Assessing the trend of HIV/AIDS mortality rate in Asia and North Africa: an application of latent growth models

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. ZAYERI ◽  
E. TALEBI GHANE ◽  
N. BORUMANDNIA
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Hiv Aids

SUMMARYOver the last 30 years, HIV/AIDS has emerged as a major global health challenge. This study evaluates the change of HIV/AIDS mortality rates in Asian and North African countries from 1990 to 2010 using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. HIV/AIDS mortality rates were derived from the GBD database from 1990 to 2010, for 52 countries in Asia and North Africa. First, a Latent Growth Model was employed to assess the change in AIDS mortality rate over time in six different regions of Asia, and also the change in AIDS mortality rate over time for males and females in Asia and North Africa. Finally, Latent Growth Mixture Models (LGMMs) were applied to identify distinct groups in which countries within each group have similar trends over time. Our results showed that increase in mortality rate over time for males is about three times greater than for females. The highest and lowest trend of AIDS mortality rates were observed in South-East Asia and high-income Asia-Pacific regions, respectively. The LGMM allocated most countries in the South and South-East region into two classes with the highest trend of AIDS mortality rates. Although the HIV/AIDS mortality rates are decreasing in some countries and clusters, the general trend in the Asian continent is upwards. Therefore, it is necessary to provide programmes to achieve the goal of access to HIV prevention measures, treatment, care, and support for high-risk groups, especially in countries with a higher trend of AIDS mortality rates.

scholarly journals Increased Fall-Related Mortality Rates in New Mexico, 1999–2005

2011 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Wendelboe ◽  
Michael G. Landen
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Asian American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Hispanic People ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Related Mortality

Objective. In 2000, fall injuries affected 30% of U.S. residents aged ≥65 years and cost $19 billion. In 2005, New Mexico (NM) had the highest fall-related mortality rate in the United States. We described factors associated with these elevated fall-related mortality rates. Methods. To better understand the epidemiology of fatal falls in NM, we used state and national (Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System) vital records data for 1999–2005 to identify unintentional falls that were the underlying cause of death. We calculated age-adjusted mortality rates, rate ratios (RRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by sex, ethnicity, race, and year. Results. For 1999–2005 combined, NM's fall-related mortality rate (11.7 per 100,000 population) was 2.1 times higher than the U.S. rate (5.6 per 100,000 population). Elevated RRs persisted when stratified by sex (male RR=2.0, female RR=2.2), ethnicity (Hispanic RR=2.5, non-Hispanic RR=2.1), race (white RR=2.0, black RR=1.7, American Indian RR=2.3, and Asian American/Pacific Islander RR=3.1), and age (≥50 years RR=2.0, <50 years RR=1.2). Fall-related mortality rates began to increase exponentially at age 50 years, which was 15 years younger than the national trend. NM non-Hispanic individuals had the highest demographic-specific fall-related mortality rate (11.8 per 100,000 population, 95% CI 11.0, 12.5). NM's 69.5% increase in fall-related mortality rate was approximately twice the U.S. increase (31.9%); the increase among non-Hispanic people (86.2%) was twice that among Hispanic people (43.5%). Conclusions. NM's fall-related mortality rate was twice the U.S. rate; exhibited a greater increase than the U.S. rate; and persisted across sex, ethnicity, and race. Fall-related mortality disproportionately affects a relatively younger population in NM. Characterizing fall etiology will assist in the development of effective prevention measures.

scholarly journals Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Nepal Army and its Dependants

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
R Khatri ◽  
K Roka
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donation ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Army Hospital ◽  
Army Personnel ◽  
Hiv Aids

