The Drover's Wife and the Drover's Daughter: Histories of Single Farming Women and Debates in Australian Historiography

Rural History ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-194
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
The Other ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Rural History ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
New Research ◽  
Rural Australia

AbstractIn the 1980s two vigorous debates commanded the attention of economic and feminist historians alike, and they played a key part in shaping the historiography concerning rural women in Australia. One debate revolved around the use of the nineteenth-century census in determining women's occupations, including those of farming women. The other debate, part of a wider feminist conversation about women's agency, focused on the question of the nature of white women's lives within colonial families and society. Despite the centrality of rural women to these debates, and the role colonial women's histories played in shaping the historiography, these debates did not impact upon the writing of rural history in Australia. This article revisits these debates in the light of new research into the lives of never-married women on Australia's family farms and uses their histories to question the conclusions arrived at by feminist and economic historians. It also questions the continuing invisibility of rural women in histories of rural Australia and hopes to provoke more discussion between rural and feminist historians.

scholarly journals Neo-classicism and the other Revivals in 1840 New Zealand: British Domestic Design in Indigenous Materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
William Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thomas King ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Indigenous Materials ◽  
New Research ◽  
Domestic Design

In the first decades of the nineteenth century there was an insatiable enthusiasm for the fashions of previous eras. New research has established that designs for domestic furnishings in America, Australia and New Zealand were concurrent with the latest London and Paris fashions. It may be hard to imagine, with the priorities of convict and missionary life in the Australasian colonies, that influence of some of the greatest English designers was of any importance.Furniture designs by George Hepplewhite (1788), Thomas Sheraton (1794) and Thomas Hope (1807) can be found in New South Wales, while George Smith (1826), Thomas King (1829-35) and John Loudon (1833) can be identified in New Zealand. Elements of current British style trends from thereon can be seen in colonial-made furniture as mainstream fashion. By the 1840s the rare surviving examples made of native timbers are typical of those that could be found in any English home. Evidence does survive and, with interpretation, reveals a consistent influx of modern styles into the new colonies.

scholarly journals The Dichotomy of Intimate Garments: Women’s Stays and Pockets in Georgian Britain

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Cotton Cornwall
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
The Public ◽  
Women's Clothing ◽  
Women's Relationships ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
The Public Sphere

In John Collet’s 1777 print, Tight Lacing, or Fashion Before Ease a woman is depicted holding onto a bed poster as her maid and husband strain to tighten the lacing on her stays. Meanwhile, a large tie-on pocket can be seen hanging from the woman’s waist. Although they were worn closely together on the female body stays and pockets have been studied independently from each other. This is understandable, as at first glance, they appear incomparable. Stays were the precursor to nineteenth century corsets and they moulded the body into the desired and fashionable shape. Pockets on the other hand were utilitarian bags meant for carrying necessary items; separate from women’s clothing they were tied around the waist with string and were hidden under the skirts. Despite the initial differences, these garments did not function independently from each other. Using caricatures, etiquette books, and physical examples found in museum collections, this study demonstrates that when examined in tandem it becomes apparent that stays and pockets served distinct, yet overlapping functions in women’s lives. They informed women’s relationships with their surrounding environments, strengthened women’s connection to the domestic realm, yet also gave women freedom to move outside the home and participate within the public sphere. Furthermore, both items also acted as private spaces, which allowed women to actively partake in romantic courtship and sexual flirtations in a gender appropriate way. By juxtaposing stays and pockets this study contributes to the growing historical discussion surrounding these items, but also begins to piece together a larger picture of the role undergarments, as a whole, played in women’s lives.

scholarly journals Cataract Services are Leaving Widows Behind: Examples from National Cross-Sectional Surveys in Nigeria and Sri Lanka

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Ramke ◽  
Fatima Kyari ◽  
Nyawira Mwangi ◽  
MMPN Piyasena ◽  
GVS Murthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals aim to leave no one behind. We explored the hypothesis that women without a living spouse—including those who are widowed, divorced, separated, and never married—are a vulnerable group being left behind by cataract services. Using national cross-sectional blindness surveys from Nigeria (2005–2007; n = 13,591) and Sri Lanka (2012–2014; n = 5779) we categorized women and men by marital status (married/not-married) and place of residence (urban/rural) concurrently. For each of the eight subgroups we calculated cataract blindness, cataract surgical coverage (CSC), and effective cataract surgical coverage (eCSC). Not-married women, who were predominantly widows, experienced disproportionate cataract blindness—in Nigeria they were 19% of the population yet represented 56% of those with cataract blindness; in Sri Lanka they were 18% of the population and accounted for 54% of those with cataract blindness. Not-married rural women fared worst in access to services—in Nigeria their CSC of 25.2% (95% confidence interval, CI 17.8–33.8%) was far lower than the best-off subgroup (married urban men, CSC 80.0% 95% CI 56.3–94.3); in Sri Lanka they also lagged behind (CSC 68.5% 95% CI 56.6–78.9 compared to 100% in the best-off subgroup). Service quality was also comparably poor for rural not-married women—eCSC was 8.9% (95% CI 4.5–15.4) in Nigeria and 37.0% (95% CI 26.0–49.1) in Sri Lanka. Women who are not married are a vulnerable group who experience poor access to cataract services and high cataract blindness. To “leave no one behind”, multi-faceted strategies are needed to address their needs.

