In field identification of herbicide resistantApera spica-ventiusing chlorophyll fluorescence

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wang ◽  
G. G. Peteinatos ◽  
R. Gerhards
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Field Identification ◽  
Sensitive Population

The WEED-PAM®is a chlorophyll fluorescence sensor. It has already been applied in the detection of herbicide resistantAlopecurus mysuroidespopulations with promising results. Yet more work needs to be done in order to validate the system’s capabilities in different species. In this study, field experiments were conducted at three sites to clarify the capability of this sensor to detect herbicide resistantApera spica-ventipopulations. The plants were treated with five different herbicides: three ALS-, one ACCase- and one PS II- inhibitor. Five days after the herbicide treatment, sensor data were gathered. These data were compared with a visual assessment, performed 21 days after the herbicide application. The populations that exhibited a strong resistance to the ALS and PS II inhibitors could be differentiated from the sensitive ones. Yet theApera spica-ventipopulation with a low resistance level to the ACCase inhibitors cannot be differentiated from the sensitive population.

scholarly journals A Fluorescence Sensor Capable of Real-Time Herbicide Effect Monitoring in Greenhouses and the Field

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Wang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Weidong Jia ◽  
Yin Chen ◽  
Roland Gerhards
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Fluorescence Yield ◽  
Fluorescence Sensor ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Effect Monitoring

Herbicide resistant weeds need to be identified early so that yield loss can be avoided by applying proper field management strategies. A novel chlorophyll-fluorescence-imaging sensor has been developed to conduct real-time herbicide effect evaluation. In this research, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to calibrate the capability of the sensor in monitoring herbicide effects on different biotypes of two grass weeds (Alopecurus myosuroides, Apera spica-venti) in southwestern Germany. Herbicides with different modes of action were applied for the effect monitoring. Chlorophyll fluorescence yield of the plants was measured 3–15 days after treatment (DAT) using the new fluorescence sensor. Visual assessment of the weeds was carried out on 21 DAT. The results showed that the maximal PS II quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of herbicide sensitive weeds was significantly lower than the values of resistant populations in 5 DAT. The new technology was capable of quickly identifying the herbicide’s effect on plants. It can be used to optimize management strategies to control herbicide resistant weeds.

Herbicide Application Strategies for the Control of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Wide-Row Faba Bean (Vicia faba) in Southern Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel G. L. Kleemann ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

Two field experiments were undertaken at Roseworthy, South Australia from 2006 to 2007 to evaluate the performance of herbicide application strategies for the control of herbicide-resistant rigid ryegrass in faba bean grown in wide rows (WR). The standard farmer practice of applying postsowing PRE (PSPE) simazine followed by POST clethodim to faba bean grown in WR provided consistent and high levels of rigid ryegrass control (≥ 96%) and caused a large reduction (P < 0.05) in spike production (≤ 20 spikes m−2) as compared with nontreated control (560 to 722 spikes m−2). Furthermore, this herbicide combination resulted in greatest yield benefits for WR faba bean (723 to 1,046 kg ha−1). Although PSPE propyzamide used in combination with shielded interrow applications of glyphosate or paraquat provided high levels of rigid ryegrass control (≥ 93%), these treatments were unable to reduce ryegrass spike density within the crop row (20 to 54 spikes m−2) to levels acceptable for continued cropping. Furthermore, a yield reduction (13 to 29%) was observed for faba bean in treatments with shielded application of nonselective herbicides and could be related to spray drift onto lower leaves. These findings highlight that shielded interrow spraying in WR faba bean could play an important role in the management of rigid ryegrass in southern Australia. However, timing of shielded interrow applications on weed control, crop safety, and issues concerning integration with more effective early-season control strategies require attention.

scholarly journals Features and applications of a field imaging chlorophyll fluorometer to measure stress in agricultural plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander I. Linn ◽  
Alexander K. Zeller ◽  
Erhard E. Pfündel ◽  
Roland Gerhards
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Stress Detection ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Field Estimation ◽  
Agricultural Plants ◽  
Imaging Sensor