Introduction: The Asia Pacific Region is currently at the “tip of iceberg” phase of the HIV/AIDS epidemic after African countries causing irreparable economic damage and undermining national and regional security if left unattended. HIV/AIDS remains a serious national concern and potential for epidemic relapse is high1. Continued vigilance is important. Study of the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Nepal Army (NA) and its dependants is based on the data collected from various sources to highlight the importance of ongoing measures plus the need of effective programs against HIV/AIDS control. Methods: This is a descriptive study and data are derived from February 1996 to March 2011 from the different sources. National Guideline for testing of HIV in Nepal, developed in 2003 was used for the diagnosis of the cases by blood tests in Birendra Hospital, Chhauni. Results: Total of 116 cases was diagnosed HIV positive. Maximum number of HIV positive cases was diagnosed in the year 2010 as compared to other years since 1996 and for the year 2011 till the month of March. The positive cases diagnosed from army personnel in UN Mission and blood donation programs accounted for 0.02% and 0.09% respectively. And from the surgical patients in the army hospital, 0.18% cases were diagnosed positive. From the year 2006 to 2010, 0.38% cases were diagnosed as positive among the voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) volunteers. Conclusion: HIV is a threat to the army, behaviour change and prevention is the key and it needs to be adapted to the best. Intensive training, massive awareness programs and behavioural issues start at the recruit level and need to be reinforced prior and during deployment with regular monitoring of the soldiers activities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v10i1.6445 Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital Jan-June 2011 10(1) 20-25

scholarly journals The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Depression when Controlling for Neuroticism

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenting Mu ◽  
Jing Luo ◽  
Sven Rieger ◽  
Ulrich Trautwein ◽  
Brent W. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Confounding Variable ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Latent Growth Models ◽  
Vulnerability Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Much research has examined the interplay of depression and self-esteem in an effort to determine whether depression causes self-esteem (scar model), or vice versa (vulnerability model). In the current longitudinal study (N = 2,318), we tested whether neuroticism served as a confounding variable that accounted for the association of depression and self-esteem, using both cross-lag models and latent growth models. We found neuroticism accounted for the majority of covariance between depression and self-esteem, to the degree that the scar and vulnerability models appear to be inadequate explanations for the relation between depression and self-esteem. Alternatively, neuroticism appears to be a viable cause of both depression and self-esteem and could explain prior work linking the two constructs over time.

Time Trends in Characteristics and Outcome of Twin Pregnancies

1991 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Moreault ◽  
S. Marcoux ◽  
J. Fabia ◽  
S. Tennina
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Twin Pregnancies ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis study describes the evolution in fetal and neonatal mortality rates among twin pairs born in 22 hospitals located in the eastern regions of the province of Quebec in 1976-1978 (n = 776 pairs) and 1982-1985 (n = 712 pairs). It also assesses the contribution of maternal factors, obstetrical care and characteristics of twins in the variation of the risk of death over time. The fetal mortality rate did not improve from 1976-1978 (22.6 per 1000) to 1982-1985 (28.1 per 1000). However, the neonatal mortality rate declined from 44.7 to 34.7 per 1000 liveborn first twins and from 56.8 to 36.1 per 1000 liveborn second twins. For first twins as for second twins, birthweight-specific neonatal mortality rates decreased within birth weight categories under 2500 g. In the second period, 96.9% of twin pregnancies were detected before confinement compared to 59.6% in the earlier period. The proportion of twins delivered by obstetricians, the percentage of twin births occurring in ultraspecialized perinatal units and the frequency of caesarean sections increased markedly. The proportion of preterm births increased over time (34.5% vs 43.1%) whereas the percentage of low birthweight twins decreased but not significantly (54.3% 51.6%). In this study, changes in maternal age, parity, educational level, sex of pairs, qualification of the physician, and level of care available at the hospital of birth, did not account for the decrease in neonatal mortality rates among twins. The increase in the frequency of caesarean sections seemed to explain only a small proportion of the decrease in the neonatal mortality rate among second twins. In the second as well as in the first period, the neonatal mortality rate for twins was six times higher than that for singletons.

scholarly journals Incidence of intoxication events and patient outcomes in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based observational study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244438
Author(s):  
Chun-Kuei Chen ◽  
Yi-Ling Chan ◽  
Tse-Hsuan Su
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
National Level ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Severe Intoxication ◽  
Over Time

