The Use of Animal Subcellular Fractions to Study Type I Metabolism of Xenobiotics

1979 ◽  
pp. 149-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
RONALD W. ESTABROOK ◽  
JURGEN WERRINGLOER ◽  
JULIAN A. PETERSON
Keyword(s):  
Subcellular Fractions ◽  
Type I ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Metabolism Of Xenobiotics

Effect of Thermal Processing during Yogurt Production upon the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 2212-2216 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARYANN PRINCIPATO ◽  
THOMAS BOYLE ◽  
JOYCE NJOROGE ◽  
ROBERT L. JONES ◽  
MICHAEL O'DONNELL
Keyword(s):  
Storage Period ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Enterotoxin B ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Physical Changes

This research was conducted to examine the inherent properties of yogurt contaminated with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Two types of yogurts were produced for this study. Type I yogurts were produced by adding SEB at the start of yogurt production, and type II yogurts were produced by adding SEB after the milk base had been boiled. Biochemical characteristics inherent to yogurt, including pH, lactic acid and acetaldehyde concentrations, were analyzed weekly for each batch beginning at a time just after production and throughout a storage period of at least 4 weeks. The presence of toxin during yogurt production did not result in any significant biochemical or physical changes in yogurt. However, we were unable to detect SEB toxin in type I yogurt using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In contrast, SEB was easily detectable by our ELISA in type II yogurt samples. Higher levels of SEB were recovered from type II yogurt that had been stored for 1 week than from type II yogurt that had been stored for any other length of time. These results indicate that the biochemical characteristics of yogurt did not change significantly (relative to control yogurt) in the presence of either thermally processed SEB or native SEB. However, the ability to detect SEB by ELISA was dependent on whether the toxin had been processed.

Differential subcellular distribution of rat prostatic steroid 5α-reductase isozyme activities

1996 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul N Span ◽  
CGJ Sweep ◽  
Theo J Benraad ◽  
Anthony GH Smals
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Subcellular Fractions ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Type I ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Rat Prostate ◽  
Isozyme Activity

Span PN, Sweep CGJ, Benraad TJ, Smals AGH. Differential subcellular distribution of rat prostatic steroid 5α-reductase isozyme activities. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;134:386–92. ISSN 0804–4643 The rat prostate, a classical androgen-target tissue, contains both known isozymes of steroid 5α-reductase, i.e. type I and type II. So far, the role of the type I isozyme has been proposed as catabolic. The abundant expression of type I 5α-reductase in an androgen-target tissue is therefore puzzling. Assessment of the subcellular localization of 5α-reductase isozymes in rat prostate might contribute in elucidating their possibly distinct roles. After obtaining crude subcellular fractions by differential centrifugation, both isozyme activities were measured at neutral pH by plotting according to Eadie–Scatchard. The observations were extended by assessment of pH-dependent velocity ratios and type II 5α-reductase inhibitor sensitivities in these subcellular fractions. The results indicated a preferentially—although not exclusively—nuclear localization for the type I and a predominantly microsomal localization for the type II isozyme activity in the rat prostate. In conclusion, the nuclear localization of the type I isozyme seems not to concur with its proposed catabolic role. AGH Smals, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands

scholarly journals An Osteological Study of Anatomical Variations of Foramen Transversarium of Cervical Vertebrae and its Clinical Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 8145-8150
Author(s):  
Shivaleela C ◽  
◽  
Khizer Hussain Afroze M ◽  
Ramesh P ◽  
Lakshmiprabha S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Cervical Injuries ◽  
Type V ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Accessory Foramen

