Influence of Blue Light on the Leaf Morphoanatomy of In Vitro Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae)

AbstractKalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae) (air plant, miracle leaf) is popularly used to treat gastrointestinal disorders and wounds. Recently, the species was tested to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis with successful results. This medicinal activity was associated with the phenolic fraction of the plant. Blue light induces biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and many changes in anatomical characteristics. We studied the effects of supplementary blue light on the leaf morphology of in vitro K. pinnata. Plants cultured under white light (W plants) only and white light plus blue light (WB plants) show petioles with plain-convex section, amphistomatic leaf blades with simple epidermis, homogeneous mesophyll with densely packed cells, and a single collateral vascular bundle in the midrib. W plants have longer branches, a larger number of nodes per branch, and smaller leaves, whereas WB plant leaves have a thicker upper epidermis and mesophyll. Leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight were similar in both treatments. Phenolic idioblasts were observed in the plants supplemented with blue light, suggesting that blue light plays an important role in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in K. pinnata.

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1358 BLUE LIGHT (BL) VS. WHITE LIGHT (WL) ON BILIRUBIN PHOTODEGEADATION (PD) IN VITRO

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1203/00006450-198104001-01387 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 669-669

Author(s):

L D Lilien ◽

S Voora ◽

G Srinivasan ◽

R S Pildes

Keyword(s):

Blue Light ◽

White Light

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Influence of Iron on Cylindrocarpon Root Rot Development on Ginseng

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-96-1179 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 96 (11) ◽

pp. 1179-1187 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Mahfuzur Rahman ◽

Zamir K. Punja

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Root Rot ◽

High Performance ◽

Germ Tube ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Tube Length ◽

Germ Tube Length

Cylindrocarpon root rot, caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans, is an important disease on ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in Canada. We studied the effects of iron (Fe) on disease severity and pathogen growth. When Hoagland's solution was amended with Fe at 56 and 112 μg/ml compared with 0 μg/ml, disease initiation and final severity on hydroponically maintained ginseng roots was significantly (P<0.0001) enhanced. Under field conditions, wounding of roots with a fine needle followed by application of 0.05% FeNaEDTA to the rhizosphere of treated plants significantly enhanced Cylindrocarpon root rot in 2003 and 2004 compared with unwounded roots with Fe or wounded roots without Fe. Foliar applications of Fe (as FeNaEDTA) to ginseng plants three times during the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons significantly increased Fe levels in root tissues. These roots developed larger lesions following inoculation with C. destructans in vitro. When radioactive Fe (59Fe) was applied to the foliage of ginseng plants, it was detected in the secondary phloem and in cortical and epidermal tissues within 1 week. Artificially wounded areas on the roots accumulated more 59Fe than healthy areas. Diseased tissue also had threefold higher levels of phenolic compounds and Fe compared with adjoining healthy tissues. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed enhanced levels of protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, phloridizin, and quercetin. Phenolic compounds produced in diseased and wounded tissues sequestered Fe in vitro. The effects of Fe on mycelial growth, conidial germ tube length, and secondary branching of germ tubes of C. destructans were examined in vitro. When grown on Chrome-azurol S medium, Fe also was sequestered by C. destructans through siderophore production, which was visualized as a clearing pigmented zone at the margin of colonies. Mycelial dry weight was significantly increased in glucose/ yeast broth containing Fe at 56 or 112 μg/ml. Conidial germ tube length and secondary branching of hyphae also were enhanced after 8 and 16 h by Fe. Colony growth of C. destructans was not enhanced by Fe, but significantly greater spore production was observed with Fe at 56 and 112 μg/ml compared with no Fe in the medium. Although these levels of Fe had no effect on fungal pectinase enzyme activity, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity was significantly (P <0.0001) enhanced. We conclude that Fe enhances Cylindrocarpon root rot through enhanced pathogen growth, sporulation, and PPO enzyme activity. Fe sequestered by phenolic compounds produced in wounded tissues can enhance Fe levels at the site of infection. The pathogen also has the ability to sequester Fe at these sites.

