scholarly journals Characterizing competence among a high-risk sample of emerging adults: Prospective predictions and biological considerations

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1937-1953
Author(s):  
Justin Russotti ◽  
Jennifer M. Warmingham ◽  
Elizabeth D. Handley ◽  
Fred A. Rogosch ◽  
Dante Cicchetti
Keyword(s):  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Developmental Domains ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Multiple Domains

AbstractFew conditions epitomize severe and chronic stress to a greater extent than child maltreatment, which can derail development across multiple domains of functioning and throughout the life course. Furthermore, child maltreatment tends to co-occur with other adversities, such as poverty. Many individuals grow up under the stressful conditions of these adversities and exhibit developmental competence. The current study prospectively charted the developmental progression of economically disadvantaged maltreated and nonmaltreated children from childhood to emerging adulthood, and examined patterns of competence across multiple developmental domains of functioning central to the period of emerging adulthood. The study investigated childhood precursors to these patterns of adaptation and maladaptation, as well as the physiological cost of these patterns of adaptation (i.e., C-reactive protein; CRP). Latent class analysis revealed four distinct classes of functioning: multifaceted competence across domains (Multifaceted Competence); (multifaceted maladaptation across domains (Multi-Problem); (c) and two classes with mixed patterns of competence and maladaptation (Externalizing Problems and Work/School Impairment). Maltreated individuals were less likely than nonmaltreated individuals to demonstrate patterns of multifaceted competence and more likely to demonstrate aggregate maladaptation across domains. Additionally, Black men who demonstrated a pattern of multifaceted psychosocial competence also evidenced higher levels of low-grade inflammation (indexed by CRP), suggesting physiological distress was associated with adaptation in the context of stress among these individuals. Findings demonstrate the heterogenous patterns of functioning and diverse developmental outcomes that follow early adversity.

Pathways to Crime and Emerging Adulthood: Differences between Prison Inmates and Normative Young Adults in Israel

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 726-746
Author(s):  
Mally Shechory-Bitton ◽  
Maayan Zohari
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
Model Research ◽  
Life Course Persistent ◽  
At Risk Populations ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Pathways To Crime

The current study evaluates differences between inmates and normative young male adults based on the Pathways to Crime model. Research findings support the model’s assumptions, showing that inmate characteristics are consistent with the Life-Course Persistent (LCP) pathway, while the characteristics of the non-inmates are mostly consistent with the abstainers’ pathway. This investigation makes a theoretical contribution, demonstrating the model’s suitability for distinguishing between crime pathways among emerging adults. Also, emphasis is placed on emerging adulthood as an intermediate period on the path to adulthood, which can affect the evolution of crime pathways among at-risk populations.

scholarly journals Substance Use and Mental Health Outcomes During Emerging Adulthood Among Individuals With Different Patterns of Child Maltreatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-547
Author(s):  
Kate Guastaferro ◽  
Bethany C. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Health Disorders

The aim of the current study was to identify patterns of child maltreatment experienced prior to age 18 and examine the relationship between those patterns and substance use and mental health disorders among emerging adults. Data were from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. The analytic sample consisted of 5,194 adults between 18 and 25 years old. Latent class analysis revealed a three-class model: Rare Maltreatment (59%); Occasional Maltreatment, Rare Sexual Abuse (37%); and Frequent Maltreatment, Some Sexual Abuse (4%). Risk of substance use disorders and poor mental health was higher for the two classes who experienced maltreatment; however, those with Frequent Maltreatment had higher risk of poor mental health, but not substance use disorders compared to those with Occasional Maltreatment. Patterns of child maltreatment are important predictors of substance use and mental health disorders in emerging adulthood, but different patterns may necessitate specific intervention efforts.

scholarly journals Stumbling Into Adulthood: Learning From Depression While Growing Up

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1392-1408
Author(s):  
Rachel Grob ◽  
Mark Schlesinger ◽  
Meg Wise ◽  
Nancy Pandhi
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resilience Theory ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Adult Roles ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
And Coping

Depression manifests in distinct ways across the life course. Recent research emphasizes how depression impedes development during emerging adulthood. However, our study—based on 40 interviews with emerging adults from multiple regions in the United States, analyzed following grounded theory—suggests a more complex narrative. Increasing experience with cycles of depression can also catalyze (a) mature perspectives and coping mechanisms that protect against depression’s lowest lows; (b) deeper self-knowledge and direction, which in turn promoted a coherent personal identity; and (c) emergence of a life purpose, which fostered attainment of adult roles, skill development, greater life satisfaction, and enriched identity. Our synthesis reveals how depression during emerging adulthood can function at once as toxin, potential antidote, and nutritional supplement fostering healthy development. Our central finding that young adults adapt to rather than recover from depression can also enrich resilience theory, and inform both social discourse and clinical practice.