Abstract Most non-destructive methods for plant stress detection do not measure the primary stress response but reactions of processes downstream of primary events. For instance, the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio Fv/Fm, which indicates the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, can be employed to monitor stress originating elsewhere in the plant cell. This article describes the properties of a sensor to quantify herbicide and pathogen stress in agricultural plants for field applications by the Fv/Fm parameter. This dedicated sensor is highly mobile and measures images of pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence. Special physical properties of the sensor are reported, and the range of its field applications is defined. In addition, detection of herbicide resistant weeds by employing an Fv/Fm-based classifier is described. The PAM-imaging sensor introduced here can provide in-field estimation of herbicide sensitivity in crops and weeds after herbicide treatment before any damage becomes visible. Limitations of the system and the use of a classifier to differentiate between stressed and non-stressed plants based on sensor data are presented. It is concluded that stress detection by the Fv/Fm parameter is suitable as an expert tool for decision making in crop management.

scholarly journals Changes in the Metabolism of Soybean Plants Submitted to Herbicide Application in Different Weed Management Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. FRAGA ◽  
D. AGOSTINETTO ◽  
Q. RUCHEL ◽  
A. C. LANGARO ◽  
C. OLIVEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Soybean Plants

ABSTRACT: Technologies that advocate the use of herbicide-resistant crops are alternatives to weed control, but they may cause oxidative stress and change secondary metabolism of plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate changes in the secondary metabolism of soybean plants which contained Cultivance® (CV), sulfonylurea-tolerant soybean (STS) and Roundup Ready® (RR) technologies submitted to the application of the mixture of herbicides imazapyr and imazapic in “plant-apply” and “apply-plant” management systems. Two field experiments, in which soybean cultivars were submitted to increasing doses of the mixture of herbicides imazapyr and imazapic, were performed. Aerial parts of plants were collected 10 days after crop emergence and stored at -83oC, until quantification of variables. In general, the soybean cultivar BRS382CV exhibited lower contents of chlorophyll than cultivars CD249STS and NA5909RR. Besides, increasing doses of the mixture of herbicides imazapyr and imazapic decreased contents of chlorophyll in the cultivars. Stress caused by herbicides induced more generation of ROS and effective response of the antioxidant system through enzymes SOD, CAT and APX.

Emergence pattern of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) influenced by tillage timings and residual herbicides

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Parminder S. Chahal ◽  
Ethann R. Barnes ◽  
Amit J. Jhala
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weibull Function ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Emergence Pattern ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Emergence Patterns

Abstract The evolution of multiple herbicide-resistant weeds, including Palmer amaranth, has necessitated the implementation of an integrated weed management (IWM) program. Understanding weed emergence patterns is critical for developing effective IWM strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of tillage timings and residual herbicides on cumulative emergence and emergence pattern of Palmer amaranth. Field experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 in a field naturally infested with photosystem (PS) II and 4- hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth near Shickley, Nebraska in a bare ground study, with no crop planted in the plots but residues from the preceding corn crop were present on the soil surface. Treatments consisted of shallow tillage timings (early, mid, and late), three premix corn or soybean residual herbicides, and a nontreated control. The Weibull function was fitted to cumulative Palmer amaranth emergence with day of year (DOY) and thermal time (TT) as independent variables. Year by treatment interaction was significant for time to 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% Palmer amaranth emergence and cumulative emergence. Majority of Palmer amaranth seedlings emerged early, following early-tillage with 90% cumulative emergence occurring on DOY 172 compared with DOY 210 to 212 for mid- and late-tillage and DOY 194 in nontreated control in 2015. In 2016, 90% of cumulative emergence following early-, mid-, and late-tillage (DOY 201 to 211) were similar, and nontreated control (DOY 188) was similar to early-tillage. Nontreated control and PRE herbicide treatments had similar DOY values for 90% emergence in both years. Number of emerged Palmer amaranth seedlings over the season was higher with shallow tillage than no tillage or with PRE herbicides.

