scholarly journals Same difference: the phonetic shape of High Rising Terminals in London

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-73
Author(s):  
Erez Levon
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Phonological Form ◽  
Intonational Meaning ◽  
Recent Arrival ◽  
One To One

This article investigates patterns of variation in the phonetic shape of High Rising Terminal (HRT) intonation contours on declarative utterances in London English. Previous research has demonstrated that there are two pragmatically distinct meanings for HRTs in London, distributed across different groups of users and conversational contexts. Based on current theories of intonational meaning, we would expect this pragmatic differentiation to correlate with differences in tune shape, given the assumption that there is a one-to-one correspondence between a contour’s meaning and its phonological form. Following the example of prior studies of HRTs in other locations, analyses focus on three phonetic properties: rise excursion size, rise dynamism, and the alignment of the rise onset with the nuclear syllable. Unlike much previous research elsewhere, mixed-model regression analyses demonstrate that pragmatic differences in how HRTs are used in London do not correlate with differences in the phonetic characteristics under investigation. The discussion focuses on how to reconcile this result with theories of intonational meaning, arguing that the findings for London may be due to the relatively recent arrival of HRTs in the variety, and, as a result, the lack of a differentiated field of form–meaning correspondences for the contour in the region.

scholarly journals Shorter sleep duration is associated with potential risks for overwork-related death among Japanese truck drivers: use of the Karoshi prodromes from worker’s compensation cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohide Kubo ◽  
Shun Matsumoto ◽  
Takeshi Sasaki ◽  
Hiroki Ikeda ◽  
Shuhei Izawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Truck Drivers ◽  
Work Schedule ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Night Shifts

Abstract Purpose We aimed to cross-sectionally investigate how work and sleep conditions could be associated with excessive fatigue symptoms as an early sign of Karoshi (overwork-related cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases; CCVDs). Methods We distributed a questionnaire regarding work, sleep, and excessive fatigue symptoms to 5410 truck drivers, as the riskiest occupation for overwork-related CCVDs, and collected 1992 total samples (response rate: 36.8%). The research team collected 1564 investigation reports required for compensation for Karoshi. Of them, 190 reports listed the prodromes of Karoshi, which were used to develop the new excessive fatigue symptoms inventory. Results One-way analyses of variance showed that the excessive fatigue symptoms differed significantly by monthly overtime hours (p < 0.001), daily working time (p < 0.001), work schedule (p = 0.025), waiting time on-site (p = 0.049), number of night shifts (p = 0.011), and sleep duration on workdays (p < 0.001). Multivariate mixed-model regression analyses revealed shorter sleep duration as the most effective parameter for predicting excessive fatigue symptoms. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed that the occurrences of CCVDs were significantly higher in the middle [adjusted ORs = 3.56 (1.28–9.94)] and high-score groups [3.55 (1.24–10.21)] than in the low-score group. Conclusion The findings suggested that shorter sleep duration was associated more closely with a marked increase in fatigue, as compared with the other work and sleep factors. Hence, ensuring sleep opportunities could be targeted for reducing the potential risks of Karoshi among truck drivers.

scholarly journals Sex-Based Differences in Tensiomyography as Assessed in the Lower Erector Spinae of Healthy Participants: An Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-346
Author(s):  
Christine Lohr ◽  
Tobias Schmidt ◽  
Klaus-Michael Braumann ◽  
Rüdiger Reer ◽  
Ivan Medina-Porqueres
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Erector Spinae ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Contractile Characteristics

Background: Although there is mounting evidence on sex-linked differences in paraspinal muscle function, it is unknown whether sex-based variations in mechanical and contractile characteristics of the lumbar erector spinae (LES) can be monitored noninvasively in healthy participants at rest using tensiomyography (TMG). Hypothesis: Sex-specific effects in muscle displacement (Dm) and velocity of muscle deformation (Vd) will be observed via TMG assessed in the LES. Study Design: Observational study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: LES response was measured in a relaxed state in 40 healthy adults (20 females). Possible differences between the conditions were investigated using mixed-model analyses of variance. Two-stage hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to predict the outcome of TMG Dm and Vd based on participant sex. Results: There were significant main effects of sex with large effect sizes for both TMG parameters, resulting from lower mean values in women compared with men (Dm, P < 0.01; Vd, P < 0.01). In contrast, neither the main effect of side (left vs right LES) nor the interaction between the side and sex reached significance (all P > 0.3). Introducing the sex variable in stage 2 of the regression analyses significantly improved the prediction of the TMG parameters (all ∆R2 ≥ 0.18; all P < 0.01; all f2 ≥ 0.29). Conclusion: Sex-based differences in muscle stiffness and contractile characteristics could be observed by TMG on LES muscles in healthy individuals at rest. The data suggest that these disparities are not exclusively attributable to anthropometric measures but may be linked to intrinsic sex-based differences in skeletal muscle characteristics. Clinical Relevance: We recommend implementing TMG in a clinical setting using the obtained results as a basis to factor for the patient’s biological sex when assessing effects of therapeutic/exercise regimens aiming at the optimization of myofascial tissue regeneration and performance.