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Metal Chelating and Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacities of Ammoides atlantica Aqueous Extract

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v10i4-s.4245 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4-s) ◽

pp. 108-111

Author(s):

Karima Loucif ◽

Hassiba Benabdallah ◽

Fatima Benchikh ◽

Soulaf Mehlous ◽

Chahrazed Kaoudoune ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Cupric Ion ◽

Metal Chelating

Reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) are produced in all cells and play important roles in physiology. The loss of the redox balance, either by an increase of oxidant molecules ROS and RNS or by decreased antioxidant system activities cause a state of oxidative stress. Several studies are going on worldwide directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plant origin. Plants containing phenolic compounds have been reported to possess strong antioxidant activity. The objective of this study is to evaluate total polyphenols and flavonoids contents (TPC and TFC) as well as examine the in vitro antioxidative properties from aqueous extract of Ammoides atlantica (AqE). TPC was estimated utilizing Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent. TFC was evaluated utilizing the aluminum chloride method. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using metal chelating and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Indeed, results showed that the AqE is rich in polyphenols (141.74±0.44 µg gallic acid equivalents/ mg of dry weight), and flavonoids (61.87±6.7 µg quercetin equivalent/ mg dry weight). These phytochemical compounds possess significant antioxidant activities. The results showed that AqE exhibited a good Metal chelating activity with an IC50 of 36.57±4.73 µg/ mL. CUPRAC assay showed that AqE extract exhibited high cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity with an A0.5 of 8.58±0.13 µg/mL. These findings provide evidence that AqE of Ammoides atlantica is a potential source of antioxidant which have many benefits towards human health. Keywords: Ammoides atlantica, aqueous extract, phenolic compounds, metal chelating and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity.

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Structure–Biological Activity Relationships of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds: Health Properties and Bioavailability

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9080685 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 685 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Paloma Rodríguez-López ◽

Jesús Lozano-Sanchez ◽

Isabel Borrás-Linares ◽

Tatiana Emanuelli ◽

Javier A. Menéndez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Functional Food ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽

The Body ◽

Phenolic Fraction

Extra-virgin olive oil is regarded as functional food since epidemiological studies and multidisciplinary research have reported convincing evidence that its intake affects beneficially one or more target functions in the body, improves health, and reduces the risk of disease. Its health properties have been related to the major and minor fractions of extra-virgin olive oil. Among olive oil chemical composition, the phenolic fraction has received considerable attention due to its bioactivity in different chronic diseases. The bioactivity of the phenolic compounds could be related to different properties such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, although the molecular mechanism of these compounds in relation to many diseases could have different cellular targets. The aim of this review is focused on the extra-virgin olive oil phenolic fraction with particular emphasis on (a) biosynthesis, chemical structure, and influence factors on the final extra-virgin olive oil phenolic composition; (b) structure–antioxidant activity relationships and other molecular mechanisms in relation to many diseases; (c) bioavailability and controlled delivery strategies; (d) alternative sources of olive biophenols. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive review was developed, with particular emphasis on in vitro and in vivo assays as well as clinical trials. This report provides an overview of extra-virgin olive oil phenolic compounds as a tool for functional food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications.

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EFFECT OF A VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR (VA) ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS (Glomus epigaeum) ON THE GROWTH AND LEAF MINERAL CONTENT OF TWO APPLE CLONES PROPAGATED IN VITRO

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps83-067 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 551-555 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

R. L. GRANGER ◽

C. PLENCHETTE ◽

J. A. FORTIN

Keyword(s):

Mineral Content ◽

Apple Tree ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Total Leaf Area ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular ◽

Mycorrhizal Plants ◽

Growth Differences ◽

Leaf P ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

In vitro propagated apple tree plants of the clones Mailing Merton 111 (MM.111) and Mailing 7 (M.7) grown in a greenhouse in pots containing calcined montmorillonite chips were inoculated with a vesicular arbuscular (VA) endomycorrhizal fungus (Glomus epigaeum Daniels & Trappe) and fed with a nutrient solution. Fifteen weeks after inoculation, the height of the M.7 mycorrhizal plants was 1.7 greater than those of the controls, the total leaf area and leaf dry weight of the M.7 mycorrhizal plants were both 1.9 greater. The inoculated roots of both clones were heavily colonized by the fungus. However, no growth differences were observed on the trees of MM.111 clone. The fungus significantly increased leaf Cu of both rootstocks and increased leaf P of M.7 but it had no effect on leaf Ca, Mg and Zn and it depressed leaf K of M.7 plants.Key words: Mycorrhizae, apple, clone, Glomus epigaeum

