scholarly journals Unusual rotavirus genotypes in humans and animals with acute diarrhoea in Northeast India

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (13) ◽  
pp. 2780-2789 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. CHAKRABORTY ◽  
M. J. BHATTACHARJEE ◽  
I. SHARMA ◽  
P. PANDEY ◽  
N. N. BARMAN
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Infantile Diarrhoea ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A

SUMMARYRotavirus (RV) infection causes acute infantile diarrhoea in humans and animals and remains a major concern for vaccine development. The close proximity of humans to animals may foster cross-species infection resulting in the emergence of novel/unusual strains by genetic reassortment. In this study, we characterized 500 diarrhoeal samples for group A rotaviruses (RVA) from children (n= 290), piglets (n= 95) and calves (n= 115) in Northeast India during 2012–2013. The data showed that 142/500 (28·4%) faecal samples were positive for RVA with the highest level of infection detected in piglets (57/142, 40·1%) followed by children (51/142, 35·9%) and calves (34/142, 23·9%). Sequence-based G- and P-typing showed G1P[8] (25%) and G1P[7] (35%) were the prevailing genotypes in both humans and animals. Single cases of unusual genotypes, i.e. G9P[8], G5P[8] in humans and G1P[13], G1P[23] and G3P[7] in animals were also identified. Cluster analyses of the sequences showed regional strains were genetically closer to their homologous strains. However, human G5P[8] and porcine G1P[8] strains showed homology to heterologous hosts of their prototype strains. The subsequent global spread of unusual RV strains may result in their establishment over time, presenting challenges to future vaccine evaluation programmes. More studies on emerging genotypes are required to elucidate how RVA strains evolve post-vaccination. This study supports the need for continuous surveillance of RVA infections after detecting from diverse hosts in a common setting.

G and P types of bovine group A rotavirus in northern India

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tripti Singh ◽  
Rashmi Singh ◽  
Ajay Pratap Singh ◽  
Y. P.S. Malik ◽  
Minakshi Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Vp6 Gene ◽  
Faecal Suspension

Animal rotaviruses (RVs) are considered as a potential threat to humans due to possibility of interspecies transmission and exchange of genomic materials. Among several RVs, the group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the major cause of diarrhoea in cattle and buffalo calves worldwide. The present study was carried out to understand epidemiology and types of RVA circulating in Mathura region of northern India. One hundred faecal samples were collected from diarrhoeic cattle (n=94) and buffalo calves (n=6) from organized dairy farms. Viral RNA was extracted from faecal suspension and was transcribed to cDNA using RT-PCR. The cDNA was amplified for VP6, VP7 and VP4 genes and multiplex nested PCR was done for G and P genotyping. Twelve samples were detected positive for RVA by antigen detection ELISA and eleven samples produced expected amplicon for group A specific VP6 gene. On genotyping with G3, G6, G8 and G10 specific primers for VP7 gene and P [1] and P [11] specific primers for VP4 gene, G6 genotype predominated over other genotypes. Dual genotypes were also observed. In P typing only one isolate was found to be positive for P [1] and rest all samples remained untypable. The result of present study indicates G6 as a major G genotype and change in frequencies of distribution of G types in this part of the country.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Rotaviruses in Water Sources and Selected Raw Vegetables in Southern Africa

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 4554-4560 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. van Zyl ◽  
N. A. Page ◽  
W. O. K. Grabow ◽  
A. D. Steele ◽  
M. B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

ABSTRACT Group A rotaviruses (RVs) are the most important cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children. In this study raw and treated drinking water supplies at plants in two geographic areas, as well as selected irrigation water and corresponding raw vegetables in three regions of southern Africa, were screened for the presence of RVs using molecular techniques. Group A RVs were detected in 11.8% of partially treated and 1.7% of finally treated drinking water samples and in 14% of irrigation water samples and 1.7% of corresponding raw vegetable samples. Type-specific reverse transcriptase-PCR and sequence analysis revealed the presence of multiple types (G1, G2, G8, and G9) in irrigation water and single types (G1 or G3) in raw and treated drinking water. Group A RVs detected in all samples consisted of mixed P types (P[4], P[6], P[8], and P[9]), with P[6] predominating. The detection of types G8, G9, and P[6] reflects the emergence of these types in clinical infections. The similarity of environmental types to those in patients with clinical RV infections confirms the value of wastewater screening as a tool for assessing RVs circulating in communities, with the benefit of detecting types that cause both clinical and subclinical infections. The results provide new information on RV types in water and related environments and identify the potential risk of waterborne transmission. In addition, the presence of RVs in drinking water underlines shortcomings in quality specifications. These data provide valuable information regarding the prevalence of RVs in environmental sources, with important implications for vaccine development.