Background: In cervical vertebrae, the costal and transverse elements are connected to each other around the foramen transversarium of the transverse process. The adult cervical vertebrae are characterized by the presence of Foramen Transversarium (FT) in transverse process. These transverse foramina are found to have variations in size, shape and numbers and may be absent, incomplete or duplicate, which may lead to various symptoms. Aim: To study the anatomical variations of cervical vertebrae. Materials and methods: The present observational study was performed on 182 dry human cervical vertebrae of unknown sex and age. Intact cervical vertebrae without any degenerative or traumatic disorders were included in this study. Deformed and damaged vertebrae were excluded from the study Results: Out of these 364 foramen transversarium, 98 (27%) foramen transversarium were of type-I. Type -I was the most common presentation in the present study. Type -II foramen transversarium were seen in 33 (09%) foramen transversarium. Out of 364 foramen transversarium 88 (24%) foramen transversarium were of type-III. Type-IV foramen transversarium were seen in 62 (17%) foramen transversarium. Type-V foramen transversarium were seen on 83 (23%) foramen transversarium. Out of 182 vertebrae 40 (22%) showed complete double foramen transversarium. Incomplete double foramen transversarium were seen in 24 (13%) of vertebrae. One side complete & other side incomplete foramen transversarium were seen in 04 (02%) vertebrae. Conclusion: Knowledge of such variations is important for Physicians, Neurologists Otorhinolaryngologists, radiologists and Orthopedicians. Presence of accessory foramen transversarium especially of incomplete variety, the second part of vertebral artery may be dislodged and prone to get damaged easily during posterior cervical injuries. It helps in radiological imaging, neurological diagnosis and complex surgical procedures in the cervical area. KEY WORDS: Cervical Vertebrae, Foramen transversarium, Accessory Foramen Transversarium.

Flexural Behavior of Compacted-Cement Sand Reinforced with Geogrid

2020 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 360-366
Author(s):  
Uthairith Rochanavibhata ◽  
Marupatch Jamnongwong ◽  
Supphanut Chuenjaidee ◽  
Pitthaya Jamsawang ◽  
Xiao Bin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Flexural Behavior ◽  
Type I ◽  
Strength Ratio ◽  
Pavement Materials ◽  
Flexural Performance ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Cementing Agent

An improvement of flexural strength of cement stabilized soils using geogrid designated as compacted cement-geogrid-sand (CCGS) is investigated in this research. The studied material performance of the CCGS includes postpeak behavior, toughness, and equivalent flexural strength ratio. The geogrid inclusion significantly improves the postpeak flexural behavior, which is a requirement for bound pavement materials. The first peak flexural strength f1 and stiffness of both compacted-cement-sand (CCS) and CCGS are essentially the same for the same cement content. The tested soils were obtained from Ayutthaya province, Thailand, and is commonly used as a construction material for backfill and pavement applications. The backfill soils were used sand. In this study, Type I Portland cement was used as a cementing agent and geogrid two type were used as a reinforcement material. Properties of the cement and the geogrid, which were obtained from the manufacturers. The specimens were subjected to a flexural performance test according to ASTM C1609/C1609M-10 (2010). The results showed that in the flexural performance of the CCGS includeing postpeak behavior, toughness, and equivalent flexural strength ratio depends on the type and shape of apertures of the geogrid. It was found that the triaxial geogrid with shape of triangular apertures was more effective in reinforcing and provided the high equivalent flexural strength over uniaxial geogrid.

scholarly journals Interferons: pathogenetic rationale for the treatment of external genital endometriosis and clinical efficacy

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Elena I. Durneva ◽  
Dmitry I. Sokolov ◽  
Maria I. Yarmolinskaya ◽  
Sergey A. Selkov
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Social Maladjustment ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Study Type

Hypothesis/aims of study. Endometriosis is the main cause of infertility and social maladjustment in women, caused by the presence of inflammatory endometriotic implants outside the uterus. A number of chemokines, including interferons, compromise the immune response on the development of endometriosis raising the interest to the investigation of interferons in this context. Based on this, the purpose of this review was to study the role of interferons in the pathogenesis of external genital endometriosis and to assess the possibility of their application within comprehensive pathogenesis-based therapy. Study design, materials and methods: literature data of national and international investigations for the period from 1996 to 2018; systematic analysis and evaluation of the literary data. Conclusion. Type I interferons seem to be promising agents for understanding of the pathogenesis of endometriosis, and can be considered as targeted therapy for this disease. The mechanisms of their functions require a further study. Type II interferons may be used in the future as diagnostic markers for the assessment of the disease severity.

An Alternative Classification Scheme for Accessory Mental Foramen.

