scholarly journals Virological and Epidemiological Features of Norovirus Infections in Brazil, 2017–2018

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1724
Author(s):  
Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento ◽  
Juliana da Silva Ribeiro de Andrade ◽  
Marize Pereira Miagostovich ◽  
Tulio Machado Fumian
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Median Viral Load ◽  
Molecular Surveillance ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Partial Rdrp ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
First Time

Noroviruses are considered an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) across all age groups. Here, we investigated the incidence of norovirus, genotypes circulation, and norovirus shedding in AGE stool samples from outpatients in Brazil. During a two-year period, 1546 AGE stool samples from ten Brazilian states were analyzed by RT-qPCR to detect and quantify GI and GII noroviruses. Positive samples were genotyped by dual sequencing using the ORF1/2 junction region. Overall, we detected norovirus in 32.1% of samples, with a massive predominance of GII viruses (89.1%). We also observed a significant difference between the median viral load of norovirus GI (3.4×105 GC/g of stool) and GII (1.9×107 GC/g). The most affected age group was children aged between 6 and 24 m old, and norovirus infection was detected throughout the year without marked seasonality. Phylogenetic analysis of partial RdRp and VP1 regions identified six and 11 genotype combinations of GI and GII, respectively. GII.4 Sydney[P16] was by far the predominant genotype (47.6%), followed by GII.2[P16], GII.4 Sydney[P31], and GII.6[P7]. We detected, for the first time in Brazil, the intergenogroup recombinant genotype GIX.1[GII.P15]. Our study contributes to the knowledge of norovirus genotypes circulation at the national level, reinforcing the importance of molecular surveillance programs for future vaccine designs.

scholarly journals Genetic recombination and diversity of sapovirus in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2010–2018

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kattareeya Kumthip ◽  
Pattara Khamrin ◽  
Hiroshi Ushijima ◽  
Limin Chen ◽  
Shilin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Recombinant Strains ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
First Time

Background Human sapovirus (SaV) is an etiologic agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in all age groups worldwide. Genetic recombination of SaV has been reported from many countries. So far, none of SaV recombinant strain has been reported from Thailand. This study examined the genetic recombination and genotype diversity of SaV in children hospitalized with AGE in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Methods Stool samples were collected from children suffering from diarrhea who admitted to the hospitals in Chiang Mai, Thailand between 2010 and 2018. SaV was detected by RT-PCR and the polymerase and capsid gene sequences were analysed. Results From a total of 3,057 samples tested, 50 (1.6%) were positive for SaV. Among positive samples, SaV genotype GI.1 was the most predominant genotype (40%; 20/50), followed by GII.1 and GII.5 (each of 16%; 8/50), GI.2 (14%; 7/50), GIV.1 (4%; 2/50), and GI.5 (2%; 1/50). In addition, 4 SaV recombinant strains of GII.1/GII.4 were identified in this study (8%; 4/50). Conclusions The data revealed the genetic diversity of SaV circulating in children with AGE in Chiang Mai, Thailand during 2010 to 2018 and the intragenogroup SaV recombinant strains were reported for the first time in Thailand.

Energy Balance Coexists With Disproportionate Macronutrient Consumption Across Pretraining, During Training, and Posttraining Among Indian Junior Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Susan Cherian ◽  
Ashok Sainoji ◽  
Balakrishna Nagalla ◽  
Venkata Ramana Yagnambhatt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose: To evaluate energy expenditure, energy intake, and nutrient adequacy of Indian junior soccer players. Method: Forty junior national-level soccer players (Under-12 and Under-16 age groups) were assessed for 3-day weighed food records and 3-day energy expenditure. Energy and nutrient intake was analyzed from food records, and energy expenditure was measured using a portable metabolic analyzer and activity records. Nutrient adequacy was determined by comparing intake with prevailing recommendations. Results: Players exhibited no significant difference between energy intake (boys = 3062 [340.9] and girls = 2243 [320.3] kcal·d−1) and expenditure (boys = 2875 [717.3] and girls = 2442 [350.3] kcal·d−1). Across age groups, the Under-12 boys showed positive energy balance as against energy deficits in Under-16. Girls showed energy deficits, although not significant. There were 58% of girls showing energy availability <30 kcal·kg−1 fat-free mass, of which 37% were Under-16 players. Carbohydrates contributed to >60% of energy expenditure among 95.2% boys and 73.7% girls. Among 52.4% boys and 47.4% girls, <25% of energy expenditure was contributed by fat. More than 95% players consumed <1 g·kg−1 carbohydrates pretraining and 100% of them consumed >1.2 g·kg−1 carbohydrates posttraining. Conclusion: Junior soccer players consumed more than recommended carbohydrates in the diet, although not aligning with the pretraining, during training, and posttraining meal requirements. Considering the energy deficits observed among Under-16 players, a suitable dietary modification is warranted.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and non-opportunistic character of Blastocystis spp.: a hospital-based survey in Central Cameroon