scholarly journals Clinical Symptoms of Human Rotavirus Infection Observed in Children in Sokoto, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Alkali ◽  
A. I. Daneji ◽  
A. A. Magaji ◽  
L. S. Bilbis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Human Group ◽  
Infantile Diarrhoea ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Urban Hospitals ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A

Rotavirus has been identified among the most important causes of infantile diarrhoea, especially in developing countries. The present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence and clinical symptoms of human rotavirus disease among children presenting with varying degree of diarrhoea in selected urban hospitals in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Diarrhoea samples were collected from 200 diarrheic children younger than 5 years of age and tested using a commercially available DAKO Rotavirus ELISA kit which detects the presence of human group A rotaviruses. A questionnaire, based on WHO generic protocol, was completed for each child to generate the primary data. Of the total number of samples collected, 51 were found to be positive for human group A rotavirus indicating 25.5% prevalence of the disease in Sokoto state. The symptoms associated with the disease were analyzed and discussed.

scholarly journals A vaccine to provide strain-transcending immunity to group A streptococci

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Michael F Good ◽  
Michael R Batzloff
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Heterologous Challenge ◽  
Obvious Reason ◽  
Group A ◽  
Main Strategy

Organisms such a Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus), Plasmodium spp parasites and HIV present significant obstacles to vaccine development. They can subvert the immune system and present dominant antigens that can display a vast array of allelic types of variants. In spite of these obvious decoys, the main strategy to develop vaccines for these organisms has been to focus on dominant antigens or epitopes. The obvious reason for this approach is that such antigens and epitopes are easy to define. Early successes are often posted largely because homologous organisms are typically used to challenge animals post-vaccination. However, success in efficacy trials with heterologous challenge is yet to be seen.

scholarly journals Immune Responses Induced in Chickens by Capsular Extract of P. Multocida Isolated From Farm Rat

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Mashuda Akter ◽  
Md Mosaraf Hossain ◽  
Md Kamrul Hassan ◽  
Ravi Yadav ◽  
Fahima Morsheda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Cholera Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Passive Haemagglutination ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

An experiment was conducted to investigate the immune response induced in chickens by capsular extract of Pasteurella multocida isolated from rats wandering in and around the poultry farms. The rat isolate of P. multocida was isolated and identified by cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics, followed by capsular extract preparation and experimental vaccine development. The isolated P. multocida was found Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore forming rod occurring singly or pains and occasionally as chains or filaments in Gram’s-staining method. The isolates consistently produced acid from dextrose, sucrose and mannitol but not fermented maltose or lactose. The Capsular antigen was extracted and confirmed by acriflavine test. Finally, experimental fowl cholera vaccine was prepared. Primary vaccination was performed at the dose rate of 5.6×107 CFU/ml through intramuscular and subcutaneous routes in birds of group A (10 birds) and group B (10 birds) and group C (10 birds) were control birds. Secondary vaccination was similarly performed after 15 days of primary vaccination in groups A and B. The levels of pre-vaccination and post-vaccination sera were determined by passive haemagglutination test. The passive haemagglutination antibody titre was recorded on 15 and 35 days of post vaccination in groups A and B. It was demonstrated that experimental capsular extract fowl cholera vaccine conferred 100% protection (p<0.01) against challenge infection and found to be safe. It could be suggested that after thorough field trial, the experimentally prepared capsular extract FC vaccine using rat isolate of P. multocida may be used side by side with conventional FC vaccine. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(1): 117-124, April 2021

scholarly journals Detection of nongroup A rotaviruses in faecal samples of pigs in the Czech Republic

