scholarly journals Eating patterns in a nationwide sample of Japanese aged 1–79 years from MINNADE study: eating frequency, clock time for eating, time spent on eating and variability of eating patterns

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Kentaro Murakami ◽  
M Barbara E Livingstone ◽  
Shizuko Masayasu ◽  
Satoshi Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Clock Time ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Eating Frequency ◽  
Dietary Record ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Eating Occasions

Abstract Objective: Although there is growing evidence suggesting that eating patterns are important determinants of health status, comprehensive information on patterning of eating behaviours is almost lacking. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe eating patterns in Japan. Design: Information on actual eating behaviours was collected using 2-d dietary record in each season over a year (total 8 d). Eating occasions were defined as any discrete intake occasion (with a discrete start clock time and name) except for eating occasions consisting of water only, which were excluded. Setting: Japan. Participants: A nationwide sample of 4032 Japanese aged 1–79 years. Results: The mean value of eating frequency of meals (i.e. breakfast, lunch and dinner), snacks and total eating occasions was 2·94, 1·74 and 4·68 times/d, respectively. The mean clock time for the start of breakfast, lunch and dinner was 07.24, 12.29 and 19.15 h, respectively. The mean time spent consuming breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks was 19, 25, 34 and 27 min/d, respectively. On average, variability (i.e. average of absolute difference from mean) of meal frequency was small compared with that of snack frequency and total eating frequency. Both mean variability of clock time for the start of eating (<1 h) and mean variability of time spent on meals (<10 min/d) were also small. Conversely, mean variability of time spent on snacks was large (>18 min/d). Conclusion: The present findings serve as both a reference and an indication for future research on patterning of eating behaviours.

scholarly journals Temporal Eating Patterns Among U.S. Infants and Toddlers, NHANES 2011–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 587-587
Author(s):  
Kirsten Herrick ◽  
Lauren 0'Connor ◽  
Sydney O'Connor ◽  
Jill Reedy
Keyword(s):  
Eating Habits ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Interval Length ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Eating Frequency ◽  
Eating Occasion ◽  
Eating Occasions

Abstract Objectives As characterization of temporal eating patterns of U.S. infants and toddlers is limited, we aimed to explore eating frequency and interval, and to reveal relevant challenges related to investigation among this age group. Methods Using a single 24-hour recall from NHANES 2011–2016, we estimated eating frequency in categories (1–4, 5–7, 8–10, and ≥11 times per day) (%, Standard Error (SE)) and eating interval (mean, SE) in hours, by age group (0–5 months, 6–11 months, and 12–23 months) among infants and toddlers younger than 2 years old (n = 1704). Eating interval was defined as the last reported consumption time minus the first reported consumption time. SAS was used to incorporate weights and the complex survey design. We also explored describing the data by parent report of eating occasion (breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper, snack, etc.). Results Among children 0–23 months, 8% (SE 0.8), 54% (SE 1.3), 32% (SE 1.1), and 6% (SE 0.6) reported eating 1–4, 5–7, 8–10, and ≥11 times per day, respectively. The mean eating interval length decreased with increasing age category: 17.6 hours (SE 0.19), 15.6 hours (0.21), and 13.1 hours (SE 0.20), among infants and toddlers 0–5, 6–11, and 12–23 months (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. Attempts to evaluate eating frequency by parent-reported eating occasion revealed misalignment of clock time with reported eating occasion. For example, a parent may report multiple eating occasions as “breakfast” in a given day between the hours of 6:00 AM and 10:00 PM, interspersed among other eating occasions reported as lunch, snack, or dinner. Conclusions There is a dearth of national data on the eating habits of infants and toddlers younger than 2 years, and even less is known about the temporal eating patterns for this group. We found that more than half of infants and toddlers reported 5–7 eating occasions on a given day and that toddlers 12–23 months had shorter eating intervals compared to infants 0–5 and 6–12 months. We also found some discordance with how eating occasions were reported among infants and toddlers, as the naming does not align with more typical classification that is used among older children and adults. Therefore, caution is advised when characterizing temporal eating patterns for this group. Funding Sources N/A

scholarly journals Item Desirability Matching in Forced-choice Test Construction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Pavlov ◽  
Dexin Shi ◽  
ALBERTO MAYDEU-OLIVARES
Keyword(s):  
Test Construction ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Perceived Desirability

The forced-choice method has been proposed as a viable strategy to prevent socially desirable responding (SDR) on self-report non-cognitive measures. The ability of the method to eliminate SDR may largely depend on how closely items comprising forced-choice item-blocks are matched in terms of perceived desirability. The gold standard in quantifying similarity between items in terms of desirability has been the mean difference index, that is, the absolute difference between items’ mean desirability ratings. The mean difference index relies on the assumption that items have one “true” desirability value, as represented by their means, and may fail if this assumption does not hold. Instead, we propose indexing within-rater agreement with several robust agreement indices to appropriately quantify similarity between items in terms of desirability (i.e., inter-item agreement). On a set of empirically derived desirability ratings, we show that relying on the mean difference index may lead to suboptimal forced-choice item assembly. Implications of our findings and future research directions are discussed. R code for computing the proposed indices on a set of desirability ratings is provided.

