On the strategic use of border tax adjustments as a second-best climate policy measure

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Mason ◽  
Edward B. Barbier ◽  
Victoria I. Umanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Policy Measure ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Border Tax Adjustments ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Border Tax Adjustment

AbstractWe investigate the interaction between a developed country that imports a carbon-intensive product, such as electricity, and a transitioning economy that exports the product. Production of the good generates a transboundary externality related to climate change; if this externality is priced improperly, the application of a feed-in tariff or border tax adjustment can provide an indirect policy instrument. We analyze the application of such a measure in a stark model where the importing country cares about climate-related damages while the exporting country does not; this can be viewed as reflecting a scenario where the (developed) importing country is more concerned about climate change than is the (transitioning) exporting economy. Because climate change will occur over a long time frame, the problem is dynamic. In this modeling context, we describe the manner in which the (second-best) tariff-cum-border tax adjustment relates to the carbon stock.

A “Natural” Proposal for Addressing Climate Change

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Lovejoy
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Long Time

One of the fundamental challenges of climate change is that we contribute to it increment by increment, and experience it increment by increment after a considerable time lag. As a consequence, it is very difficult to see what we are doing to ourselves, to future generations, and to the living planet as a whole. There are monumental ethical issues involved, but they are obscured by the incremental nature of the process and the long time frame before reaching the concentration of greenhouse gases and the ensuing accumulation of radiant heat—and consequent climate change—that ensues.

scholarly journals Global Coordination against Global Warning: “Catch-up” Countries against Affluent Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Jan-Erik Lane
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Global Warning ◽  
The World ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Global Coordination

<p><em>The UNFCCC has delivered the COP21 project as the main response to climate change, promising radical decarbonisation of the country economies in the world. A promise is merely a verbal commitment ex ante, whereas the outcomes of policy-making and government coordination inform about the actual matters of fact ex post. Scholars now fear that there will be reneging or defection in the COP21 games to be started now with a long time frame into the next half of this century. Thus, world famous Stern (2016) asks what we are waiting for, given his stern warnings already in 2007. And Conca (2015) suggests that environmentalism and climate change becomes the chief task for the United Nations, on par with peace, security, human rights and development. Star economist Sachs (2015a, b, c) promotes the idea of linking anti-global warming policies with general </em><em>S</em><em>ustainable </em><em>D</em><em>evelopment (SDGs), including anti-poverty policies. Yet, they bypass fundamentals: climate change is driven by Juggernaut forces, namely the links between GDP, energy consumption and greenhouse gases involving the economic struggle between the haves and have-nots. The challenges in implementing the COP21 goals (I+III) are formidable.</em></p>

Economics of Climate Change Adaptation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babatunde O. Abidoye
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Adaptation Decision ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Global Agreement ◽  
Short Time

To view climate change adaptation from an economic perspective requires a definition of adaptation, an economic framework in which to view adaptation, and a review of the literature on specific adaptations (especially in agriculture). A focus on tools for applying adaptation to developing countries highlights the difference between mitigation and the adaptation decision-making process. Mitigation decisions take a long-term perspective because carbon dioxide lasts for a very long time in the atmosphere. Adaptation decisions typically last the lifespan of the investments, so the time frame depends on the specific adaptation investment, but it is invariably short compared to mitigation choices, which have implications for centuries. The short time frame means that adaptation decisions are not plagued by the same uncertainty that plagues mitigation choices. Finally, most adaptation decisions are local and private, whereas mitigation is a global public decision. Private adaptation will occur even without large government programs. Public adaptations that require government assistance can mainly be made by existing government agencies. Adaptation does not require a global agreement.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Internet of Things Technologies—Sustainable Premises of Extending the Culture of the Amurg Cultivar in Transylvania—A Use Case for Târnave Vineyard

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8170
Author(s):  
Veronica Sanda Chedea ◽  
Ana-Maria Drăgulinescu  ◽  
Liliana Lucia Tomoiagă  ◽  
Cristina Bălăceanu ◽  
Maria Lucia Iliescu 
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
White Wine ◽  
Time Investment ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
Insect Infestations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Red Grape

Known for its dry and semi-dry white wine, the Târnave vineyard located in central Transylvania is challenged by the current climate change, which has resulted in an increase of the period of active vegetation by approximately 15–20 days, the average annual temperature by 1–1.5 °C and also the amount of useful temperatures (useful thermal balance for the grapevine). Furthermore, the frost periods have been reduced. Transylvania is an important Romanian region for grapevine cultivation. In this context, one can use the climatic changes to expand their wine assortment by cultivating an autochthonous grapevine variety called Amurg. Amurg is a red grape cultivar homologated at SCDVV Blaj, which also homologated 7 cultivars and 11 clones. Because viticulture depends on the stability of meteorological and hydrological parameters of the growing area, its foundations are challenged by climate change. Grapevine production is a long time investment, taking at least five years before the freshly planted vines produce the desired quality berries. We propose the implementation of a climate change-based precision viticulture turn-key solution for environmental monitoring in the Târnave vineyard. This solution aims to evaluate the grapevine’s micro-climate to extend the sustainable cultivation of the Amurg red grapes cultivar in Transylvania with the final goal of obtaining Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) rosé and red wines from this region. Worldwide, the changing conditions from the existing climate (a 30-year average), used in the past hundred years to dictate local standards, such as new and erratic trends of temperature and humidity regimes, late spring freezes, early fall frosts, storms, heatwaves, droughts, area wildfires, and insect infestations, would create dynamic problems for all farmers to thrive. These conditions will make it challenging to predict shifts in each of the components of seasonal weather conditions. Our proposed system also aims to give a solution that can be adapted to other vineyards as well.