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (05) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Jupsa-Mbiandou ◽  
Samuel Fosso ◽  
Edimo Billé ◽  
Tito T Mélachio-Tanekou ◽  
Gideon Ajeagah-Aghaindum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Blastocystis Spp ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Hiv Negative

Introduction: Blastocystis spp. is a protist found in humans. Although usually the most frequent protozoa found in stool samples of both symptomatic and healthy subjects, its pathogenic or rather opportunistic role is yet to be clearly elucidated. To attempt to fill this gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the frequency of Blastocystis spp. in HIV positive (HIV+) versus HIV negative (HIV-) individuals in four health facilities of the Center Region of Cameroon. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 283 HIV positive and 245 HIV negative subjects and analyzed using direct diagnostic tests. Results: A total of 46 (8.7%) individuals were found infected with Blastocystis spp., including 6.7% HIV positive and 11.0% HIV negative. This species was more frequent in urban and semi-urban areas than in rural areas, but evenly distributed among genders and age groups as well as among all sectors of activity. The prevalence of Blastocystis spp. (11.3%) was higher in HIV+ patients with a CD4 count ≥ 500 cells / mm3, but no significant difference was found among HIV clinical stages. Likewise prevalence, the mean number of cysts per gram of stool was similar between HIV positive and HIV negative individuals. People infected with Blastocystis spp. showed diverse clinical signs, but only flatulence was significantly more prevalent. The frequencies of these clinical signs were not related to HIV status. Conclusion: No clear relationship links the infection with Blastocystis spp. to HIV, although its presence was associated with digestive disorder, suggesting that this parasite might not be opportunist.

scholarly journals Detection of Brucella sp. and Leptospira sp. in dogs using conventional polymerase chain reaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-531
Author(s):  
Faham Khamesipour ◽  
Abbas Doosti ◽  
Mohsen Fard Emadi ◽  
Babafela Awosile
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Supplementary Method ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
First Time

Abstract The study was conducted to detect Brucella sp. and Leptospira sp. in blood samples of dogs in Isfahan and Shahrekord province in Iran. A total of 94 blood samples were collected from dogs of different breed, age, sex, and dogs’ type (stray or nonstray). The samples were examined using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fourteen (14.89%) dogs were positive for Brucella sp. and 18 (19.15%). dogs for Leptospira sp. There were no significant differences between the prevalence of the pathogens, provinces, sex, and age groups (P > 0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference in prevalence of Brucella sp. and Leptospira sp. between stray and non-stray dogs (P < 0.0001; χ2 = 30.3767). The study also demonstrated that PCR was successfully used for the first time in Iran for the detection of Brucella sp. and Leptospira sp. in blood samples of dogs. Therefore, we recommend the PCR as a supplementary method with other commonly recognised methods (e.g. serological methods) for the diagnosis of subclinical infections with the microorganisms. Strict measures for the control of stray dogs are also highly recommended.

scholarly journals Intestinal parasites, including Cryptosporidium species, in Iraqi patients with sickle-cell anaemia