scholarly journals Interaction of dicamba, fluthiacet-methyl, and glyphosate for control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theopharsti) in dicamba/glyphosate-resistant soybean

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Jose H. S. de Sanctis ◽  
Amit J. Jhala
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Agronomic Crops ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Biomass Reduction

Abstract Velvetleaf is an economically important weed in agronomic crops in Nebraska and the United States. Dicamba applied alone usually does not provide complete velvetleaf control, particularly when velvetleaf is greater than 15 cm tall. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the interaction of dicamba, fluthiacet-methyl, and glyphosate applied alone or in a mixture in two- or three-way combinations for velvetleaf control in dicamba/glyphosate-resistant (DGR) soybean and to evaluate whether velvetleaf height (≤ 12 cm or ≤ 20 cm) at the time of herbicide application influences herbicide efficacy, velvetleaf density, biomass, and soybean yield. Field experiments were conducted near Clay Center, Nebraska in 2019 and 2020. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot with velvetleaf height (≤ 12 cm or ≤ 20 cm) as the main plot treatment and herbicides as sub-plot treatment. Fluthiacet provided ≥ 94% velvetleaf control 28 d after treatment (DAT) and ≥ 96% biomass reduction regardless of application rate or velvetleaf height. Velvetleaf control was 31% to 74% at 28 DAT when dicamba or glyphosate was applied alone to velvetleaf ≤ 20 cm tall compared with 47% to 100% control applied to ≤ 12 cm tall plants. Dicamba applied alone to ≤ 20 cm tall velvetleaf provided < 75% control and < 87% biomass reduction 28 DAT compared with ≥ 90% control with dicamba at 560 g ae ha−1 + fluthiacet at 7.2 g ai ha−1 or glyphosate at 1,260 g ae ha−1. Dicmaba at 280 g ae ha−1 + glyphosate at 630 g ae ha−1 applied to ≤ 20 cm tall velvetleaf resulted in 86% control 28 DAT compared with the expected 99% control. The interaction of dicamba + fluthiacet + glyphosate was additive for velvetleaf control and biomass reduction regardless of application rate and velvetleaf height.

scholarly journals FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL EFFICACY AS A FUNCTION OF APPLICATION TIME AND HERBICIDE DOSE

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
L.F. CIESLIK ◽  
R.A. VIDAL ◽  
A.B. MACHADO ◽  
M.M. TREZZI
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
The Common ◽  
Bean Crop

ABSTRACT Grass weeds are common in summer crops and strongly decreases the grain yield of the common bean crop. The time of herbicide application influences the variability of environmental conditions and affects the product performance. The objectives of this work were to identify the time of fluazifop-p-butyl (fluazifop) application which gives best grass weed control in the common bean crop and to elucidate the environmental variables most important for the efficacy of this herbicide. Field experiments were conducted involving five application times (2 a.m., 6 a.m., 11 a.m., 4 p.m. and 9 p.m.) and five doses of fluazifop (80, 110, 140, 170 and 200 g ha-1), with additional no-herbicide control. At the time of the herbicide application it was determined the air temperature, relative humidity, the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the leaf angle, whereas the weed control and the dry mass of the weed Urochloa plantaginea was assessed at 20 days after treatment (DAT). Efficacy on grass control with fluazifop was dependent on the herbicide dose and on the time of day that the product was applied. Spray at early morning hours (6 a.m.) showed better efficacy on weed control in relation to periods during warmer conditions of the day (11 a.m. and 4 p.m.). Nocturnal fluazifop application had better weed control when compared to herbicide sprayed in the afternoon. The air temperature, relative humidity and PAR were correlated to weed leaf angle, which correlated the most with fluazifop performance.

