scholarly journals AVAILABLE NOW..... FOUR-BURNER UNIT.....CHANNEL-TYPE CARBON BLACK PLANT.....EUNICE, LEA COUNTY, NEW MEXICO....

1947 ◽  
Vol 25 (33) ◽  
pp. 2350
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Burner Unit ◽  
Channel Type

STUDIES OF CARBON BLACK: II. THE CHANNEL PROCESS—PRODUCTION FROM THE NATURAL GAS OF TURNER VALLEY, ALBERTA

1936 ◽  
Vol 14b (4) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
L. M. Pidgeon
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Experimental Plant ◽  
Channel Process ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Commercial Carbon ◽  
Channel Type

The production of carbon black in an experimental plant of the channel type is described. Carbon black has been produced from Turner Valley dry gas in yields as high as 1.3 lb. per 1000 cu. ft. The rubber reinforcing properties, methylene blue sorption, and per cent extractable are similar to those of the commercial carbon blacks available at present. The presence of hydrogen sulphide in the gas has been examined, but little effect on yields and properties was noticed with concentrations as high as 1% by volume.

STUDIES OF CARBON BLACK: IV. THE CHANNEL PROCESS—THE EFFECT OF DRAFT CONTROL AND CHANNEL HEIGHT ON RUBBER REINFORCEMENT, SORPTION, AND VOLATILE CONTENT

1937 ◽  
Vol 15b (5) ◽  
pp. 187-207
Author(s):  
L. M. Pidgeon
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Channel Height ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
High Sorption ◽  
Very High ◽  
Channel Type

In an experimental carbon black plant of the channel type, the effect of channel height, draft control and gas composition on the properties of the carbon has been examined. The channel height was shown to be the most important variable. The rubber reinforcement and the yield of the carbon vary in a similar manner with the channel height at which the carbon was recovered. The sorption of the iodine and methylene blue increased almost logarithmically with the channel height. No direct relation between reinforcement and sorption is possible over the whole range, although the very high sorption obtained at greater channel heights was accompanied by a retarded cure. Sorption was increased by heating the blacks. The volatile content is high at low channel heights, passing through a minimum at the point of optimum yield. This test showed even poorer correlation with rubber reinforcement. Apparent density varied directly with channel height.The effect of draft control upon reinforcement, sorption, and volatile content was indefinite. However, the volatile content seemed to vary directly with the yield. No effects characteristic of the gas composition were found.

Role of Carbon in Oxidation of GR-S Vulcanizates

1947 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Winn ◽  
J. Reid Shelton ◽  
David Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Oxygen Absorption ◽  
Quantitative Correlation ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Rapid Absorption ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Channel Type

Abstract 1. Carbon black is a catalyst for the oxidation of GR-S vulcanizates. The increased rate of oxygen absorption with increased loading is, however, a function of surface area rather than weight. Different types of carbons show different degrees of activity for a given surface area; the furnace carbons studied were, for example, only 55 per cent as active as channel black in promoting oxidation. 2. The rate constant for the initial rapid absorption of oxygen by GR-S tread stocks is independent of carbon loading. The presence of carbon is, however, essential to activate the centers involved in this initial stage, and the number of activated centers increases with carbon loadings, so that the amount of oxygen absorbed in a given time is also increased. 3. The second or linear stage of oxygen absorption involves two types of reaction with the remaining oxidizable centers in the polymer: a reaction with centers not under the catalytic influence of the carbon black, and a reaction catalyzed by carbon. 4. A theoretical equation was presented which permits the calculation of oxygen absorption by stocks containing either furnace- or channel-type carbons with various surface areas and loadings. The validity of the theory on which the derivation was based is supported by the quantitative correlation of calculated and observed rates of oxygen absorption for stocks containing carbons of both types, with surface areas ranging from 3.7 to 15.7 acres per pound and with loadings of 0 to 75 parts per 100 parts of GR-S. 5. The additional oxygen absorbed at higher loadings of carbon was shown to produce a correspondingly greater deterioration of physical properties.