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 345-349
Author(s):  
N. K. Mahdi ◽  
N. H. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anaemia ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Blastocystis Hominis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
First Time ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Stool samples were obtained from individuals admitted to three hospitals in Basra during November 1997-May 1998. Of 40 patients with sickle-cell anaemia, 25 [62.5%] had parasitic infections. In the apparently healthy comparison group, 26 of 175 individuals [14.8%] had intestinal parasitic infections, a statistically significant difference. The most common intestinal parasites isolated in the sickle-cell patients were Blastocystis hominis [36%] and Giardia lamblia [28%]. The isolation rate of Cryptosporidium species in sickle-cell patients [5%] was not significantly different from that in apparently healthy individuals [1.14%]. We report for the first time the isolation of Isospora belli from a sickle-cell patient in Iraq and the Mediterranean region.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica amongst infants with diarrhoea visiting the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
B. Balarabe-Musa ◽  
K. D. Onyeagba
Keyword(s):  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Bloody Stool ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The University

Amoebiasis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries because of lack of safe portable water and low level of hygiene. In Nigeria, amoebiasis is prevalent and widespread. The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence ratio of E. histolytica among infants aged 1 to 59 months admitted at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja. The distribution of the infection was reported to relate more with inadequate environmental sanitation, poor personal hygiene and climate. The epidemiology, clinical features and causative agents of diarrhoea were investigated in 100 children aged 1-59 months visiting the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital. One hundred stool samples were collected and examined. The use of direct smear and floatation methods were employed to analyze the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in diarrhoeal illness across gender, age, weight and stool appearance of the patients. Out of the one hundred stool samples screened 12% were positive for the parasite. Females were more infected (12.5%) than the males (11.4%), but there was no significant association between prevalence and gender (P>0.05). Children within the age group of 1 to 12 months old had the highest prevalence rate (20.0%). There was a significant difference in the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica among the age groups (p< 0.05). Children that weighed less than 15kg had the highest prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica (25.0%). There was a positive correlation between the prevalence and weight (p<0.05). Prevalence rate of 16.0% was recorded for watery and bloody stool. There was a positive correlation between the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and stool characteristics (p < 0.05). Hence this study analyzes the pattern, morbidty, occurrence and the preventibve measures to enact in tackling diarrhoeal illnesses. This study also aims to enlighten the public especially nursing mothers on the need to maintain proper hygiene in other to prevent contamination of diarrhoeal illness. Entamoeba histolytica can be a re-emerging serious infection when it finds favorable environmental conditions and host factors which are mainly attributed to poor hygiene in this study. This may occur in any area of the world with the same risk factors. Owing to the findings of this research, public health interventions such as the provision of clean water, community health education, observation of food hygiene, and maintenance of functioning sanitation systems are recommended towards controlling the infection.

scholarly journals CONVENTIONAL AND MOLECULAR STUDY OF Babesia spp. OF NATURAL INFECTION IN DRAGGING HORSES AT SOME AREAS OF BAGHDAD CITY, IRAQ

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faraj & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Phylogenic Tree ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
First Time

 The present study was planned to investigate equine babesiosis in dragging horses in Baghdad city, Iraq by using microscopical and molecular (PCR) techniques. 150 blood samples of horses examined for Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. 16.66% (25/150) were positive by microscopic examination. No significant difference was observed in infection rates between male and female horses and among different age groups. The result showed that PCR method has high rate of infection36% (9/25). Nine positive PCR products were sequenced and deposited in Genebank data base for first time in Iraq, phylogenic analysis demonstrated that 5 sequences belongs to T. equi (MK350319, MK346272, MK346273, MK346274 and MK36275), while 4 sequence (MK346276, MK346277, MK346278 and MK350318) belongs to B. caballi, and mounted a low genetic variation 0.035 and 0.05 respectively, among other comparison isolates. In conclusion PCR technique followed by phylogenic tree analysis a reliable methods for epidemiological, diagnosis and identification of genetic variants studies.

scholarly journals Toxocara seroprevalence in children from a subtropical city in Argentina

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Mario ALONSO ◽  
María V. I. BOJANICH ◽  
Miryam CHAMORRO ◽  
Jorge O. GORODNER
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Elisa Testing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Immunoglobulin Levels