The Effect of Trifluralin Applied Preplant on Grass Weed Control and Establishment and Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio A. Scursoni ◽  
Emilio H. Satorre
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
And Control ◽  
Crop Planting ◽  
Grass Weed

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of preplant applications of trifluralin on barley stand and yield, and control of grass weeds in field experiments during 1992 and 1993. Factors examined were: (1) crop planting patterns (conventional drill with rows 15 cm apart and deep-seeder drill with rows 25 cm apart), (2) herbicide application times (22 d before sowing and immediately before sowing), and (3) herbicide application. During 1993, hand-weeded plots also were established. Trifluralin applied preplant at 528 g ai/ha reduced weed density and biomass. Weed control was higher under conventional planting than under the deep planting pattern, and there was no effect of the time of application on herbicide efficacy. There was no herbicide injury to the crop, and grain yield was higher in treated than in untreated plots due to successful weed control.

scholarly journals Distributed mapping with privacy and communication constraints: Lightweight algorithms and object-based models

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1286-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddharth Choudhary ◽  
Luca Carlone ◽  
Carlos Nieto ◽  
John Rogers ◽  
Henrik I Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Algorithms ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Noisy Information ◽  
Seidel Method ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Graph Optimization ◽  
Pose Graph Optimization

We consider the following problem: a team of robots is deployed in an unknown environment and it has to collaboratively build a map of the area without a reliable infrastructure for communication. The backbone for modern mapping techniques is pose graph optimization, which estimates the trajectory of the robots, from which the map can be easily built. The first contribution of this paper is a set of distributed algorithms for pose graph optimization: rather than sending all sensor data to a remote sensor fusion server, the robots exchange very partial and noisy information to reach an agreement on the pose graph configuration. Our approach can be considered as a distributed implementation of a two-stage approach that already exists, where we use the Successive Over-Relaxation and the Jacobi Over-Relaxation as workhorses to split the computation among the robots. We also provide conditions under which the proposed distributed protocols converge to the solution of the centralized two-stage approach. As a second contribution, we extend the proposed distributed algorithms to work with the object-based map models. The use of object-based models avoids the exchange of raw sensor measurements (e.g. point clouds or RGB-D data) further reducing the communication burden. Our third contribution is an extensive experimental evaluation of the proposed techniques, including tests in realistic Gazebo simulations and field experiments in a military test facility. Abundant experimental evidence suggests that one of the proposed algorithms (the Distributed Gauss–Seidel method) has excellent performance. The Distributed Gauss–Seidel method requires minimal information exchange, has an anytime flavor, scales well to large teams (we demonstrate mapping with a team of 50 robots), is robust to noise, and is easy to implement. Our field tests show that the combined use of our distributed algorithms and object-based models reduces the communication requirements by several orders of magnitude and enables distributed mapping with large teams of robots in real-world problems. The source code is available for download at https://cognitiverobotics.github.io/distributed-mapper/

Efficacy of Halauxifen-Methyl on Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Erigeron canadensis)

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 758-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara L. McCauley ◽  
William G. Johnson ◽  
Bryan G. Young
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Synthetic Auxin ◽  
Comparable Level ◽  
Erigeron Canadensis ◽  
Application Rates

AbstractHalauxifen-methyl is a new synthetic auxin herbicide for control of broadleaf weeds, including preplant applications for corn (Zea maysL.) or soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of halauxifen-methyl in comparison to the current auxin standards, 2,4-D and dicamba, on glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed (Erigeron canadensisL.) at different plant heights. In field experiments, a foliar application of halauxifen-methyl at the recommended use rate of 5 g ae ha−1resulted in 81% control. Dicamba applied at 280 g ae ha−1provided a comparable level of efficacy of 80%, while 2,4-D at 560 g ae ha−1resulted in 49% control. The addition of glyphosate improved GRE. canadensiscontrol with 2,4-D more than with halauxifen-methyl or dicamba, possibly due to the higher level of control observed with halauxifen-methyl or dicamba alone. Even though applied at 50 to 100 times lower application rates, the efficacy of halauxifen-methyl onE. canadensiswas similar to dicamba and greater than 2,4-D. Thus, halauxifen-methyl should be an effective tool for management of GRE. canadensisbefore planting both conventional and herbicide-resistant soybean varieties, and it precludes the extended preplant application interval required for dicamba in some soybean management systems.

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