Constitutional Politics In Germany

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald P. Kommers
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Immigration Law ◽  
Constitutional Politics ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Technical Point ◽  
National Parliament ◽  
Legislative Body ◽  
Minority Party ◽  
Vital State ◽  
First Time

A landmark in German immigration law could founder on a technical point of procedure in the Bundesrat, the legislative body in Germany that represents the states at the national level. A bill acknowledging, for the first time, that Germany is a country of immigration won a majority of votes in the popularly elected branch of the national parliament. Introduced and championed by the governing Social Democratic-Green coalition, the controversial bill survived the stiff opposition of Christian Democrats, the minority party. But Germany is a federal republic and, accordingly, this bill, like others involving vital state interests, constitutionally requires the Bundesrat's consent.

Suffrage Reform as Coup d’État

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Retallack
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
National Level ◽  
Social Democracy ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Class Voting

In the period 1894 to 1902 Saxons demonstrated that the expansion of voting rights could be slowed and actually reversed. This chapter shows how right-wing politicians, statesmen, municipal councilors, and others used a perceived crisis following political assassinations in mid-1894 to refocus middle-class fears on the “threat” of socialism. At the national level, calls for a coup d’état against the Reichstag dovetailed with less dramatic calls to action against Social Democracy. When these appeals yielded meager results, Saxons responded by passing a reform of their Landtag’s suffrage in 1896: it replaced a relatively equitable system with unequal three-class voting. Socialists disappeared from the Landtag, and the Reichstag elections of 1898 were unexciting. In the period 1898–1902 Saxon Conservatism reached the zenith of its power. But Social Democratic outrage over “suffrage robbery” had already planted the seeds of a political reversal.

scholarly journals Determining Accurate Vaccination Coverage Rates for Adolescents: The National Immunization Survey-Teen 2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 642-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Jain ◽  
James A. Singleton ◽  
Margrethe Montgomery ◽  
Benjamin Skalland
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Coverage Rates ◽  
First Time ◽  
National Immunization Survey

Since 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has funded the National Immunization Survey (NIS), a large telephone survey used to estimate vaccination coverage of U.S. children aged 19–35 months. The NIS is a two-phase survey that obtains vaccination receipt information from a random-digit-dialed survey, designed to identify households with eligible children, followed by a provider record check, which obtains provider-reported vaccination histories for eligible children. In 2006, the survey was expanded for the first time to include a national sample of adolescents aged 13–17 years, called the NIS-Teen. This article summarizes the methodology used in the NIS-Teen. In 2008, the NIS-Teen was expanded to collect state-specific and national-level data to determine vaccination coverage estimates. This survey provides valuable information to guide immunization programs for adolescents.

Regional Policy in the European Community: Its Impact on Regional Policies and Public Administration in the Mediterranean Member States

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Tömmel
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
European Community ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Economic Incentive ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Member States ◽  
Regional Policies ◽  
First Time

When the European Community (EC) created the European Fund for Regional Development (EFRD) in 1975, regional policy was established at an international level for the first time ever. Because of the chosen instruments and the ‘additive’ mechanism of implementation—via the administrative bodies of the member states—this policy seemed at first to mean little more than a reinforcement of regional policies at a national level. Since then, the EC has considerably intensified its regional policy and diversified its instruments. However, the recent reforms of the Community's regional policy serve not only to achieve (certain) development effects with respect to the economic structure of less-developed areas, but also as a means of reorganizing governmental (planning) bodies and regional development policies in the member states, that is, as a means of inducing modernization and differentiation of state intervention in the countries concerned. Thus, the EC intervenes’ in the affairs of the member states: Not in the shape of more or less authoritarian intervention by a superior body—EC powers do not permit this—but via the indirect effect of market mechanism. Subsidies are the economic incentive to collaborate.

Foreword

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri Berman
Keyword(s):  
Republican Party ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
National Level ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Western Democracy ◽  
British Labour ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Government ◽  
Democratic Parties

The decline of the centre-left over the past years is one of the most alarming trends in Western politics. During the latter part of the 20th century such parties either ran the government or led the loyal Opposition in virtually every Western democracy. Germany’s Social Democratic Party (SPD), once the most powerful party of the left in continental Europe, currently polls in high 20s or 30s. The French Socialist Party was eviscerated in the 2017 elections, as was the Dutch Labour Party. Even the vaunted Scandinavian social democratic parties are struggling, reduced to vote shares in the 30 per cent range. The British Labour Party and the US Democrats have been protected from challengers by their country’s first-past-the-post electoral systems, but the former has recently taken a sharp turn to the hard-left under Jeremy Corbyn, while the latter, although still competitive at the national level, is a minority party at the state and local levels, where a hard-right Republican Party dominates the scene....

