PREHISPANIC MAYA BURNT LIME INDUSTRIES: PREVIOUS STUDIES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Seligson ◽  
Soledad Ortiz Ruiz ◽  
Luis Barba Pingarrón
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Burnt Lime ◽  
The Past ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Lime Consumption ◽  
Maya Area ◽  
Lime Production

AbstractBurnt lime has played a significant role in daily Maya life since at least as far back as 1100 b.c., and yet its ephemeral nature has limited archaeological studies of its production. The application of new surveying and remote sensing technologies in recent decades is now allowing for a more in-depth investigation of the burnt lime industries that existed in different subregions of the Maya area. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of pre-Hispanic Maya burnt lime production. It then presents an analysis of the factors influencing the development and identification of distinct subregional lime production industries, including: lime consumption requirements and inter-site spacing; natural environment; local social and economic trajectories; and the objectives and survey universes of archaeological investigations. In reporting the tremendous advances made over the past few decades, this paper encourages archaeologists to include a focus on identifying lime production features in their research agendas.

USING MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE TO IDENTIFY PREHISPANIC MAYA BURNT-LIME KILNS IN THE NORTHERN YUCATÁN PENINSULA

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Seligson ◽  
Tomás Gallareta Negrón ◽  
Rossana May Ciau ◽  
George J. Bey
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Maya Lowlands ◽  
Burnt Lime ◽  
Lime Kilns ◽  
Maya Area ◽  
Socioeconomic Organization ◽  
Lime Production ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

This study discusses the investigation of a series of pit-kilns in and around the prehispanic site of Kiuic in the Puuc region of the northern Maya lowlands and presents the multiple lines of evidence that identify these structures as lime production features. The study reports the results of systematic excavations, archaeometric analyses, archaeological experiments, ethnographic inquiries, and spatial analyses. Burnt lime has been used for architectural, dietary, hygienic, and other purposes by the Maya for at least three millennia and yet its importance in prehispanic Maya society is belied by the lack of lime production features identified in the archaeological record. The identification of these structures as lime production features has implications for understanding subregional differences in socioeconomic organization and resource management practices among the prehispanic Maya. This report provides a model for using multiple methods and analyses to investigate and identify lime production kilns that can be applied to societies and landscapes throughout the Maya area and the broader premodern world.

Future directions for marine disease research

2020 ◽  
pp. 257-260
Author(s):  
Rebecca Vega Thurber
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Disease Monitoring ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Holistic Approaches ◽  
Ecological Principles ◽  
Contextual Interactions

Marine Disease Ecology synthesizes current work on disease in marine systems. Although we have learned a great deal about marine diseases, basic surveillance is difficult, disease mechanisms are complex, and general ecological principles are illusive. Fortunately, technology is no longer what thwarts our capabilities to sample and analyze individual samples for potential parasites, pathogens, or opportunists. Increasingly sophisticated advancements in remote sensing, molecular biology, computer technology, and data analytics open new avenues to study marine diseases. With such tools in place, we now need better surveillance, a quantitatively savvy workforce, and new visions that will produce clarity in how to understand, prevent, or mitigate marine diseases. Although we are making great strides, more holistic approaches can increase our reach in disease monitoring and disentangle the contextual interactions among hosts, their disease-causing agents, and the environment. Such new approaches will also allow us to look into the past, rediscover what we missed, and use this information to predict, and ideally prevent, the next outbreak in the ocean.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

Comparison and Analysis of Computational Methods for Identifying N6 - methyladenosine Sites in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengmian Feng ◽  
Lijing Feng ◽  
Chaohui Tang
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Computational Prediction ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past

Background and Purpose: N 6 -methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in a broad set of biological processes. Knowledge about the precise location of m6A site in the transcriptome is vital for deciphering its biological functions. Although experimental techniques have made substantial contributions to identify m6A, they are still labor intensive and time consuming. As good complements to experimental methods, in the past few years, a series of computational approaches have been proposed to identify m6A sites. Methods: In order to facilitate researchers to select appropriate methods for identifying m6A sites, it is necessary to give a comprehensive review and comparison on existing methods. Results: Since researches on m6A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are relatively clear, in this review, we summarized recent progresses on computational prediction of m6A sites in S. cerevisiae and assessed the performance of existing computational methods. Finally, future directions of computationally identifying m6A sites were presented. Conclusion: Taken together, we anticipate that this review will provide important guides for computational analysis of m 6A modifications.