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Transcriptomic analyses of cacao flavonoids produced in photobioreactors

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-021-07871-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Adriana M. Gallego ◽

Luisa F. Rojas ◽

Wilmar G. Valencia ◽

Lucía Atehortúa ◽

Aura I. Urrea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blue Light ◽

White Light ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Large Scale ◽

Light Exposure ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽

Two Component

Abstract Background Theobroma cacao is a major source of flavonoids such as catechins and their monomers proanthocyanidins (PAs), widely studied for their potential benefits in cardiovascular diseases. Light has been shown to promote plant secondary metabolite production in vitro. In this study, cacao cells cultured in 7.5 L stirred tank photobioreactors (STPs) were exposed to a change of white to blue LED lights for 28 days (d). Results Transcriptomic analyses were performed in three time points comparing changing expression patterns, after cell exposure to white light (d0-VS-d14), after a shift from white to blue light (d14-VS-d15), and after an extended period of blue light for the following 15 days (d15-VS-d28). Under white light, there was enrichment in metabolic pathways associated with cell growth (carbon, glycolysis, and amino acid biosynthesis) accompanied by a significant increase in the PAs content. In the shift to blue light, further increase in PAs content was observed concomitantly with the significant expression of TWO-COMPONENT RESPONSE REGULATOR genes involved in the early stress responses via circadian clock and hormone pathways. Under blue light exposure, we observed a depletion of PAs content associated with ROS-mediated stress pathways. Conclusions Light effects on large-scale cell cultures in photobioreactors are complex and pleiotropic; however, we have been able to identify key regulatory players upstream cacao flavonoid biosynthesis in STPs, including TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEM and ROS-signaling genes. The crosstalk between flavonoid biosynthesis and regulatory networks led to understand the dynamics of flavonoid production and degradation in response to light-driven ROS signals. This can be used to optimize the time, and the yield of in vitro targeted metabolites in large-scale culture systems.

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In Vitro Shoot Proliferation of Apple Rootstocks ‘B.9’, ‘G.30’, and ‘G.41’ Grown under Red and Blue Light

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.50.3.430 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 430-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fang Geng ◽

Renae Moran ◽

Michael Day ◽

William Halteman ◽

Donglin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Blue Light ◽

White Light ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Light Quality ◽

Red Light ◽

Shoot Proliferation ◽

Apple Rootstocks ◽

Single Node ◽

Shoot Number

The influence of red and blue light wavelengths was tested to improve the initial in vitro multiplication of apple (Malus × domestica) rootstock cultivars Budagovsky 9 (B.9), Geneva 30 (G.30), and Geneva 41 (G.41). Single-node segments were established in semisolid Murashige and Skoog media and then transferred to proliferation media and cultured 40 days under white, red, or blue light irradiance. In a second experiment, G.30 was cultured under red, blue, or white light with and without gibberellic acid (GA3). The three rootstocks responded similarly under white light in terms of shoot number, length of the longest shoot, and the number of elongated shoots. Red light increased the number of shoots, length of the longest shoot, and the number of elongated shoots of B.9 and G.30 when compared with white or blue light. Red light increased the number of elongated B.9 and G.30 shoots to five per explant compared with one per explant under white light. In contrast, shoot growth of G.41 showed no difference under the three light quality treatments, and the number of elongated shoots per explant was less than one. When compared with an absence of GA3, a concentration of GA3 at 0.5 mg·L−1 promoted in vitro shoot growth of G.30 under red and blue light.