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Smitalova ◽  
L. Rodak ◽  
B. Smid ◽  
I. Psikal
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Identity ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Cowden Strain ◽  
Group B

Besides group A rotaviruses, group B and C rotaviruses have been detected as the cause of diarrheal diseases in pigs. Of a set of 329 faecal samples from pigs, 16 samples were selected in which rotavirus was detected by electron microscopy and at the same time group A rotavirus was excluded by ELISA method. Rotaviruses were assayed using specific primers for detection of group B and C rotaviruses, and RT-PCR and semi-nested PCR methods. In one sample, no rotavirus of group B or C was detected; in the remaining 15 samples rotavirus group C was detected, in two samples together with group B rotavirus. Sequencing of the obtained PCR products and comparison with corresponding gene sequences revealed 80% nucleotide sequence identity between group B rotaviruses and available sequences of porcine isolates. A nucleotide sequence identity of 92% was obtained in group C rotaviruses as compared with the Cowden strain.

Rotavirus electropherotypes in Malaysian children

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 996-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Yap ◽  
Y. H. Wong ◽  
C. M. Khor ◽  
Y. E. Ooi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Short Pattern ◽  
Predominant Strain

A 12-month study was carried out on the molecular epidemiology of rotavirus in urban and suburban Malaysian children. Analysis of faecal samples from 973 hospitalized diarrhoeic children by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis detected 268 rotaviruses (28%). All isolates were group A rotaviruses, which produced 22 electropherotypes: 16 (91.5%) with long RNA migration patterns and 6 (8.5%) with short patterns. One of the long-pattern electropherotypes was the predominant strain (71.1% of the total electropherotypes) isolated during this study. Although 3 other strains were detected sporadically over the study period, 16 others were present only during the first 7 months and 2 others were confined to the last 5 months. Long- and short-pattern electropherotypes were found to co-circulate extensively. There was a significant association of short-pattern electropherotypes with infection in older children. In addition, the prevalence of vomiting and mean duration of diarrhoea were significantly associated with different electropherotypes. Key words: rotavirus electropherotypes.

Molecular Detection of Group A Rotavirus in under Five Years Old Children with Acute Diarrhoea Admitted to Yangon Children’s Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Group A Rotavirus ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Group A ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Considerable Morbidity

Rotaviruses are regarded as the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among children especially under five years of age worldwide. In developing countries like Myanmar, where diarrhoea is in the priority childhood disease, rotavirus surveillance and detection of rotavirus genotypes are utmost important. A hospital-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Yangon Children‟s Hospital among under five children admitted for acute diarrhoea from January to October 2016. This study includes detection of Group A rotavirus antigen by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and genotyping by multiplex RT-PCR. From a total of 488 collected samples, rotavirus antigen was detected in 219 samples (45%). Rotavirus diarrhoea was most common among the age of 6-11 months (38.8%) followed by 12-23 months (37.9%). The results showed that boys were more commonly affected than girls. Detection of rotavirus positivity was peak in February (57.6 %). Out of 219 stool samples with positive ELISA result, 40 stool samples with high optical density value were proceeded for further determination of G and P genotypes. Regarding distribution of G genotypes, the most common G genotype was G9 which comprised 45%, and that of P genotype was P[8] which comprised 92.5%. Regarding combination of G and P genotypes, the most frequent combination is G9P[8], and it constituted 42.5%. Untypable genotypes were seen in 30% of G and 2.5% of P typing. As rotavirus infection can be prevented by vaccine, WHO recommended that rotavirus vaccination should be included in national immunization program especially in countries where prevalence of rotavirus is high. The distribution of G and P genotypes is important in consideration of appropriate vaccine in pre-vaccination and evaluation of effectiveness of vaccine in post-vaccination period. Therefore, the information on currently circulating genotypes of rotavirus in this study will serve as valuable data for vaccination programme.

scholarly journals Rotaviruses and Rotavirus Vaccines

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 959
Author(s):  
Celeste M. Donato ◽  
Julie E. Bines
Keyword(s):  
Capsid Proteins ◽  
Virus Family ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Outer Capsid

Group A rotaviruses belong to the Reoviridae virus family and are classified into G and P genotypes based on the outer capsid proteins VP7 and VP4, respectively [...]

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