scholarly journals The association between circulating levels of vitamin D and inflammatory markers in the first 2 years after colorectal cancer diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 175628482092392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evertine Wesselink ◽  
Michiel Balvers ◽  
Martijn J. L. Bours ◽  
Johannes H. W. de Wilt ◽  
Renger F. Witkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Regression Analyses

Background: Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, may inhibit colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, which has been mechanistically linked to an attenuation of a pro-inflammatory state. The present study investigated the associations between circulating 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels and inflammatory markers (IL10, IL8, IL6, TNFα and hsCRP) in the 2 years following CRC diagnosis. Methods: Circulating 25(OH)D3 levels and inflammatory markers were assessed at diagnosis, after 6, 12 and 24 months from 798 patients with sporadic CRC participating in two prospective cohort studies. Associations between 25(OH)D3 levels and individual inflammatory markers as well as a summary inflammatory z-score were assessed at each time point by multiple linear regression analyses. To assess the association between 25(OH)D3 and inflammatory markers over the course of 2 years, linear mixed model regression analyses were conducted. Results: Higher 25(OH)D3 levels were associated with lower IL6 levels at diagnosis, at 6 months after diagnosis and over the course of 2 years (β −0.06, 95% CI −0.08 to −0.04). In addition, 25(OH)D3 levels were inversely associated with the summary inflammatory z-score at diagnosis and over the course of 2 years (β −0.17, 95% CI −0.25 to −0.08). In addition, a significant inverse association between 25(OH)D3 levels and IL10 was found over the course of 2 years. Intra-individual analyses showed an inverse association between 25(OH)D3 and IL10, IL6 and TNFα. No statistically significant associations between 25(OH)D3 and IL8 and hsCRP levels were observed. Conclusions: Serum 25(OH)D3 levels were inversely associated with the summary inflammatory z-score and in particular with IL6 in the years following CRC diagnosis. This is of potential clinical relevance as IL6 has an important role in chronic inflammation and is also suggested to stimulate cancer progression. Further observational studies should investigate whether a possible 25(OH)D3-associated reduction of inflammatory mediators influences treatment efficacy and CRC recurrence.

scholarly journals Trajectories of early to mid-life adulthood BMI and incident diabetes: the China Health and Nutrition Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000972
Author(s):  
Jiali Lv ◽  
Bingbing Fan ◽  
Mengke Wei ◽  
Guangshuai Zhou ◽  
Alim Dayimu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Incident Diabetes ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Bmi Trajectories

IntroductionThis longitudinal study aims to characterize distinct body mass index (BMI) trajectories during early to mid-life adulthood and to explore the association between BMI change from young adulthood to midlife and incident diabetes.Research design and methodsThis study included 7289 adults who had repeatedly measured BMI 3–9 times during 1989–2011 and information on incident diabetes. Latent class growth mixed model (LCGMM) was used to identify different BMI trajectories. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the association between the trajectory group membership and incident hyperglycemia, adjusting for covariates. The hyperglycemia group included individuals with prediabetes or diabetes. The model-estimated BMI levels and slopes were calculated at each age point in 1-year intervals according to the model parameters and their first derivatives, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association of model-estimated levels and slopes of BMI at each age point with incident hyperglycemia. The area under the curve (AUC) was computed from longitudinal growth curve models during the follow-up for each individual. Prior to the logistic regression analyses, quartiles of total, baseline, and incremental AUC values were calculated.ResultsThree distinct trajectories were characterized by LCGMM, comprising of low-increasing group (n=5136), medium-increasing group (n=1914), and high-increasing group (n=239). Compared with the low-increasing group, adjusted HRs and 95% CIs were 1.21 (0.99 to 1.48) and 1.56 (1.06 to 2.30) for the medium-increasing and the high-increasing group, respectively. The adjusted standardized ORs of model-estimated BMI levels increased among 20–50 years, ranging from 0.98 (0.87 to 1.10) to 1.19 (1.08 to 1.32). The standardized ORs of level-adjusted linear slopes increased gradually from 1.30 (1.16 to 1.45) to 1.42 (1.21 to 1.67) during 20–29 years, then decreased from 1.41 (1.20 to 1.66) to 1.20 (1.08 to 1.33) during 30–43 years, and finally increased to 1.20 (1.04 to 1.38) until 50 years. The fourth quartile of incremental AUC (OR=1.31, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.66) was significant compared with the first quartile, after adjustment for covariates.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the BMI trajectories during early adulthood were significantly associated with later-life diabetes. Young adulthood is a crucial period for the development of diabetes, which has implications for early prevention.

