Rules of Ministerial Recruitment

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 618-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Annesley
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
System Level ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Parliamentary Democracies ◽  
International Pressure ◽  
Women In Parliament ◽  
Politics And Gender

Ministerial office represents the pinnacle of political power. Quite rightly, politics and gender and comparative scholarship is paying increasing attention to women's access to political executives (Claveria 2014; Davis 1997; Escobar-Lemmon and Taylor-Robinson 2005; Krook and O'Brien 2012; Reynolds 1999; Siaroff 2000; Whitford, Wilkins, and Ball 2007). These studies develop and test a range of hypotheses relating to the demographic, socioeconomic, political cultural, or political institutional factors at state or system level deemed to shape women's access to political executive office. The conclusions primarily emphasize relatively general correlations between women's ministerial representation and a nation's familiarity with women in positions of power (Reynolds 1999), the prevalence of “egalitarian societies” and “leftist values” (Siaroff 2000), or international pressure and regional contagion (Escobar-Lemmon and Taylor-Robinson 2005). Studies that address the importance of political institutional factors affecting the supply and demand of female government ministers highlight the different procedures for appointing ministers in presidential versus parliamentary democracies (Reynolds 1999; Whitford, Wilkins, and Ball 2007) or the generalist versus specialist recruitment traditions of ministerial recruitment in parliamentary democracies (Claveria 2014; Davis 1997; Siaroff 2000). All studies flag the significance of the numerical presence of women in parliament, and some, the way the electoral system or gender quotas influence women's access to parliament (Claveria 2014; Krook and O'Brien 2012).

scholarly journals ¿Hacia la consolidación política? Cambios en la "estructura de oportunidades electorales" de las mujeres en Argentina

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Alles
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
The Political ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
Las Mujeres

RESUMEN: El presente artículo tiene como objetivo determinar los cambios de la «estructura de oportunidades electorales» de las mujeres en Argentina a lo largo del período 1983-2005, para lo cual el trabajo va más allá de los análisis estáticos usuales y examina los elementos dinámicos del proceso. Desde la perspectiva institucional, la elección de mujeres está condicionada en primer lugar por las características del diseño electoral: la introducción de cuotas de género es reconocida por la literatura como un dispositivo clave para facilitar la elección de mujeres, pero su efectividad se ve condicionada por otros elementos del sistema electoral, tal como la magnitud de distritos, pero también por las características del sistema de partidos. Basado en un análisis estadístico multivariado, el artículo encuentra evidencia que sostiene que, tras un período donde la elección de mujeres se explica mediante factores político-institucionales, en las últimas elecciones los factores sistémicos pierden capacidad explicativa, aun cuando se controla el efecto de las variables socioeconómicas, lo que indica que la elección de mujeres se explica por factores no incluidos en el análisis, eventualmente partidarios o personales. Estos resultados sugieren que las cuotas han tenido efectos de largo alcance, haciendo posible la consolidación de la posición política de las mujeres.ABSTRACT: This article has as main goal to know the changes suffered by the «electoral opportunity structure» of women in Argentina through the period 1983-2005, for which purpose the work goes beyond usual static analyses and examine the dynamic elements of the process. From the institutional perspective, the election of women is conditioned at first for the features of the electoral design: the introduction of gender quotas is highlighted by the literature as a key device to make easy the election of women, but its effectiveness is conditioned by the other elements of the electoral system. Based on a multivariate statistical analysis, this article finds evidence that maintains that, after a period where the election of women is explained by political-institutional factors, in the last elections the systemic factors lost explanatory ability, even when the effect of socio-economic variables is kept under control, which points out that the election of women is explained by non included factors, eventually partisan or individual ones. These results suggest that the quotas have had long-range effects, making possible the consolidation of the political position of women.

scholarly journals Professional activists? Party activism among political staffers in parliamentary democracies

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406882110273
Author(s):  
Pieter Moens
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Parliamentary Democracies ◽  
Coalition Governments ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Strong Commitment ◽  
Staff Recruitment

Although the position of the party on the ground has been weakened by cartelization, grassroots activists remain an important recruitment pool for political professionals. Based on unique survey data collected among the staff of 14 Belgian and Dutch parties (N = 1009), this article offers an in-depth analysis of party activism among this under-researched population. Introducing a new supply and demand framework, I argue that staff recruitment is shaped by candidate preferences (supply) and party preferences (demand). The findings demonstrate that most political staffers are high-intensity activists with a strong commitment to their party. Moreover, the theoretical model accurately predicts that non-activists are more common among policy and communication experts, ministerial staff, and those working for ideologically moderate parties. These findings show that paid staffers do not necessarily widen the gap between parties and activists. They also raise normative questions about internal congruence within parties in coalition governments.

scholarly journals Opening Up Transactive Systems: Introducing TESS and Specification in a Field Deployment

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3970
Author(s):  
Marie-Louise Arlt ◽  
David P. Chassin ◽  
L. Lynne Kiesling
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
System Level ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Bidding Strategies ◽  
Incentive Problems ◽  
Tariff Structures ◽  
Field Deployment ◽  
Residential Demand

Transactive energy systems (TS) use automated device bidding to access (residential) demand flexibility and coordinate supply and demand on the distribution system level through market processes. In this work, we present TESS, a modularized platform for the implementation of TS, which enables the deployment of adjusted market mechanisms, economic bidding, and the potential entry of third parties. TESS thereby opens up current integrated closed-system TS, allows for the better adaptation of TS to power systems with high shares of renewable energies, and lays the foundations for a smart grid with a variety of stakeholders. Furthermore, despite positive experiences in various pilot projects, one hurdle in introducing TS is their integration with existing tariff structures and (legal) requirements. In this paper, we therefore describe TESS as we have modified it for a field implementation within the service territory of Holy Cross Energy in Colorado. Importantly, our specification addresses challenges of implementing TS in existing electric retail systems, for instance, the design of bidding strategies when a (non-transactive) tariff system is already in place. We conclude with a general discussion of the challenges associated with “brownfield” implementation of TS, such as incentive problems of baseline approaches or long-term efficiency.