Patterns of Unhealthy Eating Behaviours in a Middle Aged Scottish Population

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 170-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Abel ◽  
D.V. McQueen ◽  
K Backen ◽  
C. Currie
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Unhealthy Eating ◽  
Scottish Population ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Nutrition Habits

This paper examines unhealthy eating in a middle aged Scottish population. Data from a 1989 survey of 5 00 Scottish men and women aged 45 to 59 years are used to explore inter-relations among five items of unhealthy eating, smoking and alcohol consumption. The results show that unhealthy eating behaviours are highly correlated, indicating strong links among certain nutrition habits. The findings also reveal that such patterns of unhealthy eating vary considerably between males and females. Finally, unhealthy eating behaviours were also found to be significantly associated with smoking and alcohol consumption. Implications of these findings for future research in epidemiology and health promotion are considered.

scholarly journals Manual Therapy in Cervical and Lumbar Radiculopathy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6176
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kuligowski ◽  
Anna Skrzek ◽  
Błażej Cieślik
Keyword(s):  
Manual Therapy ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Lumbar Radiculopathy ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this study was to describe and update current knowledge of manual therapy accuracy in treating cervical and lumbar radiculopathy, to identify the limitations in current studies, and to suggest areas for future research. The study was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science databases up to April 2020. The following inclusion criteria were used: (1) presence of radiculopathy; (2) treatment defined as manual therapy (i.e., traction, manipulation, mobilization); and (3) publication defined as a Randomized Controlled Trial. The electronic literature search resulted in 473 potentially relevant articles. Finally, 27 articles were accepted: 21 on cervical (CR) and 6 in lumbar radiculopathy (LR). The mean PEDro score for CR was 6.6 (SD 1.3), and for LR 6.7 (SD 1.6). Traction-oriented techniques are the most frequently chosen treatment form for CR and are efficient in reducing pain and improving functional outcomes. In LR, each of the included publications used a different form of manual therapy, which makes it challenging to summarize knowledge in this group. Of included publications, 93% were either of moderate or low quality, which indicates that quality improvement is necessary for this type of research.

Usefulness of point-of-care ultrasound in military medical emergencies performed by young military medicine residents

2019 ◽  
pp. jramc-2018-001132
Author(s):  
Pierre Perrier ◽  
J Leyral ◽  
O Thabouillot ◽  
D Papeix ◽  
G Comat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Point Of Care Ultrasound ◽  
Medical Emergencies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Prospective Study

IntroductionTo evaluate the usefulness of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) performed by young military medicine residents after short training in the diagnosis of medical emergencies.MethodsA prospective study was performed in the emergency department of a French army teaching hospital. Two young military medicine residents received ultrasound training focused on gall bladder, kidneys and lower limb veins. After clinical examination, they assigned a ‘clinicaldiagnostic probability’ (CP) on a visual analogue scale from 0 (definitely not diagnosis) to 10 (definitive diagnosis). The same student performed ultrasound examination and assigned an ‘ultrasounddiagnostic probability’ (UP) in the same way. The absolute difference between CP and UP was calculated. This result corresponded to the Ultrasound Diagnostic Index (UDI), which was positive if UP was closer to the final diagnosis than CP (POCUS improved the diagnostic accuracy), and negative conversely (POCUS decreased the diagnostic accuracy).ResultsForty-eight patients were included and 48 ultrasound examinations were performed. The present pathologies were found in 14 patients (29%). The mean UDI value was +3 (0–5). UDI was positive in 35 exams (73%), zero in 12 exams (25%) and negative in only one exam (2%).ConclusionPOCUS performed after clinical examination increases the diagnostic accuracy of young military medicine residents.

scholarly journals A Study of a Sample of Facebook Users Finds They Do Not Seek Political News through Facebook But Are Exposed to Political News through This Medium

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-38
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Margaret Stovold
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Online News ◽  
Social Utility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Political News ◽  
High School Degree ◽  
News Sources ◽  
News Source ◽  
Tv News ◽  
The Mean