scholarly journals Divide and conquer: the formation and functional dynamics of the Modern English ing-clause network

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAUREN FONTEYN ◽  
NIKKI VAN DE POL
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Divide And Conquer ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Functional Dynamics ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
Internal Variation

The present article offers a corpus-based analysis of the diachronic development of the usage profiles of three adverbial non-finite clauses in Modern English: the free adjunct, the verbal gerund and the absolute construction. By treating present-participial adverbial clauses and adverbial gerunds as part of a single adverbial ing-clause network, this article sheds new light on the different semantic and functional-pragmatic factors motivating the formal variation within the ing-clause network. By means of two mixed-model logistic regression analyses, we determine the relative impact of the independent variables of adverbial semantics, position, degree of coreference and length on the language user's choice in (i) whether or not to include augmentation (syndesis) and (ii) whether or not to include an overt subject in the adverbial ing-clause. The resulting picture is one of an emerging adverbial ing-clause network in which the internal variation is determined by principles of processing complexity.

scholarly journals One-year symptom trajectories in patients with stable schizophrenia maintained on antipsychotics versus placebo: meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 211 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyoshi Takeuchi ◽  
Navot Kantor ◽  
Marcos Sanches ◽  
Gagan Fervaha ◽  
Ofer Agid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Placebo Treatment ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Symptom Trajectories ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Randomised Controlled

BackgroundAs definitions of relapse differ substantially between studies, in investigations involving data aggregation, total scores on clinical rating scales provide a more generalisable outcome.AimsTo compare total symptom trajectories for antipsychotic versus placebo treatment over a 1-year period of maintenance treatment in schizophrenia.MethodRandomised controlled trials with antipsychotic and placebo treatment arms in patients with stable schizophrenia that reported Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total scores at more than one time point were included. Meta-regression analyses were employed using a mixed model.ResultsA total of 11 studies involving 2826 patients were included. Meta-regression analyses revealed significant interactions between group and time (PS<0.0001); both standardised total scores and per cent score changes remained almost unchanged in patients continuing antipsychotic treatment, whereas symptoms continuously worsened over time in those switching to placebo treatment.ConclusionsWhen considering long-term antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia, clinicians must balance symptomatic and functional outcomes.

scholarly journals Lens fluorescence and skin fluorescence in the Copenhagen Twin Cohort Eye Study: Covariates and heritability

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256975
Author(s):  
Jakob Bjerager ◽  
Sami Dabbah ◽  
Mohamed Belmouhand ◽  
Simon P. Rothenbuehler ◽  
Birgit Sander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Skin Fluorescence ◽  
Adult Twins ◽  
Turn Over

Lens and skin fluorescence are related to the systemic accumulation of advanced glycation end products, which is accelerated in diabetes. We have examined lens fluorescence and skin fluorescence in healthy adult twins. The study enrolled twins aged median 59 years from a national population-based registry. Diabetic individuals were excluded from analysis. The interrelatedness between fluorescence parameters and relations between fluorescence and age, current HbA1c and smoking pack years were examined using correlation tests and mixed model linear regression analyses. Broad-sense heritability was analyzed and compared for lens fluorescence, skin fluorescence and HbA1c. Lens fluorescence and skin fluorescence were crudely interrelated (R = 0.38). In linear regression analyses, age explained a larger fraction of the variance in lens fluorescence (R2 = 32%) than in skin fluorescence (R2 = 20%), whereas HbA1c explained smaller variance fractions (R2 = 3% and 8%, respectively) followed by smoking pack years (4% and 3%, respectively). In multivariate analyses, age, HbA1c and smoking pack years combined explained more of the variance in lens fluorescence (R2 = 35%) than in skin fluorescence (R2 = 21%), but the influence of HbA1c on lens fluorescence was not statistically significant (p = .2). Age-adjusted broad-sense heritability was 85% for lens fluorescence, 53% for skin fluorescence and 71% for HbA1c in best fitting heritability models. Both fluorescence parameters increased with age, current glycemia and cumulative smoking. Lens fluorescence was found to be a predominantly heritable trait, whereas skin fluorescence was more influenced by environmental factors and closer related to current glycemia. The results suggest that skin fluorophores have a faster turn-over than lens fluorophores.

