An interaction between early threat exposure and the oxytocin receptor in females: Disorder-specific versus general risk for psychopathology and social–emotional mediators

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Amy L. Byrd ◽  
Irene Tung ◽  
Stephen D. Manuck ◽  
Vera Vine ◽  
Michelle Horner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
General Psychopathology ◽  
Attachment Quality ◽  
Shared Risk ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Early threat exposure is a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology, and evidence suggests that genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) moderates this association. However, it is unclear if this gene-by-environment (G×E) interaction is tied to unique risk for disorder-specific outcomes or instead increases shared risk for general psychopathology. Moreover, little is known about how this G×E interaction increases risk. The current study utilized a prospective, longitudinal sample of females (n = 2,020) to examine: (a) whether the interaction between early threat exposure and OXTR variation (rs53576, rs2254298) confers risk for disorder-specific outcomes (depression, anxiety, borderline and antisocial personality disorders) and/or general psychopathology in early adulthood; and (b) whether social–emotional deficits (emotion dysregulation, callousness, attachment quality) during adolescence constitute mediating mechanisms. Consistent with hypotheses, the interactive effects of early threat exposure and OXTR variation (rs53576) predicted general psychopathology, with threat-exposed women carrying at least one copy of the rs53576 A-allele at greatest risk. This interaction was mediated via emotional dysregulation in adolescence, with threat-exposed A-allele carriers demonstrating greater emotion dysregulation, and greater emotion dysregulation predicting general psychopathology in early adulthood. Findings suggest that this G×E places women at risk for a broad range of psychopathology via effects on emotion dysregulation.

Improving emotion regulation of social exclusion in depression-prone individuals: a tDCS study targeting right VLPFC

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenhong He ◽  
Zhenli Liu ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Rebecca Elliott ◽  
Dandan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Social Emotion ◽  
Passive Viewing

AbstractBackgroundGrowing evidence has indicated that right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (RVLPFC) is critical in down-regulating emotional responses to social exclusion, and that depression is accompanied by social emotional dysregulation associated with reduced lateral prefrontal engagement. This study used anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to examine whether stimulating RVLPFC could improve emotional down-regulation of social exclusion in individuals with high depressive mood (DM).MethodsA total of 96 high and 94 low DM individuals received active or sham tDCS while viewing social exclusion or individual negative pictures under no-reappraisal (passive viewing) and reappraisal conditions. Participants rate their negative emotional experience following the presentation of each image. Pupil diameter and visual fixation duration were also recorded during the task.ResultsIt was found that tDCS-activated RVLPFC induced a stronger regulation effect on social exclusion than individual negative emotions. The effect of tDCS on regulation of social exclusion was more pronounced in low v. high DM individuals.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate the specific role of RVLPFC on social emotion regulation, which has implications for refining target areas for the treatment of social emotion dysregulation in depression. However the findings do not suggest that high DM individuals benefit from a single-tDCS session on the emotion regulation of social exclusion. Thus we suggest to use multiple tDCS sessions or transcranial magnetic stimulation to further explore the therapeutic proposal in the future.

scholarly journals Exposure to Bullying and General Psychopathology: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolien Rijlaarsdam ◽  
Charlotte A. M. Cecil ◽  
J. Marieke Buil ◽  
Pol A. C. van Lier ◽  
Edward D. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Child Psychopathology ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
General Psychopathology ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

AbstractAlthough there is mounting evidence that the experience of being bullied associates with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms, it is not known yet whether the identified associations are specific to these symptoms, or shared between them. The primary focus of this study is to assess the prospective associations of bullying exposure with both general and specific (i.e., internalizing, externalizing) factors of psychopathology. This study included data from 6,210 children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Child bullying was measured by self-report at ages 8 and 10 years. Child psychopathology symptoms were assessed by parent-interview, using the Development and Well-being Assessment (DAWBA) at ages 7 and 13 years. Bullying exposure significantly associated with the general psychopathology factor in early adolescence. In particular, chronically victimized youth exposed to multiple forms of bullying (i.e., both overt and relational) showed higher levels of general psychopathology. Bullying exposure also associated with both internalizing and externalizing factors from the correlated-factors model. However, the effect estimates for these factors decreased considerably in size and dropped to insignificant for the internalizing factor after extracting the shared variance that belongs to the general factor of psychopathology. Using an integrative longitudinal model, we found that higher levels of general psychopathology at age 7 also associated with bullying exposure at age 8 which, in turn, associated with general psychopathology at age 13 through its two-year continuity. Findings suggest that exposure to bullying is a risk factor for a more general vulnerability to psychopathology.