A Preparation of High Resolution Standards for Electron Microscopy. Part II

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
Akira Tanaka ◽  
David F. Harling
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Graphitized Carbon Black ◽  
Graphitized Carbon ◽  
Dark Field Imaging ◽  
Crystal Films ◽  
Micro Holes

In the previous paper, the author reported on a technique for preparing vapor-deposited single crystal films as high resolution standards for electron microscopy. The present paper is intended to describe the preparation of several high resolution standards for dark field microscopy and also to mention some results obtained from these studies. Three preparations were used initially: 1.) Graphitized carbon black, 2.) Epitaxially grown particles of different metals prepared by vapor deposition, and 3.) Particles grown epitaxially on the edge of micro-holes formed in a gold single crystal film.The authors successfully obtained dark field micrographs demonstrating the 3.4Å lattice spacing of graphitized carbon black and the Au single crystal (111) lattice of 2.35Å. The latter spacing is especially suitable for dark field imaging because of its preparation, as in 3.), above. After the deposited film of Au (001) orientation is prepared at 400°C the substrate temperature is raised, resulting in the formation of many square micro-holes caused by partial evaporation of the Au film.

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

Guns, Alcohol, and Intimate Partner Violence: The Epidemiology of Female Suicide in New Mexico

Crisis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenora Olson ◽  
Frank Huyler ◽  
Arthur W Lynch ◽  
Lynne Fullerton ◽  
Deborah Werenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Injury Death ◽  
Female Suicide ◽  
Blood Alcohol Levels ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Suicide is among the leading causes of death in the United States, and in women the second leading cause of injury death overall. Previous studies have suggested links between intimate partner violence and suicide in women. We examined female suicide deaths to identify and describe associated risk factors. We reviewed all reports from the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator for female suicide deaths occurring in New Mexico from 1990 to 1994. Information abstracted included demographics, mechanism of death, presence of alcohol/drugs, clinical depression, intimate partner violence, health problems, and other variables. Annual rates were calculated based on the 1990 census. The New Mexico female suicide death rate was 8.2/100,000 persons per year (n = 313), nearly twice the U. S. rate of 4.5/100,000. Non-Hispanic whites were overrepresented compared to Hispanics and American Indians. Decedents ranged in age from 14 to 93 years (median = 43 years). Firearms accounted for 45.7% of the suicide deaths, followed by ingested poisons (29.1%), hanging (10.5%), other (7.7%), and inhaled poisons (7.0%). Intimate partner violence was documented in 5.1% of female suicide deaths; in an additional 22.1% of cases, a male intimate partner fought with or separated from the decedent immediately preceding the suicide. Nearly two-thirds (65.5%) of the decedents had alcohol or drugs present in their blood at autopsy. Among decedents who had alcohol present (34.5%), blood alcohol levels were far higher among American Indians compared to Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites (p = .01). Interpersonal conflict was documented in over 25% of cases, indicating that studies of the mortality of intimate partner violence should include victims of both suicide and homicide deaths to fully characterize the mortality patterns of intimate partner violence.

Child and Adolescent Suicide Deaths in New Mexico, 1990-1994

Crisis ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Werenko ◽  
LM Olson ◽  
L Fullerton-Gleason ◽  
AW Lynch ◽  
RE Zumwalt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Adolescent Suicide ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Medical Examiner ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Youth Activity

The suicide death rate in New Mexico is consistently higher than the national rate. Among adolescents, suicide is the third leading cause of death nationally, but in New Mexico it is the second leading cause of death. This study describes the pattern of adolescent suicide deaths in New Mexico. We conducted a retrospective review of all medical examiner autopsies for adolescent suicides (ages 20 years and younger) in New Mexico from 1990-1994. Records were reviewed for demographics and possible contributing factors such as depression, previous attempts, and alcohol and drug use. We identified 184 suicide deaths among children and adolescents ages 9-20 years for an overall rate of 12.9 per 100,000. Our rates for ages 5-9 years (0.2), 10-14 years (3.8), and 15-19 years (22.3) are over twice the U.S. rates. Suicide deaths resulted primarily from firearms (67%), hanging (16%), poisoning (6%), inhalation (4%), and other methods (7%). Method varied by ethnicity (p = .01) and gender (p = .03); males and non-Hispanic Whites were overrepresented among firearm deaths. Firearm ownership was known in 60 (48%) of the firearm deaths. Of these, 53% of the firearms belonged to a family member, 25% to the decedent, and 22% to a friend. Over one-third of decedents (41%) experienced mental disorders, primarily depressed mood and clinical depression. Previous suicide attempts were noted for 15% of the decedents. Some 50% of the decedents had alcohol or drugs present at the time of death; among American Indians/Alaska Natives, 74% had drugs or alcohol present (p = .003). Targeted interventions are needed to reduce adolescent suicide in New Mexico. We suggest raising awareness about acute and chronic contributing factors to suicide; training physicians to look for behavioral manifestations of depression; and involving physicians, teachers, and youth activity leaders in efforts to limit firearm accessibility, such as advising parents to remove firearms from their households.

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