Most studies from Argentina have focused on toxocariasis as an environmental problem of big cities, and there are no available data about children infection from small or middle-sized cities. In order to assess the prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in infantile population, 206 children from Resistencia, of both sexes, aged 1-14 years old were studied by Elisa testing with E/S T. canis L2 antigens. Hematological parameters and immunoglobulin levels were determined; five days' stool samples were studied and epidemiological data were obtained by means of a questionnaire to parents. Results showed that 73% of the children had one or more dogs living at home, 57% reported geophagia and 37.9% were positive for Toxocara serology, but there was no significant difference in prevalence neither for boys and girls, nor concerning age. An increased risk of infection was observed in age groups 5-6 and 7-8 for boys, and in age groups 3-4 and 5-6 for girls.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis among primary school children in three rural communities of Kano State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
R S Duwa ◽  
A Sanusi ◽  
C Ogbunachara ◽  
F Okiemute
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
First Time

This study was carried out among pupils of three primary schools in Dawakin Kudu Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria between May and July, 2018. Three hundred and twenty (320) pupils were examined for the presence of schistosome eggs in urine. Out of the 320 pupils examined only 34 (10.6%) were found to be infected with S haematobium. Males have higher prevalence of 26 (12.1%) compared to females 8(7.6%). The age group 8-10 years has the highest infection rate 13 (15.85%) while the age group 5-7 the least with 1(4.6%). Although sample sizes were not equal, among the communities Fallau with 65 has the highest infection rate with a prevalence of 11(16.9%), Gano with 135 has 14 (10.4%) followed by Danbagina, 120 with a prevalence of 9(7.5%). All infections were light (<50eggs/10ml of urine).There was a significant difference in infection among the different villages examined χ2= 8.94, df = 2, p<0.05.Statistically there was also a significant difference in infection among the different age groups χ2= 2.9356, df = 3, p<0.05. It was concluded that S. haematobium is present in these study areas and unless health education on the mode of transmission of the disease, provision of safe and adequate water supply and sanitation which will help in curtailing the infection is provided, there is the likelihood of a rise in infection rate. This is the first time this type of study was carried out in these study areas.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of norovirus among hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Tianjin, China, 2018–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulian Fang ◽  
Zhaoying Dong ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Mengzhu Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Version 2.0 ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of viral acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children worldwide. Epidemiological analysis with respect to the virus strains is limited in China. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, patterns, and molecular characteristics of NoV infection among children with AGE in China. Methods A total 4848 stool samples were collected from children who were admitted with AGE in Tianjin Children’s Hospital from August 2018 to July 2020. NoV was preliminarily detected using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Partial sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid genes of positive samples were amplified by conventional RT-PCR and then sequenced. The NoV genotype was determined by online Norovirus Typing Tool Version 2.0, and phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MEGA 6.0. Results The prevalence of NoV was 26.4% (1280/4848). NoV was detected in all age groups, with the 7–12 months group having the highest detection rate (655/2014, 32.5%). NoV was detected during most part of the year with higher frequency in winter than other seasons. Based on the genetic analysis of RdRp, GII. Pe was the most predominant genotype detected at 70.7% (381/539) followed by GII.P12 at 25.4% (137/539). GII.4 was the most predominant capsid genotype detected at 65.3% (338/518) followed by GII.3 at 26.8% (139/518). Based on the genetic analysis of RdRp and capsid sequences, the strains were clustered into 10 RdRp–capsid genotypes: GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney 2012 (65.5%), GII.P12-GII.3 (27.2%), GII.P16-GII.2 (1.8%), GII.P12-GII.2 (0.2%), GII.P17-GII.17 (1.1%), GII.Pe-GII.3 (1.8%), GII.Pe-GII.2 (1.1%), GII.Pe-GII.1 (0.4%), GII.16-GII.4 Sydney 2012 (0.7%), and GII.P7-GII.6 (0.2%). The predominant NoV genotypes changed from GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney 2012 and GII.P12-GII.3 between August 2018 and July 2019 to GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney 2012 and GII.P16-GII.2 between August 2019 and July 2020. The patients with GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney 2012 genotype were more likely to suffer from vomiting symptom than those with GII.P12-GII.3. Conclusions NoV is an important pathogen responsible for viral AGE among children in China. GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney 2012 and GII.P12-GII.3 were major recombinant genotypes. Knowledge of circulating genotypes and seasonal trends is of great importance for disease prevention and surveillance.

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