scholarly journals Developmental cascades from child maltreatment to negative friend and romantic interactions in emerging adulthood

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1649-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth D. Handley ◽  
Justin Russotti ◽  
Fred A. Rogosch ◽  
Dante Cicchetti
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Antisocial Tendencies

AbstractMaltreatment during childhood is associated with difficult interpersonal relationships throughout the life course. The aim of the current study was to investigate differential pathways from child maltreatment to emerging adult relationship dysfunction. Specifically, we prospectively tested whether child maltreatment initiates a developmental cascade resulting in coercive negative romantic and friend interactions in emerging adulthood via childhood antisocial tendencies and via childhood relational aggression. Utilizing a longitudinal sample of emerging adult participants (N = 392; mean age = 20 years old) who took part in a summer research camp program as children (mean age = 11 years old), results supported pathways via both childhood antisocial behavior and childhood relational aggression. We found specificity within these pathways such that childhood antisocial behavior was a mediator of child maltreatment effects on emerging adult negative romantic interactions, whereas childhood relational aggression was a mediator of child maltreatment effects on emerging adult negative friend interactions. Taken together, results indicate that children exposed to maltreatment face significant interpersonal challenges in emerging adulthood, within both the friend and the romantic domains, and point to distinct childhood pathways to these negative interactions. Our findings are consistent with Dishion's (2016) theoretical framework for understanding the development of coercion in relationships and highlight the criticality of early intervention with maltreating families.

scholarly journals Delinquency in Emerging Adulthood: Insights into Trajectories of Young Adults in a German Sample and Implications for Measuring Continuity of Offending

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-447
Author(s):  
Georg Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Latent Class Growth Analysis ◽  
Life Course Criminology ◽  
Delinquent Behaviors ◽  
Opportunity Structures ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Latent Class Growth

Abstract The majority of studies within the framework of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology focus on adolescence. There are even fewer studies that deal with heterotypic measures of delinquency. This study fills a gap in the literature by targeting exclusively the period of emerging adulthood (ages 18 to 28) and scrutinizing different trajectories and patterns of offending (offending portfolios) thereof. We discuss the topic of continuity of offending with changing opportunity structures for an adult population via contrast of one set of delinquent behaviors reflecting opportunity structures in adolescence (youth set) and one where adult-appropriate criminal activities were added (total set). We applied latent class growth analysis (LCGA) to both sets in a sample of 1810 German men and women aged 18 to 28 years. During emerging adulthood, average crime versatility and incidences increase slightly with items of the total set, while it decreases with only the youth set. LCGA on the total set reveals five meaningful trajectories with declining but also increasing slopes. Among these is one trajectory of innocuous adolescents, who start an offending career with mainly adult crimes during emerging adulthood. Of the sample, 45.25% reported at least one offense during that period. Traffic offenses and fraud are the most prevalent types of offending. While the sample’s majority is considered non-offenders, emerging adults do not entirely cease to commit offenses. Instead, they shift their preference towards age-appropriate and covert ways to act anti-socially. Trajectory groups reflect proclivities towards either youth, adult, or a mix of both types of crime.

Millennials as Emerging Adults

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Risman
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Millennial Generation ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Traditional Beliefs ◽  
Gender Revolution

This chapter begins by providing a historical context for the Millennial generation. Growing up is different in the 21st century than before; it takes much longer. Given how many years youth take to explore their identities before they emerge into adulthood with stable jobs and committed partners, the chapter reviews what we now about “emerging adulthood” as a stage of human development. The chapter also highlights a debate in social science as to whether Millennials are entitled narcissists or a new civically engaged generation that will re-energize America. The chapter concludes with an overview of another debate, whether Millennials are pushing the gender revolution forward or returning to more traditional beliefs.

Parent and Grandparent Relationships in Emerging Adulthood

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Pratt ◽  
M. Kyle Matsuba
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Family Development ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Theory Framework

Chapter 7 begins with an overview of Erikson’s ideas about intimacy and its place in the life cycle, followed by a summary of Bowlby and Ainsworth’s attachment theory framework and its relation to family development. The authors review existing longitudinal research on the development of family relationships in adolescence and emerging adulthood, focusing on evidence with regard to links to McAdams and Pals’ personality model. They discuss the evidence, both questionnaire and narrative, from the Futures Study data set on family relationships, including emerging adults’ relations with parents and, separately, with grandparents, as well as their anticipations of their own parenthood. As a way of illustrating the key personality concepts from this family chapter, the authors end with a case study of Jane Fonda in youth and her father, Henry Fonda, to illustrate these issues through the lives of a 20th-century Hollywood dynasty of actors.

scholarly journals Can Supportive Siblings Protect against the Risk that Stress from Feelings of Alienation with Parents and Peers Poses to Mental Health in Emerging Adulthood?

