Effect of increasing level of spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica var. inermis) on intake and digestion by sheep given straw-based diets

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ben Salem ◽  
A. Nefzaoui ◽  
H. Abdouli ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Opuntia Ficus Indica ◽  
Vitamin Mixture

AbstractThe effects of spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica var. inermis) supply on digestion of wheat straw was studied n rumen cannulated sheep. In addition to urea (10 g) and mineral and vitamin mixture (30 g), the animals — received wheat straw alone or supplemented with graded levels of spineless cactus (150, 300, 450 or 600 g dry natter (DM) per head per day). The diets were studied in five successive 25-day periods from February to June 992 in Tunisia. "Water consumption, food intake, digestibility, diurnal variations of ruminal fermentation (pH, mmonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids, protozoal concentrations in rumen fluid) and cellulolytic activity in the umen were measured.Spineless cactus had high contents of ash (260 g/kg DM) and water (926 g/kg fresh weight) and low neutral-detergent fibre content (185 g NDF per kg DM). Crude protein (CP) content of spineless cactus was 2-5 times reater than that of wheat straw (58 v. 23 g/kg DM, respectively). Drinking water consumption was substantially educed (P < 0·001) as the level of spineless cactus increased. When spineless cactus supply exceeded 300 g DM peray, sheep consumed practically no drinking water. The voluntary intake of straw increased significantly with vineless cactus level. Total diet apparent digesibilities of DM, organic matter and CP tended to increase with mneless cactus supply. Such increase was significant only with the 450 and 600 g levels of cactus. NDF and acidetergent-fibre apparent digestibilities were not affected by spineless cactus supply. Addition of spineless cactus up i 300 g DM significantly increased ruminal ammonia nitrogen (P< 0·001) but there was no additional effect with irther supplementation. When sheep were supplemented with spineless cactus, total rumen volatile fatty acid icreased and acetate: propionate ratio decreased significantly. Moreover, spineless cactus supply increased total wtozoa number and reduced significantly rumen cellulolytic activity measured as DM and NDF disappearance of heat straw from incubated nylon bags.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Fat on the Metabolism of Energy and Nitrogen, Serum Parameters, Rumen Fermentation, and Microbiota in twin Hu Male Lambs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjuan Li ◽  
Hui Tao ◽  
Naifeng Zhang ◽  
Tao Ma ◽  
Kaidong Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Fat

AbstractBackgroundFat is the main substance that provides energy to animals. However, the use of fat in twin Hu lambs has not been investigated. Thirty pairs of male twin lambs were examined to investigate the effects of dietary fat on the metabolism of energy and nitrogen, ruminal fermentation, and microbial communities. The twins are randomly allotted to two groups (high fat: HF, normal fat: NF). Two diets of equal protein and different fat levels. The metabolism test was made at 50-60 days of age. Nine pairs of twin lambs are slaughtered randomly, and the rumen fluid is collected at 60 days of age.ResultsThe initial body weight (BW) in the HF group did not differ from that of NF group (P > 0.05), but the final BW was tended to higher than that of NF group (0.05 < P < 0.1). The digestive energy (DE), metabolism energy (ME), DE/ME in the HF group tend to be higher than those in the NF group (0.05 < P < 0.1). Ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and the proportion of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) are higher than that in the NF group (P < 0.05). A high throughput sequencing analysis reveals that there were no differences between the two groups in terms of the richness estimates and diversity indices (P > 0.05). The Proteobacteria and Fibrobacteres phyla were higher than that in NF group (P<0.05).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that high fat diet before weaning can affect the abundance of several groups of rumen bacteria in rumen, such as significantly increasing phyla Proteobacteria and Fibrobacteres, and genera of Succinivibrio, Alloprevotella, and Saccharofermentans, but significantly decreasing genera of Clostridium IV, Dialister, Roseburia, and Butyrivibrio. And high fat diet improved the performance of lambs at weight gain, energy utilization, and had effect on VFA composition but no effects on serum enzymes and serum hormone.

scholarly journals Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

scholarly journals Using glycerin with chitosan extracted from shrimp residue to enhance rumen fermentation and feed use in native Thai bulls

2021 ◽  
pp. 1158-1164
Author(s):  
Anuthida Seankamsorn ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Sarong So ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Glycerin ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Design Factor ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
High Level