Background Intoxicated patients were frequently managed in the emergency departments (ED) with few studies at national level. The study aimed to reveal the incidence, outcomes of intoxications and trend in Taiwan. Methods Adults admitted to an ED due to an intoxication event between 2006 and 2013 were identified using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The rate of intoxication and severe intoxication events, mortality rate, hospital length of stay (LOS), and daily medical costs of these patients were analyzed. Changes over time were analyzed using Joinpoint models. Multivariable generalized regressions with GEE were used to assess the effect of sex, age, and presence of prior psychiatric illness. Results A total of 20,371 ED admissions due to intoxication events were identified during the study period, and the incidence decreased with annual percentage change of 4.7% from 2006 to 2013. The mortality rate, hospital LOS, and daily medical costs were not decreased over time. Males and geriatric patients had more severe intoxication events, greater mortality rates, and greater daily medical costs. Patients with psychiatric illnesses had higher mortality rates and a longer hospital LOS, but lower daily medical expenses. Conclusion From 2006 to 2013, there was a decline in the incidence of ED admission for intoxication events in Taiwan. Males, geriatric patients, and those with psychiatric illnesses had greater risks for severe intoxication and mortality.

Mortality Rates, Prevalence of Malnutrition, and Prevalence of Lost Pregnancies among the Drought-Ravaged Population of Tete Province, Mozambique

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre M.N. Renzaho
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
Humanitarian Response ◽  
Crude Mortality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

AbstractBackground:Tete Province, Mozambique has experienced chronic food insecurity and a dramatic fall in livestock numbers due to the cyclic problems characterized by the floods in 2000 and severe droughts in 2002 and 2003. The Province has been a beneficiary of emergency relief programs, which have assisted >22% of the population. However, these programs were not based on sound epidemiological data, and they have not established baseline data against which to assess the impact of the programs.Objective:The objective of this study was to document mortality rates, causes of death, the prevalence of malnutrition, and the prevalence of lost pregnancies after 2.5 years of humanitarian response to the crisis.Methods:A two-stage, 30-cluster household survey was conducted in the Cahora Bassa and Changara districts from 22 October to 08 November 2004. A total of 838 households were surveyed, with a population size of 4,688 people.Results:Anthropometric data were collected among children 6–59 months of age. In addition, crude mortality rates (crude mortality rates), under five mortality rates (under 5 mortality rate), causes of deaths, and prevalence of lost pregnancies were determined among the sample population. The prevalence of malnutrition was 8.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 6.2–9.8%) for acute malnutrition, 26.9% (95% CI = 24.0–29.9%) for being underweight, and 37.0% (95% CI = 33.8–40.2%) for chronic malnutrition. Boys were more likely to be under-weight than were girls (odds ratio (OR) = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.82;p <0.05) after controlling for a, household size, and food aid beneficiary status. Similarly, children 30–59 months of age were significantly less likely to suffer from acute malnutrition (OR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.26, 0.79; p <0.01) and less likely to be underweight (OR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.27, 0.51;p <0.01) than children 6–29 months of a, after adjusting for the other, aforementioned factors. The proportion of lost pregnancies was estimated at 7.7% (95% CI = 4.5–11.0%). A total of 215 deaths were reported during the year preceding the survey. Thirty-nine (18.1%) children <5 years of age died. The CMR was 1.23/10,000/day (95% CI = 1.08–1.38), and an under 5 mortality rate was 1.03/10,000/day (95% CI = 0.71–1.35). Diarrheal diseases, malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) accounted for more than two-thirds of all deaths.Conclusions:The observed CMR in Tete Province, Mozambique is three times higher than the baseline rate for sub-Saharan Africa and 1.4 times higher than the CMR cut-off point used to define excess mortality in emergencies.The current humanitarian response in Tete Province would benefit from an improved alignment of food aid programming in conjunction with diarrheal disease control, HIV/AIDS, and malaria prevention and treatment programs. The impact of the food programs would be improved if mutually acceptable food aid program objectives, verifiable indicators relevant to each objective, and beneficiary targets and selection criteria are developed. Periodic re-assessments and evaluations of the impact of the program and evidenced-based decision-making urgently are needed to avert a chronic dependency on food aid.

scholarly journals The Age-Dependent Relationship Between Vascular Risk Factors and Trajectories of Depressed Mood