scholarly journals Personality profile of team handball referees at expert level

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Dodt ◽  
Frowin Fasold ◽  
Daniel Memmert
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Game Management ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
First Time

AbstractReferees play a central role in every sport. Particularly at national level, referees must meet ever higher demands due to increasing professionalisation. While cognitive and conditional aspects have already been investigated intensively, personality traits of handball referees have so far only received little attention. In addition to a profound understanding of the game and knowledge of the rules, however, it is precisely the demands on referees’ personalities that are becoming increasingly important. Individual differences in personality are related to job performance in sports, especially with regard to coping with pressure and stress. Thus, personality is considered an essential component of the performance profile of referees and is required in the context of efficient game management. In this study, the personality profiles of male handball referees at expert level (N = 163) were examined for the first time, using the German version of the Big Five Inventory 2 (BFI-2). Standard values of the German general population from a population survey were used for comparison. Referees scored higher values in extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness and a lower value in negative emotionality. The results of this cross-sectional study provide initial insights into the personality of this group of referees and thus lay the foundation for further research. A study with referees from different performance levels or cultural backgrounds could provide information on whether the results of this study only apply to German handball referees at expert level or are valid for all handball referees.

scholarly journals Virological and Epidemiological Features of Norovirus Infections in Brazil, 2017–2018

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1724
Author(s):  
Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento ◽  
Juliana da Silva Ribeiro de Andrade ◽  
Marize Pereira Miagostovich ◽  
Tulio Machado Fumian
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Median Viral Load ◽  
Molecular Surveillance ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Partial Rdrp ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
First Time

Noroviruses are considered an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) across all age groups. Here, we investigated the incidence of norovirus, genotypes circulation, and norovirus shedding in AGE stool samples from outpatients in Brazil. During a two-year period, 1546 AGE stool samples from ten Brazilian states were analyzed by RT-qPCR to detect and quantify GI and GII noroviruses. Positive samples were genotyped by dual sequencing using the ORF1/2 junction region. Overall, we detected norovirus in 32.1% of samples, with a massive predominance of GII viruses (89.1%). We also observed a significant difference between the median viral load of norovirus GI (3.4×105 GC/g of stool) and GII (1.9×107 GC/g). The most affected age group was children aged between 6 and 24 m old, and norovirus infection was detected throughout the year without marked seasonality. Phylogenetic analysis of partial RdRp and VP1 regions identified six and 11 genotype combinations of GI and GII, respectively. GII.4 Sydney[P16] was by far the predominant genotype (47.6%), followed by GII.2[P16], GII.4 Sydney[P31], and GII.6[P7]. We detected, for the first time in Brazil, the intergenogroup recombinant genotype GIX.1[GII.P15]. Our study contributes to the knowledge of norovirus genotypes circulation at the national level, reinforcing the importance of molecular surveillance programs for future vaccine designs.

scholarly journals The assessment of woody plants vital state in the landscaping of Ishim

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
Olga E. Tokar
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Current State ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Vital State ◽  
Total Composition ◽  
Vitality Index ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Characteristics

This paper analyzes the current state of landscaping in Ishim. The data on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of woody plants have been obtained for the first time; the assessment of trees and shrubs state is based on the analysis of the vitality index. A database of green plants within 21 objects in Ishim was created and analyzed. The paper also contains data on the species diversity of trees and shrubs in Ishim. It turned out that the objects under study have trees and shrubs placed in special dividing strips, linearly, in rows or in small compact groups, less often they are planted singly. The species composition is represented by 47 species from 28 genera, 16 families and 2 divisions. The biomorphological structure is represented by trees (25, or 53% of species) and shrubs (22, or 47% of species). The total composition of tree and shrub plantations, determined by the number of trunks (bushes) and the percentage of woody plants, is 2854; the composition of the preserved ones is 2 815 (99%) pieces; the ones assigned for removal are 39 (1%) pcs. The vitality index shows that among 85% of the studied objects of the town at the time of the survey were healthy, among 10% of the objects they were qualified as damaged, among 5% of them were severely damaged. Based on the results of examining crowns and trunks of woody plants, signs of diseases and pests, a plan of measures for the treatment, restoration and preservation of woody plants was drawn up and recommendations were given for caring, sanitary felling and removal of single specimens.

scholarly journals The Museum System of Modern Kazakhstan: Classification and Typology of Museums

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Abay Satubaldin ◽  
Kunikey Sakhiyeva
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
District Level ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
System A ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