Background and Aim: Crude glycerin is changed to propionate in the rumen, while chitosan can be used as a feed supplement to increase propionic acid concentration and decrease methane (CH4) production. We hypothesized that supplementation with a combination of a high level of crude glycerin with chitosan could have a beneficial effect on ruminal fermentation and mitigate CH4 production. This study aimed to explore the combined effects of crude glycerin and chitosan supplementation on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and CH4 calculation in native Thai bulls. Materials and Methods: Four 2-year-old native Thai bulls, weighing 150±20 kg, were kept in a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design. Factor A represented the incorporation of crude glycerin at 10.5% and 21% of the dry matter (DM) of a total mixed ration (TMR), and factor B represented the supplementation of chitosan at 1% and 2% DM of a TMR. Results: Increasing levels of crude glycerin at 21% decreased DM intake by 0.62 kg/day compared with 10.5% crude glycerin (p<0.05), whereas nutrient digestibility did not change (p>0.05). The incorporated crude glycerin and supplemented chitosan levels did not affect the pH, temperature, concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, microbial population, and blood urea nitrogen (p>0.05). Supplemented chitosan and incorporated crude glycerin did not show any interaction effects on the molar portions and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), except estimated CH4. Increasing the incorporated crude glycerin levels increased propionate and decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate ratio, whereas levels of butyrate, acetate, and total VFAs were unchanged. The combination of crude glycerin at 21% in the TMR with chitosan at 2% reduced CH4 estimation by 5.08% compared with the other feed treatment. Conclusion: Increasing incorporated crude glycerin levels in a TMR significantly elevated the propionate concentration, whereas combining 21% crude glycerin in the TMR diet with 2% chitosan supplementation could depress CH4 estimation more effectively than adding one of these supplements alone.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the microbial population in ruminal fluid using real time PCR in steers treated with virginiamycin

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Guo ◽  
J.Q. Wang ◽  
D.P. Bu ◽  
K.L. Liu ◽  
J.P. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Bacteria

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of virginiamycin (VM ) supplementation on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations in steers. Four ruminally cannulated Chinese Luxi steers (BW 559.4 &plusmn; 30.1 kg) were used in a crossover design experiment with an experimental period of 28 days. The forage to concentrate ratio of the basal diet was 35:65 on dry matter basis. The experiment consisted of control treatment and treatment with control diet plus VM at a dose of 30 mg/kg concentrate (DM basis). Rumen fluid was collected at 07:30 prefeeding, at 11:30 and 17:30 postfeeding on day 27 and 28. A part of the pooled sample from rumen fluid was transferred to anaerobic culture by a roll-tube technique and analysed for species-specific real-time PCR quantification. The remaining pooled rumen fluid sample was analyzed for pH, VFA, ammonia N and l-lactic acid. The results showed that VM increased the ruminal pH (6.70 vs. 6.63; P &lt; 0.05), but it decreased ammonia nitrogen (4.94 vs. 6.19 mg/100 ml; P &lt; 0.01) and mean counts of amylolytic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria (P &lt; 0.01) as compared to the control. The additive VM did not affect the l-lactic acid concentration (1.39 vs. 1.26 mmol/l) in rumen fluid. Compared to the control, the steers receiving VM have altered a trend of quantification of Selenomonas ruminantium, Anaerovibrio lipolytica, Ruminococcus albus and Streptococcus bovis in rumen fluid (0.05&lt;p&lt;0.1) as compared to the control. However, VM had no significant effect on Lactobacillus spp. (P = 0.41), Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (P = 0.35), on the genus Ruminococcus (P = 0.25), Ruminococcus flavefaciens (P = 0.52), Prevotella ruminicola (P = 0.54), on the genus Prevotella (P = 0.67) and Megasphaera elsdenii (P = 0.97). In this study, we found that VM had selective effects on ruminal bacteria and influenced ruminal fermentation by changing a part of the specific ruminal bacteria populations.