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Effects of Red light on the Growth of Zantedeschia Plantlets in vitro and Tuber Formation Using Light-emitting Diodes

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.2.436 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 436-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Ruey-Chi Jao ◽

Chien-Chou Lai ◽

Wei Fang ◽

Sen-Fuh Chang

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Plant Height ◽

Blue Light ◽

Light Emitting Diodes ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Tuber Formation ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Red Leds

Effects of light generated by red and blue light-emitting diodes on the photomixotrophic growth of Zantedeschia jucunda `Black Magic' plantlets in vitro and tuber formation after transplant under the same PPF and photoperiod were investigated. All five treatments had the same photosynthetic photon flux (PPF, 80 ± 5 μmol·m-2·s-1) and photoperiod (16 hours daytime/8 hours nighttime), leading to the same daily light integral. Results showed that the tubular fluorescent lamp (TFL) treatment had the highest value on chlorophyll content and dry weight accumulation than other treatments using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In LED treatments, there were no significant differences on dry weight and growth rate but with significant differences on chlorophyll content and plant height when blue light LEDs were added. It revealed that blue light was involved in plant height and chlorophyll development control mechanism. Results also showed that minor difference in 28 days of transplant production (in vitro) among treatments does not extends after 6 months of tuber formation stage grown in greenhouse. At present, blue LEDs cost much more than that of red LEDs, results of this study suggested that using red LEDs alone and powered with AC is feasible for the commercial production of Zantedeschia plantlets in vitro.

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Growth of Potato Plantlets In Vitro Is Different When Provided Concurrent Versus Alternating Blue and Red Light Photoperiods

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.2.380 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 380-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Ruey-Chi Jao ◽

Wei Fang

Keyword(s):

Blue Light ◽

Red Light ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Optimal Growth ◽

Similar Proportion ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Long Duration ◽

Plantlet Growth ◽

Potato Plantlets

Effects of concurrent vs. alternating blue and red light using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the photomixotrophic growth of potato plantlets in vitro were investigated. All seven treatments had the same 5.53 mol·m-2 daily light integral (DLI), photoperiod (16-hour day/8-hour night) and similar proportion of red light (45%) and blue light (55%). Results showed that the fresh/dry weight accumulation of potato plantlets in vitro under the concurrent blue and red light was superior than that under the alternating blue and red light, indicating that the simultaneous coexistence of blue and red light are necessary for optimum plantlet growth. Low PPF with long duration was better than high PPF with short duration under same DLI. Within the concurrent blue and red light treatments, when the duration of blue light was shorter than that of red light, timing of the blue light affected the growth of potato plantlets in vitro. Providing blue and red light together at the beginning of the photoperiod resulted in optimal growth, however plantlets illuminated with alternately blue and red light had significantly less fresh/dry weight accumulation.

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Effects of Light Quality on Growth and Quality of in Vitro Plantlets during Low-temperature Storage

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.809c ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 809C-809

Author(s):

Chieri Kubota ◽

Nihal C. Rajapakse ◽

Roy E. Young

Keyword(s):

Blue Light ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Stem Length ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Spectral Quality ◽

Low Temperature Storage ◽

Light Spectra ◽

Plantlet Quality

Broccoli `Green Duke' plantlets, which were ready for transplanting after 2 weeks of photoautotrophic (sugar-free) culture under the conditions of 1100 μmol·mol–1 CO2 (outside the vessel), 22±4C air temperature, and 140 μmol·m–2·s–1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), were stored for 6 weeks at 5C in darkness or in white, red, or blue light at 2 μmol·m–2·s–1 PPF. Photoperiod was set at 24 h/day during storage. Spectral quality significantly affected plantlet quality: stem length was longer and chlorophyll concentration of leaves was lower in red or in blue light than in white light or in darkness after 6 weeks in storage. Regardless of the spectral quality, light in storage maintained plantlet dry weight at a level comparable to that before storage, while dry weight was reduced significantly in dark-stored plantlets. Spectral quality did not significantly affect the photosynthetic and regrowth potential of plantlets. All plantlets stored in light, regardless of light spectra, showed comparably high photosynthetic ability after storage and had similar dry weight, number of leaves, and stem length after 9 weeks of transplanting to the greenhouse under natural light.

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