Advances in methodology for random regression analyses

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Full Rank ◽  
Random Regression ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Rank Estimation ◽  
Reduced Rank ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Spline Basis ◽  
Small Set

Random regression analyses have become standard methodology for the analysis of traits with repeated records that are thought of as representing points on a trajectory. Modelling curves as a regression on functions of a continuous covariable, such as time, for each individual, random regression models are readily implemented in standard, linear mixed model analyses. Early applications have made extensive use of regressions on orthogonal polynomials. Recently, spline functions have been considered as an alternative. The use of a particular type of spline function, the so-called B-splines, as basis functions for random regression analyses is outlined, emphasising the local influence of individual observations and low degree of polynomials employed. While such analyses are likely to involve more regression coefficients than polynomial models, it is demonstrated that reduced rank estimation via the leading principal components is feasible and likely to yield more parsimonious models and more stable estimates than full rank analyses. The combined application of B-spline basis function and reduced rank estimation is illustrated for a small set of data for beef cattle.

scholarly journals The Dynamic of Extracellular Vesicles in Patients With Subacute Stroke: Results of the “Biomarkers and Perfusion—Training-Induced Changes After Stroke” (BAPTISe) Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben A. Jödicke ◽  
Shufan Huo ◽  
Nicolle Kränkel ◽  
Sophie K. Piper ◽  
Martin Ebinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Annexin V ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Subacute Stroke ◽  
Before And After

Objective: Extracellular vesicles (EV) are sub-1 μm bilayer lipid coated particles and have been shown play a role in long-term cardiovascular outcome after ischemic stroke. However, the dynamic change of EV after stroke and their implications for functional outcome have not yet been elucidated.Methods: Serial blood samples from 110 subacute ischemic stroke patients enrolled in the prospective BAPTISe study were analyzed. All patients participated in the PHYS-STROKE trial and received 4-week aerobic training or relaxation sessions. Levels of endothelial-derived (EnV: Annexin V+, CD45–, CD41–, CD31+/CD144+/CD146+), leukocyte-derived (LV: Annexin V+, CD45+, CD41–), monocytic-derived (MoV: Annexin V+, CD41–, CD14+), neuronal-derived (NV: Annexin V+, CD41–, CD45–, CD31–, CD144–, CD146–, CD56+/CD171+/CD271+), and platelet-derived (PV: Annexin V+, CD41+) EV were assessed via fluorescence-activated cell sorting before and after the trial intervention. The levels of EV at baseline were dichotomized at the 75th percentile, with the EV levels at baseline above the 75th percentile classified as “high” otherwise as “low.” The dynamic of EV was classified based on the difference between baseline and post intervention, defining increases above the 75th percentile as “high increase” otherwise as “low increase.” Associations of baseline levels and change in EV concentrations with Barthel Index (BI) and cardiovascular events in the first 6 months post-stroke were analyzed using mixed model regression analyses and cox regression.Results: Both before and after intervention PV formed the largest population of vesicles followed by NV and EnV. In mixed-model regression analyses, low NV [−8.57 (95% CI −15.53 to −1.57)] and low PV [−6.97 (95% CI −13.92 to −0.01)] at baseline were associated with lower BI in the first 6 months post-stroke. Patients with low increase in NV [8.69 (95% CI 2.08–15.34)] and LV [6.82 (95% CI 0.25–13.4)] were associated with reduced BI in the first 6 months post-stroke. Neither baseline vesicles nor their dynamic were associated with recurrent cardiovascular events.Conclusion: This is the first report analyzing the concentration and the dynamic of EV regarding associations with functional outcome in patients with subacute stroke. Lower levels of PV and NV at baseline were associated with a worse functional outcome in the first 6 months post-stroke. Furthermore, an increase in NV and LV over time was associated with worse BI in the first 6 months post-stroke. Further investigation of the relationship between EV and their dynamic with functional outcome post-stroke are warranted.Clinical Trial Registration:clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier: NCT01954797.

A Support Program

1994 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henna Grunblatt ◽  
Lisa Daar
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
School Counselor ◽  
Support Program ◽  
Educational Audiology ◽  
Part Program ◽  
One To One

A program for providing information to children who are deaf about their deafness and addressing common concerns about deafness is detailed. Developed by a school audiologist and the school counselor, this two-part program is geared for children from 3 years to 15 years of age. The first part is an educational audiology program consisting of varied informational classes conducted by the audiologist. Five topics are addressed in this part of the program, including basic audiology, hearing aids, FM systems, audiograms, and student concerns. The second part of the program consists of individualized counseling. This involves both one-to-one counseling sessions between a student and the school counselor, as well as conjoint sessions conducted—with the student’s permission—by both the audiologist and the school counselor.

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