scholarly journals PSXI-21 Effects of different levels and protein sources on ruminal fermentation of feedlot Nellore steers fed high-concentrate diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 405-405
Author(s):  
Vinícius C De Souza ◽  
Juliana Messana ◽  
Erick Batista ◽  
Paulo Henrique Colovate ◽  
Maria Júlia Ganga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels (10 and 13% crude protein) and protein source on ruminal fermentation of feedlot Nellore steers fed high-concentrate diets. The protein sources tested were urea, dried distillers grains (DDG) and corn gluten meal. The DDG and gluten were used as RUP sources. We used 6 cannulated Nellore steers, rumen, duodenum, and ileum arranged in 6×6 Latin square designed in factorial (2 nitrogen levels and 3 protein sources) balanced for residues. The pH was measured immediately after rumen fluid sampling at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10h after feeding. The NH3-N concentrations were determined with micro-Kjeldahl apparatus. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was assessed by gas chromatography. Data were evaluated using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with repeated measures over time. There was no interaction between sampling time and treatments for NH3-N and pH (P &gt; 0.05). Animals fed diets containing Urea had a higher concentration of NH3-N (20.6 mg/dL) than animals supplemented with Gluten (16.2 mg/dL) or DDG (12.7 mg / dL). There was an increase in the NH3-N concentration (P = 0.049) with the increase of the protein level 10 to 13% CP with 14.7 and 18.3 mg/dL, respectively. The ruminal pH was affected by the dietary protein level (P = 0.016), in which animals fed a level of 10% CP had a higher pH (6.80) compared to the level of 13% CP (6.43). Total and individual VFA concentration was not affected by protein levels and sources (P &gt; 0.05). The reduction of N level and the use of RUP did not adversely affect the ruminal fermentation. Although significant differences were observed for pH, they were small and adequate for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.

The effect of lipid sources on intake, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial protein synthesis in Nellore steers supplemented with glycerol

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Samuel Gomez Insuasti ◽  
Yury Tatiana Granja Salcedo ◽  
Pablo de Souza Castagnino ◽  
Bruno Ramalho Vieira ◽  
Euclides Braga Malheiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The effects of glycerol with fat sources as a feed alternative were investigated in the ration for Nellore steers (Bos indicus). Eight cannulated steers at 30 months of age with initial bodyweight of 554 ± 36.0 kg were used in a double 4 by 4 Latin square design with four consecutive 16-day periods. Treatments were three different diets with lipid sources (soybean, soybean oil and calcium salts of fatty acids) and one diet control without lipid sources. All diets formulated contained 10% crude glycerol and 5% ether extract with a forage:concentrate ratio of 35:65; corn silage was used as forage. The ruminal liquid was sampled for 24 h and ruminal fermentations were monitored by measuring pH, concentrations of ammonia nitrogenand volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Urine samples were obtained from the total collection for 24 h for estimation of rumen microbial protein supply using urinary purine derivatives. Our results showed that the use of lipid sources combined with glycerol did not induce significant changes in rumen pH, acetate molar proportion, ruminal microbial protein or dry matter intake. Although the acetate molar proportion was kept constant within normal parameters, the propionate molar proportion was increased by the diet containing lipid sources. Moreover, we found that there was a negative effect of lipid sources on crude protein and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein intake, and one positive effect on ether extract intake. We believe that association between fat and glycerol may affect rumen fermentation parameters through reducing fibre intake and increasing propionate production and ammonia nitrogen.

Use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (MRS) to Monitor Changes in the Composition of Rumen Fluid

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 109-109
Author(s):  
R. Sanderson ◽  
S.J. Lister ◽  
M.S. Dhanoa
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Packed Column ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Glutamic Dehydrogenase

To obtain more information about rumen fluid composition, levels of different components are determined by a range of techniques which are often slow and cumbersome. This study was established to develop calibration equations for the rapid determination of the composition of rumen fluid with a view to monitoring changes in composition with time.Forty-three strained rumen fluid samples, taken throughout a 7 h period from three lactating cows offered silage either alone or with fish meal or rapeseed meal/urea twice daily, were used. Immediately upon withdrawal from the rumen each sample was analysed for pH, then acidified using concentrated sulphuric acid before storing at -18°C. Following centrifugation at 11600 G concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia-nitrogen were determined in the supernatant by packed column gas chromatography and enzymatically using glutamic dehydrogenase respectively.