A Review of: Schaferm, S., Sulflow, M., & Muller, P. (2017). The special taste of snack news: an application of niche theory to understand the appeal of Facebook as a source for political news. First Monday, 22(4-3). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i4.7431 Abstract Objective – To investigate Facebook as a source of exposure to political news stories and to compare the reasons for using Facebook as a news source and the gratifications obtained, compared with other news sources. Design – Survey questionnaire. Setting – Facebook. Subjects – 422 German Facebook users. Methods – An online survey was developed to investigate the use of Facebook as a news source compared with other sources. Specific research questions were informed by the ‘theory of niche’ (Dimmick, 2003) which examines the coexistence and competition between different media outlets by examining the breadth, overlap and superiority of one platform over another. The survey was distributed using a ‘snowball’ technique between July and August 2015. The survey was shared by 52 student research assistants on their Facebook profiles. They asked their friends to complete the survey and share it with their own networks. Main results – The mean (M) age of the 422 respondents was 23.5 years (SD=8.25). The majority were female (61%) with a high school degree (89%). TV news and news websites were the most frequently used sources of political news. Facebook ranked third, ahead of newspapers, search engines, magazines, email provider websites, and Twitter. The mean score for the importance of Facebook as a news sources was 2.46 (SD=1.13) on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is low and 5 is high. This fell in the middle of the range when compared with the top ranked source assessed by importance (TV news, M 4.40, SD=0.88) and the lowest (email providers, M 1.92, SD=0.97). Users rarely visited Facebook with the purpose of finding news (M 1.59, SD=0.73). However, they estimated around 24% of the posts they see were concerned with political news, and when encountered, these stories are frequently read (M 3.53, SD=1.18). However, the level of interaction as measured by liking, commenting, sharing or status updates was low (M 1.94 SD=1.09; M 1.37, SD=0.79; M 1.51, SD=0.85 and M 1.4, SD=0.78 respectively). The ‘gratification’ categories where Facebook as a news source scored the highest were for killing time (M 2.97, SD=1.29), entertainment (M 2.92, SD=1.05), and surveillance (M 2.77, SD=1.01). When compared to newspapers and TV news, it was found that Facebook has a lower score for niche breadth, meaning that it serves a specific rather than general news function. Facebook also had a lower overlap score when compared with the other media, thereby performing a complementary function, while TV news and newspapers perform similarly. TV news scored better for providing balanced information, surveillance and social utility while Facebook scored highest for killing time. There was no difference in the category of entertainment. There was a similar picture when comparing Facebook with newspapers. Conclusion – The authors conclude that while users do not actively seek political news through Facebook, they are exposed to political news through this medium. Respondents did not consider the news to be well balanced, and that currently Facebooks’ niche is restricted to entertainment and killing time. The authors note that this may be disappointing for news organisations, but there is potential to expose large audiences to political news when they are not actively seeking it. The findings represent a specific time point in a changing landscape and future research will need to take these changes into account. Comparisons with other online news sources and the use of objective measures to validate self-reported data would be valuable areas for future research.

scholarly journals Plasma mineral (selenium, zinc or copper) concentrations in the general pregnant population, adjusted for supplement intake, in relation to thyroid function

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Victor Pop ◽  
Johannes Krabbe ◽  
Wolfgang Maret ◽  
Margaret Rayman
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Supplement Intake

AbstractThe present study reports on first-trimester reference ranges of plasma mineral Se/Zn/Cu concentration in relation to free thyroxine (FT4), thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab), assessed at 12 weeks’ gestation in 2041 pregnant women, including 544 women not taking supplements containing Se/Zn/Cu. The reference range (2·5th–97·5th percentiles) in these 544 women was 0·72–1·25 µmol/l for Se, 17·15–35·98 µmol/l for Cu and 9·57–16·41 µmol/l for Zn. These women had significantly lower mean plasma Se concentration (0·94 (sd 0·12) µmol/l) than those (n 1479) taking Se/Zn/Cu supplements (1·03 (sd 0·14) µmol/l; P < 0·001), while the mean Cu (26·25 µmol/l) and Zn (12·55 µmol/l) concentrations were almost identical in these sub-groups. Women with hypothyroxinaemia (FT4 below reference range with normal TSH) had significantly lower plasma Zn concentrations than euthyroid women. After adjusting for covariates including supplement intake, plasma Se (negatively), Zn and Cu (positively) concentrations were significantly related to logFT4; Se and Cu (but not Zn) were positively and significantly related to logTSH. Women taking additional Se/Zn/Cu supplements were 1·46 (95 % CI 1·09, 2·04) times less likely to have elevated titres of TPO-Ab at 12 weeks of gestation. We conclude that first-trimester Se reference ranges are influenced by Se-supplement intake, while Cu and Zn ranges are not. Plasma mineral Se/Zn/Cu concentrations are associated with thyroid FT4 and TSH concentrations. Se/Zn/Cu supplement intake affects TPO-Ab status. Future research should focus on the impact of trace mineral status during gestation on thyroid function.