Nucleosides and Nucleoside Analogues as Emerging Antiviral Drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ibrahim Elzagheid
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Nucleoside Analogues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nucleoside Drugs

: Nucleosides and their analogues have been in use for many years and have become essential for treating patients with viral infections. Many additional nucleoside drugs have been approved over the past decades. This strongly demonstrates how important these compounds are and the crucial role they play. Given that a significant amount of research and literature has been documented regarding nucleoside analogues, this review article mainly focuses the discussion on nucleosides and nucleoside analogous that have proven to play significant role or be emerging in the treatment of known viral infections. This covers the names, structures, applications, toxicity, and mode of action of relevant nucleoside analogues.

scholarly journals The Use of Autogenous Teeth for Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1853
Author(s):  
João Cenicante ◽  
João Botelho ◽  
Vanessa Machado ◽  
José João Mendes ◽  
Paulo Mascarenhas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ridge Preservation ◽  
Graft Material ◽  
Alveolar Ridge ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Oral Rehabilitation ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Alveolar Ridge Preservation ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Teeth Extraction

Alveolar ridge resorption is a natural consequence of teeth extraction, with unpleasant aesthetic and functional consequences that might compromise a future oral rehabilitation. To minimize the biological consequences of alveolar ridge resorption, several surgical procedures have been designed, the so-called alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) techniques. One important characteristic is the concomitant use of biomaterial in ARP. In the past decade, autogenous teeth as a bone graft material in post-extraction sockets have been proposed with very interesting outcomes, yet with different protocols of preparation. Here we summarize the available evidence on autogenous teeth as a biomaterial in ARP, its different protocols and future directions.

scholarly journals Monitoring Changes in the Transparency of the Largest Reservoir in Eastern China in the Past Decade, 2013–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2570
Author(s):  
Teng Li ◽  
Bozhong Zhu ◽  
Fei Cao ◽  
Hao Sun ◽  
Xianqiang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Remote Sensing Reflectance

Based on characteristics analysis about remote sensing reflectance, the Secchi Disk Depth (SDD) in the Qiandao Lake was predicted from the Landsat8/OLI data, and its changing rates on a pixel-by-pixel scale were obtained from satellite remote sensing for the first time. Using 114 matchups data pairs during 2013–2019, the SDD satellite algorithms suitable for the Qiandao Lake were obtained through both the linear regression and machine learning (Support Vector Machine) methods, with remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) at different OLI bands and the ratio of Rrs (Band3) to Rrs (Band2) as model input parameters. Compared with field observations, the mean absolute relative difference and root mean squared error of satellite-derived SDD were within 20% and 1.3 m, respectively. Satellite-derived results revealed that SDD in the Qiandao Lake was high in boreal spring and winter, and reached the lowest in boreal summer, with the annual mean value of about 5 m. Spatially, high SDD was mainly concentrated in the southeast lake area (up to 13 m) close to the dam. The edge and runoff area of the lake were less transparent, with an SDD of less than 4 m. In the past decade (2013–2020), 5.32% of Qiandao Lake witnessed significant (p < 0.05) transparency change: 4.42% raised with a rate of about 0.11 m/year and 0.9% varied with a rate of about −0.09 m/year. Besides, the findings presented here suggested that heavy rainfall would have a continuous impact on the Qiandao Lake SDD. Our research could promote the applications of land observation satellites (such as the Landsat series) in water environment monitoring in inland reservoirs.

scholarly journals Small Molecule Inhibitors of Influenza Virus Entry

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 587
Author(s):  
Zhaoyu Chen ◽  
Qinghua Cui ◽  
Michael Caffrey ◽  
Lijun Rong ◽  
Ruikun Du
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Small Molecule Inhibitors ◽  
Virus Entry ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past

Hemagglutinin (HA) plays a critical role during influenza virus receptor binding and subsequent membrane fusion process, thus HA has become a promising drug target. For the past several decades, we and other researchers have discovered a series of HA inhibitors mainly targeting its fusion machinery. In this review, we summarize the advances in HA-targeted development of small molecule inhibitors. Moreover, we discuss the structural basis and mode of action of these inhibitors, and speculate upon future directions toward more potent inhibitors of membrane fusion and potential anti-influenza drugs.

scholarly journals The Past, Present and Future of Cannabis sativa Tissue Culture

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Adrian S. Monthony ◽  
Serena R. Page ◽  
Mohsen Hesami ◽  
Andrew Maxwell P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Drug Type

The recent legalization of Cannabis sativa L. in many regions has revealed a need for effective propagation and biotechnologies for the species. Micropropagation affords researchers and producers methods to rapidly propagate insect-/disease-/virus-free clonal plants and store germplasm and forms the basis for other biotechnologies. Despite this need, research in the area is limited due to the long history of prohibitions and restrictions. Existing literature has multiple limitations: many publications use hemp as a proxy for drug-type Cannabis when it is well established that there is significant genotype specificity; studies using drug-type cultivars are predominantly optimized using a single cultivar; most protocols have not been replicated by independent groups, and some attempts demonstrate a lack of reproducibility across genotypes. Due to culture decline and other problems, the multiplication phase of micropropagation (Stage 2) has not been fully developed in many reports. This review will provide a brief background on the history and botany of Cannabis as well as a comprehensive and critical summary of Cannabis tissue culture. Special attention will be paid to current challenges faced by researchers, the limitations of existing Cannabis micropropagation studies, and recent developments and future directions of Cannabis tissue culture technologies.

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