This article discusses the museum system of modern Kazakhstan and offers, for the first time ever, a classification and typology of the country’s museums.In recent years in independent Kazakhstan, on the basis of the Soviet system, a modern museum network has been formed which currently lists 250 museums. Among them are 17 national-level museums, 54 at the regional level, 73 at the provincial level, 103 branches of regional- and district-level museums and four private museums.The purpose of this article is to analyse the museum system of modern Kazakhstan and develop a classification and typology of the country’s museums.In the course of the study, conducted in 2017–2018, data was collected on the activities of museums at the national, regional and district levels over the past seven years. From the results of this investigation, the museums of Kazakhstan were systematized according to the subject or topic of the museum (e.g. history, art, scientific), its affiliation (national, regional district), and by size, measured by number of employees.

scholarly journals Terrestrial Molluscs in the Dry Grasslands of the DNIPRO Upland (Central Ukraine): New Records, Rare Species and Conservation Potential

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Balashov ◽  
O. Vasyliuk ◽  
D. Shyriaieva ◽  
Z. Shvydka ◽  
O. Oskyrko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
National Level ◽  
Red List ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rock Outcrops ◽  
Dry Grassland ◽  
Dry Grasslands ◽  
First Time ◽  
High Diversity

Abstract Thirty-six species of terrestrial molluscs were found in the dry grasslands and rock outcrops of the study area, including three that were not previously known for Central Ukraine: Granaria frumentum, Pupilla bigranata and Mediterranea inopinata. These species are relics related to dry open habitats and require conservation in Ukraine on the national level, G. frumentum is already listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, and the other two should be listed in its next edition. It is proposed to create the new protected areas in the most important newly revealed locations of these species. These rocky areas also retain the high diversity of land molluscs in the region. The invasive snail Xeropicta derbentina was found for the first time on the DNIPRO Upland, on the edge of natural dry grassland. The rare native snail Morlina glabra was recorded for the first time in Kyiv Region, it is proposed to be included into the regional red list.

National standard on heavyweight marine booms: development experience and general requirements

2021 ◽  
pp. 203-213
Author(s):  
Григорий Викторович Зябкин ◽  
Сергей Алексеевич Половков ◽  
Александр Эдуардович Гончар ◽  
Владислав Николаевич Слепнев
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Standards ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Development Experience ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
First Time ◽  
Reference Document ◽  
Standard Development

Основными средствами локализации нефтяных разливов в акваториях являются боновые заграждения. Несмотря на их повсеместное использование, в течение долгого времени отсутствовал национальный стандарт, регламентирующий требования к данному виду оборудования. Соответствующий стандарт - ГОСТ Р 58190-2018 - был введен в действие 1 апреля 2019 года. Основой для его создания стал нормативный документ ПАО «Транснефть», доработанный с учетом анализа зарубежного опыта нормирования требований к боновым заграждениям, опыта эксплуатации бонов морских тяжелых, состояния рынка данного вида оборудования, используемых материалов и технологий производства. ГОСТ Р 58190-2018 впервые определил боны морские тяжелые как отдельный класс боновых заграждений, установил и закрепил на национальном уровне требования к ним, что надо расценивать как важный шаг в обеспечении качества данного вида оборудования. В настоящей статье авторы, принимавшие участие в разработке стандарта, представляют анализ итогов разработки и рассматривают возникшие в связи с этим проблемные вопросы. Сформулированы рекомендации с целью повышения качества деятельности в области технического регулирования. Сделан вывод о целесообразности рассмотрения вопроса о создании в перспективе национального стандарта, определяющего основные типы боновых заграждений, требования к ним, рекомендации по применению. Опыт разработки ГОСТ Р 58190-2018 может быть распространен на другие виды оборудования и использован при разработке других национальных стандартов. The basic means for the containment of oil spills in water areas are booms. Despite its common usage, for a long period of time there were no national standard regulating the requirements to this kind of equipment. Such standard, GOST R 58190-2018, became effective on April 1, 2019. The basis for its establishment was Transneft PJSC reference document, which was revised with regard to the analysis of foreign experience in standardizing the requirements for booms, experience in operating heavyweight marine booms, the state of the market for such equipment, materials and production technologies used. GOST R 58190-2018 for the first time determined heavyweight marine booms as a separate group of defense booms, established and consolidated the requirements for such equipment effective on the national level. Within the present article the authors, who took part in the standard development, set forth the analysis of the development results and consider problems related to this issue. The authors present recommendations with the purpose of increasing the quality of measures taken in the field of technical regulation. The conclusion is made whether it is practical to consider the question of creating national standard, which defines basic types of defense booms in general, the requirements and application recommendations. The experience of developing GOST R 58190-2018 can also be applied to other types of equipment and used for the development of other national standards.

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