The Subjective Present and Its Modulation in Clinical Contexts

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Tschacher ◽  
Fabian Ramseyer ◽  
Claudia Bergomi
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gestalt Perception ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Techniques ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Time is a basic dimension in psychology, underlying behavior and experience. Timing and time perception constitute implicit processes that are often inaccessible to the individual person. Research in this field has shown that timing is involved in many areas of clinical significance. In the projects presented here, we combine timing with seemingly different fields of research, such as psychopathology, perceptual grouping, and embodied cognition. Focusing on the time scale of the subjective present, we report findings from three different clinical studies: (1) We studied perceived causality in schizophrenia patients, finding that perceptual grouping (‘binding’, ‘Gestalt formation’), which leads to visual causality perceptions, did not distinguish between patients and healthy controls. Patients however did integrate context (provided by the temporal distribution of auditory context stimuli) less into perceptions, in significant contrast to controls. This is consistent with reports of higher inaccuracy in schizophrenia patients’ temporal processing. (2) In a project on auditory Gestalt perception we investigated auditory perceptual grouping in schizophrenia patients. The mean dwell time was positively related to how much patients were prone to auditory hallucinations. Dwell times of auditory Gestalts may be regarded as operationalizations of the subjective present; findings thus suggested that patients with hallucinations had a shorter present. (3) The movement correlations of interacting individuals were used to study the non-verbal synchrony between therapist and patient in psychotherapy sessions. We operationalized the duration of an embodied ‘social present’ by the statistical significance of such associations, finding a window of roughly 5.7 seconds in conversing dyads. We discuss that temporal scales of nowness may be modifiable, e.g., by mindfulness. This yields promising goals for future research on timing in the clinical context: psychotherapeutic techniques may alter binding processes, hence the subjective present of individuals, and may affect the social present in therapeutic interactions.

Mines in the End Zone: Are there Downsides to Team Performance?

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy V. Mumford ◽  
M. Travis Maynard
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Role Overload ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Regression To The Mean ◽  
Occupational Psychology ◽  
Team Success ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Overconfidence Bias

Abstract Research on teams in organizations tends to focus on understanding the causes of team performance with a focus on how to enjoy the benefits of team success and avoid the negative consequences of team failure. This paper instead asks the question, ‘what are some of the negative consequences of team success?’ A review of the literature on teams is augmented with research from cognitive science, sociology, occupational psychology, and psychology to explore the potential negative long-term consequences of teamwork success. The general topics of groupthink, overconfidence bias, regression to the mean, role overload, and strategy calcification are reviewed while discussing the implications for future research streams and practical team management.

scholarly journals Trends in Americans’ food-related time use: 1975–2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1064-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathleen D Zick ◽  
Robert B Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Obesity Risk ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past

AbstractObjectiveTo describe how the time spent in food-related activities by Americans has changed over the past 30 years.DesignData from four national time diary surveys, spanning 1975–2006, are used to construct estimates of trends in American adults’ time spent in food-related activities. Multivariate Tobits assess how food-related activities have changed over time controlling for sociodemographic and economic covariates.ResultsBoth bivariate and multivariate estimates reveal that between 1975 and 2006, American women’s time spent in food preparation declined substantially, whereas the time spent in these activities by American men changed very little. On the contrary, grocery shopping time increased modestly for both men and women. The primary eating time (i.e. time when eating/drinking was the respondent’s main focus) declined for both men and women over this historical period, and the composition of this time changed with less primary eating time being done alone. Concurrently, secondary eating time (i.e. time when something else had the respondent’s primary attention, but eating/drinking simultaneously occurred) rose precipitously for both women and men between 1975 and 1998.ConclusionsThe total time spent in eating (i.e. primary plus secondary eating time) has increased over the past 30 years, and the composition of this time has shifted from situations in which energy intake can be easily monitored to those in which energy intake may be more difficult to gauge. Less time is also being spent in food preparation and clean-up activities. Future research should explore possible links between these trends and Americans’ growing obesity risk.

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