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Turgut Yagmur Yalçın ◽  
Kıvanc Bektas-Kayhan ◽  
Ayca Yilmaz ◽  
Ilknur Ozcan
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Mental Foramen ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Type I ◽  
Accessory Mental Foramen ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Relationship Of

Background: The mental foramen (MF) is an important anatomical landmark on the mandible. MFs may occur singly or with extra foramina (accessory mental foramen (AMF)). Objective: The aim of the present study was to discuss the importance of recognition and classification of AMFs. Methods: This study assessed CBCT images of 593 patients (208 male, 385 female) and proposed an AMF classification scheme based on three different characteristics: (1) location of the AMF with respect to the MF; (2) relationship of AMFs with tooth apices; and (3) origin of the AMF. The chi-squared test was used to compare the qualitative data as well as descriptive statistical methods when the study data were evaluated. Significance was assessed at the p < 0.05 level. Results: A total of 80 AMFs were found in 71 patients. Six cases involved bilateral AMFs, whereas three cases showed double AMFs. The most common AMF location was the region posterior of the MF. Notably, all the AMFs detected in line with the mesial half of the first molar were present in female patients. Based on AMF origins, 44.5%, 48.6%, and 6.7% of the AMFs were categorized as type I, type II, and a new category identified in this study, type III. Conclusion: This study revealed some foramina locations were not considered in the previous classification. Recognition and identification of these foramina might be critical to prevent possible complications. The proposed classification scheme may facilitate this objective and can be a new focus for future studies.

HLA-DQB1 Subtypes Predict Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hassan Khazaee ◽  
Jalil Tavakol Afshari ◽  
Bahram Khazaee ◽  
Ramin Daneshvar ◽  
Javad Akbarzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Hla Typing ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type I ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Purpose To investigate if diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy despite long disease duration have different human leukocyte antigen (HLA) status vs those with an early onset of retinopathy. Methods Retrospective, nonrandomized, masked comparative study. Type 1 diabetic patients with a disease onset before age 30 were recruited to the study. The study population consisted of two groups of diabetic patients: those with normal retinopathy course (retinopathy developed during the first 20 years of diabetes onset) (23 patients) and those with postponed retinopathy (no obvious retinopathy in spite of passing 20 years of diabetes) (19 patients). These groups were matched with regard to level of glycemic control, blood pressure, and lipid profile. A group of 23 healthy patients served as controls. HLA-DQB1 typing of blood samples was done using a polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method. Results HLA-DQB1*0201/HLA-DQB1*0501 and HLA-DQB1*0201/HLA-DQB1*0504 haplotypes were more common among type 1 diabetic patients with normal retinopathy course than those with postponed retinopathy (26.1% vs 0.0%; p=0.019). HLA-DQB1*0301 and HLA-DQB1*0304 were less common among those diabetic patients with normal retinopathy course than those with a postponed retinopathy (63.2% vs 34.8%; p=0.067). Conclusions Some haplotypes seem to predispose diabetic patients to diabetic retinopathy. HLA typing may be beneficial for predicting the prognosis of diabetic retinopathy in younger diabetic patients.

scholarly journals Probing the In Vivo Dynamics of Type I Protein Secretion Complex Association through Sensitivity to Detergents

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (5) ◽  
pp. 1496-1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Cescau ◽  
Laurent Debarbieux ◽  
Cécile Wandersman
Keyword(s):  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Type I ◽  
Multiprotein Complex ◽  
Abc Protein ◽  
Terminal Amino ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Distinct Peptide

ABSTRACT The Serratia marcescens hemophore is secreted by a type I secretion system consisting of three proteins: a membrane ABC protein, an adaptor protein, and the TolC-like outer membrane protein. Assembly of these proteins is induced by substrate binding to the ABC protein. Here we show that a hemophore mutant lacking the last 14 C-terminal amino acids is not secreted but rather interacts with the ABC protein and promotes a stable multiprotein complex. Strains expressing the transporter and the mutant protein are sensitive to detergents (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]). TolC is trapped in the transporter jammed by the truncated substrate and therefore is not present at sufficient concentrations to allow the efflux pumps to expel detergents. Using an SDS sensitivity assay, we showed that the hemophore interacts with the ABC protein via two nonoverlapping sites. We also demonstrated that the C-terminal peptide, which functions as an intramolecular signal sequence in the complete substrate, may also have intermolecular activity and triggers complex dissociation in vivo when it is provided as a distinct peptide. The SDS sensitivity test on plates enables workers to study type I secretion protein association and dissociation independent of the secretion process itself.

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