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2199385
Author(s):  
Muna Osman ◽  
Dave Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Two Samples

Feelings of alienation with parents and peers can lead to psychological distress, possibly because such feelings are stressful. Supportive siblings are known to foster mental health in youth, but research in emerging adulthood is limited. We hypothesized supportive sibling climate as a protective factor in the risks that stress from parent and peer alienation poses to psychological distress among emerging adults. A proposed moderated-mediation model was tested, across three samples, using latent moderated mediation structural equation modeling. Results indicated that parental and peer alienation were associated with more psychological distress, and stress partially mediated the link between parental (but not peer) alienation and psychological distress in two samples. However, a supportive sibling climate was not protective as it did not moderate the links among alienation, stress, and psychological distress. In sum, siblings seem beneficial, but perhaps it is not sufficient to protect emerging adults’ mental health against stress from parent and peer alienation.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Combined Oral Contraceptives Users and Is Positively Associated with High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1070
Author(s):  
Sabina Cauci ◽  
Serena Xodo ◽  
Cinzia Buligan ◽  
Chiara Colaninno ◽  
Mattia Barbina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Free Oxygen Radical ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Healthy Women

Information concerning the mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation in young healthy women predisposing eventually to future diseases is scarce. We investigated the relationship of oxidative stress and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in fertile-age women by oral combined contraceptive (OC) use. Caucasian Italian healthy non-obese women (n = 290; 100 OC-users; 190 non-OC-users; mean age 23.2 ± 4.7 years) were analyzed. Blood hydroperoxides, as oxidative stress biomarkers, were assessed by Free Oxygen Radical Test (FORT). Serum hsCRP was determined by an ultra-sensitive method (hsCRP). Markedly elevated oxidative stress (≥400 FORT Units) was found in 77.0% of OC-users and 1.6% of non-OC-users, odds ratio (OR) = 209, 95% CI = 60.9–715.4, p < 0.001. Elevated hsCRP levels ≥ 2.0 mg/L, considered risky for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), were found in 41.0% of OC-users and 9.5% of non-OC-users, OR = 6.6, 95%CI 3.5–12.4, p < 0.001. Hydroperoxides were strongly positively correlated to hsCRP in all women (rs = 0.622, p < 0.001), in OC-users (rs = 0.442, p < 0.001), and in non-OC-users (rs = 0.426, p < 0.001). Women with hydroperoxides ≥ 400 FORT Units were eight times as likely to have hsCRP ≥ 2 mg/L. In non-OC-users only, hydroperoxides values were positively correlated with weight and body mass index, but negatively correlated with red meat, fish and chocolate consumption. Our research is the first finding a strong positive correlation of serum hydroperoxides with hsCRP, a marker of low-grade chronic inflammation, in young healthy women. Further research is needed to elucidate the potential role of these two biomarkers in OC-use associated side-effects, like thromboembolism and other CVDs.

scholarly journals Association between fasting insulin and C-reactive protein among adults without diabetes using a two-part model: NHANES 2005–2010

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Missel ◽  
Laura R. Saslow ◽  
Dina H. Griauzde ◽  
Donna Marvicsin ◽  
Ananda Sen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Part Model

Abstract Introduction Chronic inflammation is associated with the development, progression and long-term complications of type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, and thus has become the focus of many screening and treatment recommendations. We hypothesize that insulin may also be associated with inflammation and may be an additional factor to consider in screening and treatment. Methods This study used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2005 to 2010 to analyze the association between fasting insulin and C-reactive protein (CRP). A two-part model was used due to the high number of values reported as 0.1 mg/L. Two models were analyzed, both with and without the addition of waist circumference to other covariates in the model. Results The final sample included 4527 adults with a mean age of 43.31 years. In the first model, higher fasting insulin was associated with increased odds of CRP > 0.1 mg/L (OR = 1.02, p < .001) and with higher CRP (β = 0.03, p < .001). In the adjusted model, including waist circumference as a covariate, higher fasting insulin was not associated with CRP > 0.1 mg/L (OR = 1.00, p = .307) but the association between higher fasting insulin and higher continuous CRP remained significant (β = 0.01, p = .012). Conclusion This study found that higher fasting insulin is associated with higher CRP. These results suggest that treatment approaches that simultaneously decrease insulin levels as well as glucose levels may provide additive anti-inflammatory effects, and therefore may improve long-term outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes.

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