Petites Bourgeoises and Penny Capitalists: Women in Retail in the Lille Area during the Nineteenth Century

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Béatrice Craig
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Northern France ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Standards Of Living

With few exceptions, historians have argued that in the nineteenth century women were excluded from most retail activities. In Europe women became increasingly concentrated in small-scale, undercapitalized, and short-lived stores. The “separate sphere” ideology in its different guises underlay this evolution. In North America, on the other hand, women capitalized on this ideology to carve a niche for themselves in trade and retailing. Women were not marginalized or segregated everywhere in Europe, however. In northern France the expansion of retail trade and overall improvements in standards of living provided women, especially married ones, with opportunities they were not reluctant to grasp. Though the activities of married women remained subordinated to the needs of their families, female retailers were neither particularly impoverished nor segregated in sectors deemed appropriate for persons of their sex.

Collections of Memory Institutions: New Trends for Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Arvydas Pacevičius
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Library History ◽  
Modern Library ◽  
Research Paradigms ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
New Research

The publication features information on research done during the Bibliotheca Lituana project. In particular the focus is on collections of memory institutions, new perspectives on library and other memory institution, i.e. archives, museums, research. Modern library history has adopted relevant theoretical perspectives from social and cultural theory. Currently these perspectives incorporate not only the activities and collections of the aforementioned institutions but also the more widely interpreted information infrastructure, that do not have libraries as their main frame of reference. Problems faced publishing archival sources are also examined. It was determined that insufficient attention is given to research and publication of old catalogues, inventories and book listings. On the other hand a unified system and methodology for publishing of the aforementioned sources does not exist. We come to a conclusion that through new research paradigms, an interdisciplinary approach and change of thought in the archival, librarian and museology communities, we can start systematic research of libraries and other memory institutions. Their results would complement the pages of the continued Bibliotheca Lituana publications.

Natives, Religion, and Race in Colonial America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linford D. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
Religion And Race ◽  
Racial Lines ◽  
Modern Sense ◽  
Over Time

Although racial lines eventually hardened on both sides, in the opening decades of colonization European and native ideas about differences between themselves and the other were fluid and dynamic, changing on the ground in response to local developments and experiences. Over time, perceived differences were understood to be rooted in more than just environment and culture. In the eighteenth century, bodily differences became the basis for a wider range of deeper, more innate distinctions that, by the nineteenth century, hardened into what we might now understand to be racialized differences in the modern sense. Despite several centuries of dispossession, disease, warfare, and enslavement at the hands of Europeans, native peoples in the Americans almost universally believed the opposite to be true. The more indigenous Americans were exposed to Europeans, the more they believed in the vitality and superiority of their own cultures.

scholarly journals General Environment Description Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Zatwarnicki ◽  
Waldemar Pokuta ◽  
Anna Bryniarska ◽  
Anna Zatwarnicka ◽  
Andrzej Metelski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Fields ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Description Language ◽  
It Systems ◽  
New Research ◽  
Future Work

Artificial intelligence has been developed since the beginning of IT systems. Today there are many AI techniques that are successfully applied. Most of the AI field is, however, concerned with the so-called “narrow AI” demonstrating intelligence only in specialized areas. There is a need to work on general AI solutions that would constitute a framework enabling the integration of already developed narrow solutions and contribute to solving general problems. In this work, we present a new language that potentially can become a base for building intelligent systems of general purpose in the future. This language is called the General Environment Description Language (GEDL). We present the motivation for our research based on the other works in the field. Furthermore, there is an overall description of the idea and basic definitions of elements of the language. We also present an example of the GEDL language usage in the JSON notation. The example shows how to store the knowledge and define the problem to be solved, and the solution to the problem itself. In the end, we present potential fields of application and future work. This article is an introduction to new research in the field of Artificial General Intelligence.

Combatting Bias in the Criminal Courts of France, 1870s-1913

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-168
Author(s):  
James Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Working Class ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Chief Justice ◽  
Jury Verdicts ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
A Charge

Abstract In nineteenth-century France, liberals assumed that a conservative judiciary was frequently biased in favour of the prosecution, and socialists assumed that juries were dominated by the upper classes and too unrepresentative of the population to render justice equitably. Agitation by the left to combat these perceived biases led to the adoption of two key reforms of the fin de siècle. One was the abolition in 1881 of the résumé, or summing-up of the case by the chief justice of the cour d’assises (felony court). Liberals thought this reform was necessary because judges allegedly often used the résumé to persuade jurors in favour of conviction, a charge repeated by modern historians. The other reform, beginning at about the same time, was to make jury composition more democratic. By 1880, newly empowered liberals (at least in Paris) had begun to reduce the proportion of wealthy men on jury lists. This was followed in 1908 by the implementation of a circular issued by the Minister of Justice ordering the jury commissions to inscribe working-class men on the annual jury lists. However, a quantitative analysis of jury verdicts suggests that the reforms of the early 1880s and 1908 had only modest impacts on jury verdicts. Ideas and attitudes seem to have been more important. This has implications regarding two key controversies among modern jurists: the extent to which judges influence jurors and the extent to which the characteristics of jurors influence their verdicts.

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