Effect of amount of rumen degradable protein on the utilization of wheat straw by Dohne Merino wethers

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-326
Author(s):  
J. van E. Nolte ◽  
A.V. Ferreirat ◽  
H.H. Köster
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Degradable Protein

AbstractA 5 ✕ 5 Latin square was conducted with ruminally and duodenally cannulated Dohne Merino wethers consuming wheat straw to determine the effect of different rumen degradable protein (RDP) levels on forage intake, fermentation characteristics, nutrient flow and digestion. The wethers had ad libitum access to water and wheat straw (32 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM); 742 g neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) per kg DM) that was offered twice daily, immediately after intraruminal infusion of the supplements at 07:00 and 19:00 h. The supplemental RDP (calcium caseinate; 900 g CP per kg DM) levels were: 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 g/day. Each period consisted of 14 days of adaptation and 6 days of sampling. Forage and total organic matter (OM) intakes increased in a linear manner (P < 0•01) with increasing supplemental RDP levels. Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) displayed a quadratic increase with elevated amounts of RDP (P < 0•01). The effects of treatments on rumen and total tract digestion, as well as fluid dilution rate were minimal. Microbial nitrogen (MN) flow to the duodenum and microbial efficiency increased quadratically (P < 0•04) with increased RDP supplementation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations increased linearly (P < 0•01) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) tended to increase linearly (P = 0•07). In conclusion, RDP supplementation to Dohne Merino wethers consuming wheat straw generally enhanced rumen fermentation and forage intake. A total RDP intake (sources: calcium caseinate and wheat straw) of 3•30 g/kg M0•75 or 0•12 of DOM maximized DOMI.

scholarly journals Multiple-factor associative effects of peanut shell combined with alfalfa and concentrate determined by in vitro gas production method

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 352-360
Author(s):  
Jiu Yuan ◽  
Xinjie Wan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Peanut Shell ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production

The associative effects (AE) between concentrate (C), peanut shell (P) and alfalfa (A) were investigated by means of an automated gas production (GP) system. The C, P and A were incubated alone or as 40 : 60 : 0, 40 : 45 : 15, 40 : 30 : 30, 40 : 15 : 45, 40 : 0 : 60 and 30 : 70 : 0, 30 : 55 : 15, 30 : 40 : 30, 30 : 25 : 45, 30 : 10 : 60, 30 : 0 : 70 mixtures where the C : roughage (R) ratios were 40 : 60 and 30 : 70. Samples (0.2000 ± 0.0010 g) of single feeds or mixtures were incubated for 96 h in individual bottles (100 ml) with 30 ml of buffered rumen fluid. GP parameters were analysed using a single exponential equation. After incubation, the residues were used to determine pH, dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N) of the incubation fluid, and their single factor AE indices (SFAEI) and multiple-factors AE indices (MFAEI) were determined. The results showed that group of 30 peanut shell had higher SFAEI of GP<sub>48 h</sub>, DMD, OMD and total volatile fatty acids (p &lt; 0.05) and MFAEI (p &lt; 0.05) than groups 60, 45 and 0 when C : R was 40 : 60. The group of 10 peanut shell showed higher SFAEI of GP<sub>48 h</sub>, DMD and OMD (p &lt; 0.05) than groups 70, 55 and 40 and MFAEI (p &lt; 0.01) when C : R was 30 : 70. It is concluded that optimal SFAEI and MFAEI were obtained when the C : P : A ratios were 40 : 30 : 30 and 30 : 10 : 60.

scholarly journals Impact of Cadmium Intoxication on Health Status, Rumen and Blood Constituents in Egyptian Ossimi Sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-106
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Antioxidant Markers ◽  
The Impact

Toxic heavy metals particularly Cadmium (Cd) have a hazardous impact on animal health and productivity because of their ill-degradability and bio-accumulation for long periods. This study carried out on 52 Ossimi sheep belonging to Giza Governorate, including 12 sheep considered as control (kept in a private farm) and 40 sheep grazed on an area polluted with cadmium. Drinking water, animal blood and rumen fluid samples were collected from all sheep. Complete blood, rumen and serum constituents were analyzed. Iron, copper, zinc, oxidant, and antioxidant markers were evaluated and Cd levels in water, rumen fluid and serum were investigated to show the impact of Cd on those parameters. Physical examination revealed significant disturbance in health status of Cd-exposed sheep. Rumen fluid examination showed significant increase in rumen pH, significant decrease in rumen ammonia-nitrogen, TVFAs, AST, ALT, GGT, Ca and Ph. Blood constituent revealed significant alteration as significant decrease in RBCs count, Hb, PCV, MCHC and TLC as well as impaired hepatic and renal function and significant decrease of antioxidant markers. These alterations associated with strong positive correlation between these altered parameters and cadmium level in drinking water, rumen fluid and blood samples which markedly increased more than permissible limits; these results should be put in consideration in interpretation of affected animals' status and during treatment and control of cadmium exposed sheep cases as well as consumption of such animals' meat and offal is not recommended.

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