: From 2010 to 2021, 1538 serum samples from different populations were tested for the presence of parvovirus B19 IgM/IgG antibodies. Serological tests were performed using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: IgG antibodies were detected in 986/64.1% of participants with differences (p < 0.001) among the following population groups: 42.4% of children and adolescents, 67.1% of the adult general population, 66.7% of hemodialysis patients, and 65.6% of liver transplant recipients. Seroprevalence increased with age, from 30.0% in the 6 months–9 years age group to 69.0% in the 40–49 years age group, and remained stable thereafter (68.8–73.3%). There was no difference in the seropositivity among males (66.1%) and females (63.1%), as well as the place of residence (suburban/rural 63.9%, urban 64.1%). IgM antibodies (current/recent infection) were found in 61/4.0% of participants with the highest seropositivity in the youngest age group (11.1%). In pregnant women, seroprevalence was higher in women with an unfavorable obstetric history compared with a normal pregnancy (IgG 71.0% vs. 62.6%; IgM 6.5% vs. 2.4%), but these differences were not significant. Logistic regression showed that the adult population had almost three times higher risk of IgG seropositivity compared to children/adolescents (general population OR = 2.777, 95% CI = 2.023–3.812; hemodialysis patients OR = 2.586, 95% CI = 1.531–4.367; and transplant patients OR = 2.717, 95% CI = 1.604–4.603). A one-year increase in age increased the risk of IgG seroprevalence (OR = 1.017; 95% CI = 1.011–1.022). Conclusions: Older age was the main risk factor for IgG seropositivity. Hemodialysis and organ transplantation seem unrelated to the increased parvovirus B19 seroprevalence. The role of parvovirus B19 in the etiology of TORCH infections needs to be studied further.

scholarly journals The Epidemiology of Rubella in Lesotho before the Introduction of a Rubella Containing Vaccine: A Review of Measles Case-based Surveillance, 2012-2016

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Azubuike Benjamin Nwako ◽  
Thabelo Makhupane
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Case Based

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the burden and epidemiology of rubella infection in Lesotho before the introduction of a rubella-containing vaccine. It was also to assess the performance of the measles case-based surveillance system in Lesotho. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was done in Lesotho from February to March 2019 based on the 2012 to 2016 data. Methods: There was a review of the measles case-based surveillance data with a total of 1587 suspected cases reported during the study period. Samples were collected from suspected measles cases and tested for measles. Those samples that tested negative for measles were subsequently tested for rubella IgM at the National Reference Laboratory. The serum samples were analysed for rubella IgM using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits SERION and EUROIMMUN. Results: There were 2 measles IgM and 748 rubella IgM positive cases confirmed. The rubella IgM positive cases accounted for 48% of the samples tested for rubella infection. There were also several rubella outbreaks during the study period. The Lesotho surveillance system met the two principal surveillance performance indicators for each year during the period of the study. Conclusion: This study showed that there was high level of rubella sero-positivity with several outbreaks of rubella infections during the study period. Rubella infection was predominantly seen in those aged between 5 and <13 years of age. This justified the introduction of a rubella containing vaccine in Lesotho in 2017. Although the two principal surveillance performance indicators (non-measles febrile rash illness rates and the percentage of districts that reported at least one case of measles with blood specimen per year) were met during the period under review, there were districts that performed poorly. This study revealed the need for strengthening of rubella-containing vaccine component of routine immunization to lower the impact of rubella infection in Lesotho. A detailed district level review to identify and address the causes of poor performance in some districts is recommended. There is also a need to identify the current challenges and evaluate the impact of the recently introduced rubella-containing vaccine on rubella infection in Lesotho.

scholarly journals A Bordetella pertussis-antitestek szeroprevalenciája magyarországi felnőttekben

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 (13) ◽  
pp. 503-510
Author(s):  
Péter Torzsa ◽  
Devadiga Raghavendra ◽  
Monica Tafalla
Keyword(s):  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Acute Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
One Year ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract: Introduction: Pertussis (whooping cough) is an acute respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella pertussis that is characterized by a chronic, severe cough. The optimum immunization schedule for pertussis is unclear, so these vary by countries. Aim: To estimate the seroprevalence of pertussis in adults in Hungary. Method: Serum anti-pertussis toxin immunoglobulin G (anti-PT IgG) antibody levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in adults in general practitioners’ practices during one year. Sera were classified following manufacturer’s instructions as: strongly indicative of current/recent infection (≥1.5 optical density [OD] units); indicative of current/recent infection (≥1.0 OD units); seropositive (>0.3 OD units); or seronegative (≤0.3 OD units). Results: 1999 adults (60.6% female; mean age 47.4 ± 17.7 years) were included. 14.8% were seropositive, 1.1% were indicative of current/recent infection, and 0.1% were strongly indicative of current/recent infection. Conclusions: 85.2% of the subjects were seronegative and therefore susceptible to pertussis infection. Approximately 1% was suspicious of current/recent pertussis infection, potentially transmissible to susceptible young infants. Vaccination of adults is a key way to indirectly protect infants. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(13): 503–510.

scholarly journals COVID-19 seroprevalence study of an Indian Diagnostic Laboratory - Report on gender and age analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kallathikumar Kallathiyan ◽  
Amruta Velumani ◽  
Sandhya Iyer ◽  
Krishnakumar Sivapandi ◽  
Anand Velumani
Keyword(s):  
Asian Indians ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Report ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Small Cohort ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

In COVID-19 the extent of the impact on exposure, symptoms, recovery remains minimally explored as the spectrum is challenging to study across geographies. The aim of our study report was to explore seroprevalence in a pan-India cohort of Asian Indians across different age groups. Covid-19 antibodies were tested from a total of 1,36,210 Asian Indians inclusive of 97,124 males and 39,086 females, respectively. Testing for covid-19 antibodies was done by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Analysis for seroprevalence found the frequency to be 19%. The percent positives were higher among females at 21%, compared to males at 19%, and the difference was found to be statistically significant at p < 0.0001. Further, age group-wise analysis found seroprevalence between age groups of 21 - 80 years to be significant at p < 0.0001. Our study found higher seroprevalence among females, which is in line with many small cohort studies published online.

Impact Of Modernization Among College Students In Prayagraj District, Uttar Pradesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Purvi Nishad ◽  
Anjali Mathur ◽  
Anshu ◽  
Nisha Chacko
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
The Impact

The present study was to assess the impact of modernization among the college students across gender, socio cultural settings and socio economic groups among adolescent boys and girls in the age group of 17 to 21 year.

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