scholarly journals Altered intrinsic functional connectivity of the cingulate cortex in children with severe temper outbursts

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Krain Roy ◽  
Randi Bennett ◽  
Jonathan Posner ◽  
Leslie Hulvershorn ◽  
F. Xavier Castellanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Intrinsic Functional Connectivity ◽  
Midcingulate Cortex ◽  
Temper Outbursts

AbstractSevere temper outbursts (STO) in children are associated with impaired school and family functioning and may contribute to negative outcomes. These outbursts can be conceptualized as excessive frustration responses reflecting reduced emotion regulation capacity. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated in negative affect as well as emotional control, and exhibits disrupted function in children with elevated irritability and outbursts. This study examined the intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) of a region of the ACC, the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), in 5- to 9-year-old children with STO (n = 20), comparing them to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) without outbursts (ADHD; n = 18). Additional analyses compared results to a sample of healthy children (HC; n = 18) and examined specific associations with behavioral and emotional dysregulation. Compared to the ADHD group, STO children exhibited reduced iFC between the aMCC and surrounding regions of the ACC, and increased iFC between the aMCC and precuneus. These differences were also seen between the STO and HC groups; ADHD and HC groups did not differ. Specificity analyses found associations between aMCC–ACC connectivity and hyperactivity, and between aMCC–precuneus iFC and emotion dysregulation. Disruption in aMCC networks may underlie the behavioral and emotional dysregulation characteristic of children with STO.

The Role of ADHD Symptomatology and Emotion Dysregulation in Gambling Disorder

2019 ◽  
pp. 108705471989437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Mestre-Bach ◽  
Trevor Steward ◽  
Marc N. Potenza ◽  
Roser Granero ◽  
Fernando Fernández-Aranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Treatment Seeking ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Adhd Symptomatology

Objectives: Although emotion regulation deficits have been implicated in gambling disorder and ADHD, the interplay between these factors has yet to be systematically studied. We examined relationships between ADHD symptoms, emotion regulation, and gambling disorder severity in a sample of treatment-seeking gambling disorder patients ( n = 98). We also examined clinical differences between patients with and without ADHD symptomatology. Method: Structural equation modeling (SEM) evaluated direct and indirect effects of ADHD and emotion regulation on gambling disorder severity. Results: Significant correlations between ADHD symptomatology and emotion regulation and between emotion regulation and gambling disorder severity were identified. Differences in emotion regulation were found between gambling disorder patients with and without ADHD symptomatology. Path analysis revealed emotion regulation to be a mediator between ADHD and gambling disorder. Conclusion: Our findings indicate the presence of ADHD symptomatology to be associated with greater severity of gambling disorder and greater emotional dysregulation.

scholarly journals Metacognitive interpersonal therapy in group: a feasibility study

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaele Popolo ◽  
Angus MacBeth ◽  
Stefano Brunello ◽  
Flaviano Canfora ◽  
Ercan Ozdemir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Group Intervention ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Interpersonal Therapy ◽  
Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy

Patients with personality disorders (PDs) other than borderline, with prominent features of social inhibition and over-regulation of emotions, are in need of specialized treatments. Individuals present with poor metacognition, that is the capacity to understand mental states and use psychological knowledge for the sake of purposeful problem solving; and are guided by maladaptive interpersonal schemas. We developed a short-term group intervention, Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy in Groups (MIT-G), incorporating psychoeducational and experiential elements, to help these individuals become more aware of their drives when interacting with others; and to help them adopt more flexible behaviors via improvements in metacognition. We present results of an effectiveness study, evaluating whether we could replicate the initial positive results of our first pilot randomized controlled trial. Seventeen young adults outpatients with personality disorders were included in the 16 session program. Effect sizes were calculated for change from baseline to treatment end for the primary outcome, symptoms and functioning (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure) and then for one putative mechanism of change – metacognition. Emotional dysregulation and alexithymia were also assessed. Qualitative evaluations of the acceptability and subjective impact of the treatment were also performed. MIT-G was acceptable to participants. There were medium to large magnitude changes from pre- to post- treatment on wellbeing, emotion dysregulation, alexithymia and metacognition. These gains were maintained at follow-up. There was evidence of clinically significant change on key variables. MIT-G appears acceptable to patients, as evidenced by the absence of drop-out from treatment. In light of the positive outcomes of this study and the expanding evidence base, MIT-G is a candidate for dissemination and investigations in larger trials as a possible effective intervention for PDs characterized by tendencies to overcontrol.

scholarly journals HPA-axis multilocus genetic profile score moderates the association between maternal prenatal perceived stress and offspring depression in early adulthood

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke G. McKenna ◽  
Constance Hammen ◽  
Patricia A. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Fetal Programming ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Maternal Stress ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Polygenic Risk ◽  
Profile Score ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Maternal stress during pregnancy can cause alterations to the fetal hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, a phenomenon known as fetal programming that may have lasting effects on offspring outcomes, including depression. Evidence suggests that these effects may vary with respect to the offspring's genetic risk. Nonetheless, few studies have examined these effects into adulthood, when risk for depression onset is highest. The present study builds upon the extant literature by examining the interaction of maternal prenatal perceived stress (MPPS) and offspring HPA-axis polygenic risk to predict offspring depression in early adulthood. A total of 381 mother–child dyads participated in a prospective, longitudinal study that spanned from pregnancy until offspring were 20 years of age. Polygenic risk was defined by a multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) that reflected the additive risk of three HPA-axis candidate genes. The results indicated that the interaction of MPPS and HPA-axis MGPS confers risk for offspring depression at age 20, in line with the differential susceptibility model. This interaction may be specific to prenatal stress, as maternal stress during early childhood did not interact with genetic risk to predict depression. These findings provide the first evidence that genetic variants that are associated with the HPA axis may act in a polygenic, additive fashion to moderate the association between fetal programming and adult depression.

scholarly journals Inhibitory control and emotion dysregulation: A framework for research on anxiety

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise M. Cardinale ◽  
Anni R. Subar ◽  
Melissa A. Brotman ◽  
Ellen Leibenluft ◽  
Katharina Kircanski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Signal Delay ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Translational Neuroscience ◽  
Pediatric Anxiety ◽  
Neuroscience Research

AbstractWhile emotional dysregulation is a broad construct, the current paper adopts a narrow approach to facilitate translational neuroscience research on pediatric anxiety. The paper first presents data on an adapted version of the antisaccade task and then integrates these data into a research framework. Data on an adapted version of the antisaccade task were collected in 57 youth, including 35 seeking treatment for an anxiety disorder. Associations were examined between performance on the antisaccade task and (a) age, (b) performance on other cognitive-control tasks (i.e., the stop-signal delay and flanker tasks), and (c) level of anxiety symptoms. Better performance on the antisaccade task occurred in older relative to younger subjects and correlated with better performance on the flanker task. Across the 57 youth, higher levels of anxiety correlated with shorter latency for correct antisaccades. These data can be placed within a three-step framework for translational neuroscience research. In the first step, a narrow index of emotion dysregulation is targeted. In the second step, this narrow index is linked to other correlated indicators of the same underlying narrow latent construct. In the third and final step, associations are examined with clinical outcomes and response to treatment.

scholarly journals Stress Exposure and the Course of ADHD from Childhood to Young Adulthood: Comorbid Severe Emotion Dysregulation or Mood and Anxiety Problems

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharina A. Hartman ◽  
Nanda Rommelse ◽  
Cees L. van der Klugt ◽  
Rob B.K. Wanders ◽  
Marieke E. Timmerman
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Attention Problems ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Total N ◽  
High Exposure