scholarly journals Overview of Safety Measures at Selected Airports during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8499
Author(s):  
Monika Blišťanová ◽  
Michaela Tirpáková ◽  
Ľubomíra Brůnová
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

The year 2020 was very challenging for the whole world, given the outbreak of the ongoing coronavirus-related pandemic, and was marked in particular by overcoming new hitherto unknown obstacles. For air transport, in particular, airlines stopped flying altogether and were forced to ground hundreds of planes worldwide involuntarily. Airports had to close their terminals for a long time, wholly suspend operations, and its resumption required significant organizational changes. This article summarizes the measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic adopted by airports to minimize the risk of spreading the disease. The article focuses on countermeasures and their implementation at selected airports in a specific time frame and airports’ behavior during a pandemic which varies depending on country and time of the year. The results demonstrated that steps being taken at airports include the use of face coverings or masks, social distance, enhanced cleaning and disinfection, or temperature checks and/or symptoms (fever, loss of smell, chills, cough, shortness of breath), RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) screening and data collection with health declaration. These measures have now become an essential standard for the operation of airports and can, therefore, be used to assess the level of airport safety achieved. In the final phase, the article evaluates the level of achieved airport safety based on the proposed scoring method.

Carbon stock of Banja forest in Banja district, Amhara region, Ethiopia: An implication for climate change mitigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 604-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fentahun Abere ◽  
Yehualashet Belete ◽  
Alemayehu Kefalew ◽  
Teshome Soromessa
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Change Mitigation

scholarly journals A method for the deliberate and deliberative selection of policy instrument mixes for climate change adaptation

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heleen L. P. Mees ◽  
Justin Dijk ◽  
Daan van Soest ◽  
Peter P. J. Driessen ◽  
Marleen H. F. M. W. van Rijswick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Selection Of

Assessment of Biomass and Carbon Stock of planted teak forest in Terai region of Kumaun Himalaya, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-402
Author(s):  
Tanuja Gahlot ◽  
◽  
Prachi Joshi ◽  
Y.S. Rawat ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Teak Plantation ◽  
Forest Division

The ability of forests in atmospheric carbon sequestration is increasingly gaining attention. Present study deals with the estimation of biomass and carbon stock of the teak plantation in the terai central forest division in Kumaun, Uttarakhand State of India. Very few scientific studies were done regarding the teak plantation and the estimation of its biomass in Kumaun. Therefore this study was carried out in this region to assess the role played by teak plantation in climate change. The information regarding the changes in pattern of carbon storage is vital and important because it can be used by government and policymakers to predict the deposit pattern for changing climate. Three sites i.e., Kamola block (Site I), Kamola beat (Site II) and East Gadappu beat (Site III) were selected for the study. Large scale variations in biomass and carbon stock were noted among all three sites. Site III (East Gadappu) showed the maximum biomass and carbon stock (297.03 tha-1 and 143.18 tha-1) followed by site I (Kamola block) (241.9 tha -1and 117.27 t ha-1) and site II ( Kamola beat ) (175.76 t ha-1and 85.79 t ha-1). Although stand density and total basal area of the forest showed almost similar value on all three sites, still the differences in biomass and carbon stock at all sites indicated the positive contribution of biodiversity as shown in the results and negative implications of human disturbance to the forest.

scholarly journals Scaled biotic disruption during early Eocene global warming events

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 4679-4688 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Gibbs ◽  
P. R. Bown ◽  
B. H. Murphy ◽  
A. Sluijs ◽  
K. M. Edgar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Carbon Release ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Late Paleocene and early Eocene hyperthermals are transient warming events associated with massive perturbations of the global carbon cycle, and are considered partial analogues for current anthropogenic climate change. Because the magnitude of carbon release varied between the events, they are natural experiments ideal for exploring the relationship between carbon cycle perturbations, climate change and biotic response. Here we quantify marine biotic variability through three million years of the early Eocene that include five hyperthermals, utilizing a method that allows us to integrate the records of different plankton groups through scenarios ranging from background to major extinction events. Our long time-series calcareous nannoplankton record indicates a scaling of biotic disruption to climate change associated with the amount of carbon released during the various hyperthermals. Critically, only the three largest hyperthermals, the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2) and the I1 event, show above-background variance, suggesting that the magnitude of carbon input and associated climate change needs to surpass a threshold value to cause significant biotic disruption.

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