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 884-885
Author(s):  
Maria Blöchl ◽  
Lina Schaare ◽  
Ute Kunzmann ◽  
Steffen Nestler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Latent Growth Models ◽  
Dependent Relationship ◽  
Vascular Burden ◽  
English Longitudinal Study ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) have been linked to depression, but it is still unclear whether this association becomes stronger or weaker from mid- to later life. Thus, our main aim was to investigate the influence of age on the associations between CRVFs and trajectories of depressed mood. Our sample included 6835 individuals (aged 52–89 years) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), who were free of manifest vascular disease at baseline and had bi-yearly measurements of depressed mood over ten years. A composite score incorporated the presence of five CVRFs: hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia. We used second-order latent growth models to examine the effect of CVRFs, age, and their interaction on levels and changes in depressed mood over time. Our results revealed that baseline CVRFs were associated with higher levels of depressed mood. This association decreased with age and was stronger in midlife compared to later life. CVRFs were not related to changes in depressed mood, indicating that these differences remained stable over time. These findings suggest that CVRFs in midlife, but less so in older age, predict stable differences in depressed mood. They are consistent with reports on the importance of CVRFs in midlife and may support the idea that prevention of vascular burden in this age period may be critical to maintain mental health.

scholarly journals Evaluating Eight-Year Trajectories for Sense of Purpose in the Health and Retirement Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Hill ◽  
Sara J Weston
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health And Retirement Study ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Latent Growth Models ◽  
Sense Of Purpose ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Over Time

Objectives: Though cross-sectional research has suggested that sense of purpose declines intoolder adulthood, it remains unclear whether inter-individual variability occurs in these trajectories, and what factors predict these trajectories. The current study provides one of the first longitudinal investigations into how individuals’ sense of purpose fluctuates in older adulthood. Method: Participants from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 4,234, mean age = 65 years), completed assessments of sense of purpose over three years, along with multiple potential predictors (health, personality, demographics) at the start.Results: Second-order latent growth models demonstrated both mean-level declines on purpose over time, as well as the capacity for inter-individual variability in change patterns for retired adults. Among this cohort, health status, educational attainment, and marital status were significant predictors of purpose trajectories over time, though broad personality trait dimensions failed to uniquely predict change in sense of purpose. However, measurement invariance tests suggest that the scale did not operate similarly across work status groups.Conclusion: Findings advance the previous literature by demonstrating inter-individual variability in sense of purpose for those participants who had retired. Future research should consider that purpose inventories may operate differently for those in the workplace versus retired adults.

scholarly journals 1325Longitudinal epidemiology of MS in the Greater Hobart region, 1961 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Simpson-Yap ◽  
Roberts Atvar ◽  
Bruce Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Lower Latitude ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Crude Prevalence ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background The Greater Hobart region (42.3°S) of Tasmania has the highest frequencies of MS in Australia, this consistent across studies conducted over the last half century. However, the degree of excess compared to mainland sites like Newcastle (32.5°S) has declined over time. Methods Cases were recruited from clinic-based samples and other multiple other data sources. Prevalence date was 1 June 2019. 2019 prevalence and 2009-19 incidence and mortality rates were estimated. Prevalence and incidence and mortality rates were age/sex-standardised to the 1961 and 1954 Hobart populations, respectively, to allow longitudinal comparisons. Female:male prevalence and incidence sex-ratios were also assessed. Differences between timepoints were assessed using Poisson regression. Results 472 MS cases (female:71.4%) resident on prevalence day were identified, a crude prevalence=212.3/100,000 (155.8 age/sex-standardised), 57% increase vs 2009 and 388.0% vs 1961. The 2009-19 incidence rate=7.56/100,000 person-years (7.03 age/sex-standardised), 91% increase vs 2001-9 and 218.1% vs 1951-61. The 2009-19 mortality rate was 2.25/100,000 person-years (1.12 age/sex-standardised), comparable to 2001-9 (1.00). The age/sex-standardised prevalence-sex-ratio was 2.61, comparable to 2009 (2.65), but the incidence-sex-ratio was 2.68, 31% increase vs 2001-9 (2.05). Conclusions Prevalence and incidence continue to be high in Hobart, although the differences compared to lower-latitude Newcastle have attenuated significantly. Changes in lifestyle may underlie the deterioration of the latitudinal gradient of MS in Australia. Further investigation is required to define the factors that drive these associations. Key messages MS prevalence and incidence are still highest in Australia in southern Tasmania but the latitudinal variation is declining.

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