Background: Compared to typically developing individuals, individuals with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are on average more often exposed to stressful conditions (e.g., school failure, family conflicts, financial problems). We hypothesized that high exposure to stress relates to a more persistent and complex (i.e., multi-problem) form of ADHD, while low-stress exposure relates to remitting ADHD over the course of adolescence. Method: Longitudinal data (ages 11, 13, 16, and 19) came from the Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Life Survey (TRAILS). We selected children diagnosed with ADHD (n = 244; 167 males; 77 females) from the TRAILS clinical cohort and children who screened positive (n = 365; 250 males; 115 females) and negative (gender-matched: n = 1222; 831 males; 391 females) for ADHD from the TRAILS general population sample cohort (total n = 1587). Multivariate latent class growth analysis was applied to parent- and self-ratings of stress exposure, core ADHD problems (attention problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity), effortful control, emotion dysregulation (irritability, extreme reactivity, frustration), and internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, somatic complaints). Results: Seven distinct developmental courses in stress exposure and psychopathology were discerned, of which four related to ADHD. Two persistent ADHD courses of severely affected adolescents were associated with very high curvilinear stress exposure peaking in mid-adolescence: (1) Severe combined type with ongoing, severe emotional dysregulation, and (2) combined type with a high and increasing internalization of problems and elevated irritability; two partly remitting ADHD courses had low and declining stress exposure: (3) inattentive type, and (4) moderate combined type, both mostly without comorbid problems. Conclusions: High-stress exposure between childhood and young adulthood is strongly intertwined with a persistent course of ADHD and with comorbid problems taking the form of either severe and persistent emotion dysregulation (irritability, extreme reactivity, frustration) or elevated and increasing irritability, anxiety, and depression. Conversely, low and declining stress exposure is associated with remitting ADHD and decreasing internalizing and externalizing problems. Stress exposure is likely to be a facilitating and sustaining factor in these two persistent trajectories of ADHD with comorbid problems into young adulthood. Our findings suggest that a bidirectional, continuing, cycle of stressors leads to enhanced symptoms, in turn leading to more stressors, and so forth. Consideration of stressful conditions should, therefore, be an inherent part of the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, to potentiate prevention and interruption of adverse trajectories.

scholarly journals Little in Norway: a prospective longitudinal community-based cohort from pregnancy to child age 18 months

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e031050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibeke Moe ◽  
Eivor Fredriksen ◽  
Marian Kjellevold ◽  
Lisbeth Dahl ◽  
Maria Wik Markhus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Parental Mental Health ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Child Age ◽  
In Pregnancy

PurposeThe Little in Norway (LiN) project is a cross-disciplinary prospective longitudinal study starting in pregnancy. It was set up to investigate maternal and paternal mental health functioning in the transition to parenthood, detect pathways to healthy and aberrant child development and generate new knowledge about mechanisms underlying differential child mental health susceptibility.ParticipantsThe LiN cohort is a community-based sample comprising 1036 families (1036 mothers, 884 partners, 1017 children). All pregnant women and their partners receiving routine prenatal care at well-baby clinics at nine geographically selected sites across Norway were invited to participate. Enrolment took place from September 2011 to October 2012. This cohort profile comprises 10 data collection waves spanning from enrolment in pregnancy until child age 18 months.Findings to dateFour types of information have been collected: multi-informant questionnaire reports, direct observation of interaction, test data and biological samples. The most significant findings so far relate to three domains of results. First, when examining risk factors for parental mental health problems, results showed that the parents’ own adverse childhood experiences and attachment style were related to anxiety, depression and stress in the perinatal period. The perception of difficult child temperament was also found to contribute to parenting stress in the first year after birth. Second, we studied how parental mental health risk factors were related to later child development and social emotional functioning, for example, linking maternal symptoms to social-emotional outcomes and paternal symptoms to language outcomes. Third, we investigated the relation between maternal nutrition during pregnancy and aspects of early child development. Results showed that mild to moderate maternal iodine deficiency in pregnancy was associated with poorer language skills up to 18 months, but not with reduced cognitive or fine and gross motor skills.Future plansA data collection point at 36 months is completed and currently being analysed. A new data collection wave is planned when the children are 8 years of age.Trial registration numberISRCTN66710572.

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