scholarly journals Benefits and Challenges of Policy Options in Rationing the Hospital Radiology Services: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Jafari ◽  
Mohammad Ranjbar ◽  
Hamideh Mahjoub ◽  
Hamed Ghoshoni ◽  
Mohammad Baghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
System Level ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rationing Policy ◽  
Care Costs

Objective: In many countries, limiting the financial and budgetary resources is a challenge in the health system. One of the most costly parts of the health system is undoubtedly the radiology department of hospitals. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the benefits and challenges of the policies proposed for rationing hospital radiology services. Information sources and selected methods for study: In this narrative or literature review study, Persian (SID, Magiran, Barkat Knowledge network system, Irandoc), and Latin (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, ISI web of sciences) databases were searched. The applied keywords were radiology, rationing, distribution, priority setting, resource allocation, and policy brief. In the initial search, 145 articles were studied. Subsequently, after reviewing the titles and abstracts, 65 studies were selected and investigated. Finally, 44 related studies were thoroughly investigated. The inclusion criteria covered the studies in Persian or English. The exclusion criteria included the studies that did not have full texts. Our search included the studies conducted from 1/1/2000 to 1/1/ 2017. Results: The present study examined the benefits and challenges of radiology services rationing. Policy options were presented at 3 levels of provider, organizational, and system. The provider level consisted of training clinical and non-clinical personnel to use and maintain the medical equipment and requiring the physicians to use clinical guidelines. The organization level included reviewing imaging tariffs, entering insurance in controlling supply and demand for radiology services, and assessing equipment by the Institute for Health Technology Assessment. The system level contained assignment of radiological services to the private sector. Conclusion: As health care costs are rising and resources are increasingly constrained by ever-increasing demands, policy makers and officials can use the proposed solutions with regard to contextual conditions to design a rationing model. Services at the macro level of the health system and operationalization of the rationing process reduce the gap between supply and demand of the health services.  

scholarly journals Institutional Factors Affecting the North Caucasus Region in Connection to its Russian Identification

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Abdullakh Abdulgamidovich Mallakurbanov ◽  
Elena Vladimirovna Baboshina ◽  
Ilmira Abduragimovna Abdulaeva ◽  
Irade Safaratdinovna Guseinova
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Factors ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North

INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF FARMER COMPANIES IN SRI LANKA

2011 ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.S.R. Rosairo ◽  
M.C. Lyne ◽  
S. Martin ◽  
K. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting

Adjustment of Legal Retirement Age in Chinese Mainland

2011 ◽  
Vol 422 ◽  
pp. 684-687
Author(s):  
Shi Bin Song ◽  
Qi Song ◽  
Xiao Jun Xue ◽  
Yun Wan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Chinese Mainland ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Demographic Dividend ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Legal Retirement Age

With the coming rush of population aging and the termination of the demographic dividend, the question on the extension of the legal retirement age is becoming a hot topic in the community. This paper analyzes factors affecting retirement age，such　as demographic dividend, life expectancy, years of education per capita, supply and demand situation in labor market. From these factors, reasonable quantitative reference standards can be introduced.

Badanie fizykalne stosowane przez pielęgniarki na wybranych oddziałach szpitalnych

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wioletta Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska ◽  
Renata Piotrkowska ◽  
Katarzyna Kwiecień-Jaguś ◽  
Piotr Jarzynkowski ◽  
Sandra Popiołek
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
System Level ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
General Physical Examination ◽  
General Physical

Introduction. The history of the use of physical examination by nurses in the United States of America dates back to the 1960s. Transformation of nurses’ education and midwives in Poland also enabled the introduction of classes preparing students and nurses for physical examination. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the scope of physical examination used by nurses in selected surgical and non-surgical departments. Material and methods. The study involved 89 nurses employed in one of the hospitals in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. The study was conducted in 2017. The work involved the method of a diagnostic survey and the research tool was a questionnaire of own authorship. The results of the study were subjected to statistical analysis using the Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheet and the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 statistical package. Results. There are statistically significant differences in the physical examination of the general subjects (assessment of the structure and body proportions, nutritional status), as well as the measurement of breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature during hospitalization and within the head and neck and chest. Conclusions. Nurses working in surgical wards are more likely to perform general physical examination and measurement of breathing, pulse, blood pressure and body temperature during hospitalization compared to nurses from non-surgical wards. However, when admitted to the hospital, they more often assess the arterial system. Level of education and work experience in the profession are factors affecting the frequency of physical examination.

scholarly journals The Consequences of Quotas: Assessing the Effect of Varied Gender Quotas on Legislator Experience in the European Parliament

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Andrea S. Aldrich ◽  
William T. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Electoral Institutions ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Political Experience ◽  
Using Data

Abstract This article explores the consequences of quotas on the level of diversity observed in legislators’ professional and political experience. We examine how party system and electoral system features that are meant to favor female representation, such as gender quotas for candidate selection or placement mandates on electoral lists, affect the composition of legislatures by altering the mix of professional and political qualifications held by its members. Using data collected for all legislators initially seated to the current session of the European Parliament, one of the largest and most diverse democratically elected legislatures in the world, we find that quotas eliminate gendered differences in experience within the institution, particularly when used in conjunction with placement mandates that ensure female candidates are featured on electoral lists in viable positions. Electoral institutions can generally help to “level the playing field” between the backgrounds of men and women in elected office while increasing the presence of desirable qualities among European Parliament representatives of both genders.

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