The Impact of Contact With Suicide-Related Behavior in Prison on Young Offenders

Crisis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Hales ◽  
Amanda Edmondson ◽  
Sophie Davison ◽  
Barbara Maughan ◽  
Pamela J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Validated Questionnaires ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Male Prisoners

Background: Prison suicide rates are high, and suicide-related behaviors (SRBs) higher, but effects of contact with such behaviors in prison have not previously been examined. Aims: To compare the mental state of young men witnessing a peer’s suicide-related behavior in prison with that of men without such experience, and to test for factors associated with morbidity. Method: Forty-six male prisoners (age 16–21 years) reporting contact with another’s suicide-related behavior in prison were interviewed 6 months after the incident, with validated questionnaires, as were 44 without such contact at least 6 months into their imprisonment. Results: Significantly higher levels of psychiatric morbidity and own suicide-related behaviors were found in the witness group, even after controlling for their higher levels of family mental illness and pre-exposure experience of in-prison bullying. Some personal factors were associated with higher morbidity; incident and institutional factors were not. Conclusions: Findings of heightened vulnerabilities among young men exposed to suicide-related behaviors in prison suggest a need for longitudinal study to clarify temporal relationships and inform strategies to prevent or limit development of morbidity and further harm.

scholarly journals Admission to psychiatric hospital for mental illnesses 2 years prechildbirth and postchildbirth in Scotland: a health informatics approach to assessing mother and child outcomes

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e016908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Langan Martin ◽  
Gary McLean ◽  
Daniel Martin ◽  
Roch Cantwell ◽  
Daniel J Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Psychiatric Admission ◽  
Affective Psychosis ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
History Of ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveTo identify factors associated with: admission to a specialist mother and baby unit (MBU) and the impact of perinatal mental illness on early childhood development using a data linkage approach in the 2 years prechildbirth and postchildbirth.MethodsScottish maternity records (SMR02) were linked to psychiatric hospital admissions (SMR04). 3290 pregnancy-related psychiatric admissions for 1730 women were assessed. To investigate factors associated with MBU admission, the group of mothers admitted to an MBU were compared with those admitted to general psychiatric wards. To assess the impact of perinatal mental illness on early child development, a pragmatic indicator for ‘at potential risk of adversity’, defined as a child who was recorded as requiring intensive treatment at any time under the health plan indicators (HPI) and/or who had no record of completing three doses of the 5-in-1 vaccine by 12 months was generated. Logistic regression models were used to describe the association between each variable and the risk of admission between those with a history of prior psychiatric admission and those without.ResultsWomen admitted to an MBU were significantly more likely to be admitted with non-affective psychosis (OR=1.97, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.18), affective psychosis (OR=2.44, 95% CI 1.37 to 4.33) and non-psychotic depressive episodes (OR=1.93, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.63). They were less likely to come from deprived areas (OR=0.68 95% CI 0.49 to 0.93). Women with a previous history of psychiatric admission were significantly more likely to be located in the two most deprived quintiles. Almost one-third (29%) of children born to mothers with a pregnancy-related psychiatric admission were assessed as ‘at potential risk of adversity.’ConclusionsA health informatics approach has potential for improving understanding of social and clinical factors, which contribute to the outcomes of perinatal mental illness, as well as potential adverse developmental outcomes for offspring.

User and Message Level Correlated of Endorsement and Engagement for HIV-related Messages on Twitter (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Bonett ◽  
Jimin Oh ◽  
Elissa Kranzler ◽  
Bruno Saconi ◽  
Robin Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Prevention Messages ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Youth and young adults continue to experience high rates of HIV, and are also frequent users of social media. Social media platforms such as Twitter can bolster efforts to promote HIV prevention for these individuals, and while HIV-related messages exist on Twitter, little is known about the impact or reach of these messages for this population. OBJECTIVE This study aims to address this gap in the literature by identifying user and message characteristics that are associated with tweet endorsement (favorited) and engagement (retweeted) among youth and young men (ages 13-24). METHODS In a secondary analysis of data from a study of HIV-related messages posted by young men on Twitter, we used model selection techniques to examine user and tweet-level factors associated with tweet endorsement and engagement. RESULTS Tweets from personal user accounts garnered greater endorsement and engagement than tweets from institutional users (aOR = 3.27, 95% CI [2.75, 3.89], p < .001). High follower count was associated with increased endorsement and engagement (aOR = 1.05, 95% CI [1.04 - 1.06], p < .001); tweets that discussed STIs garnered lower endorsement and engagement (aOR = 0.59, 95% CI [0.47 – 1.74], p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest practitioners should partner with youth to design and disseminate HIV prevention messages on social media, incorporate content that resonates with youth audiences, and work to challenge stigma and foster social norms conducive to open conversation about sex, sexuality, and health.

scholarly journals Severe mental illness in 33 588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 200 (5) ◽  
pp. 364-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seena Fazel ◽  
Katharina Seewald
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Female Prisoners ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Male Prisoners ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundHigh levels of psychiatric morbidity in prisoners have been documented in many countries, but it is not known whether rates of mental illness have been increasing over time or whether the prevalence differs between low–middle-income countries compared with high-income ones.AimsTo systematically review prevalence studies for psychotic illness and major depression in prisoners, provide summary estimates and investigate sources of heterogeneity between studies using meta-regression.MethodStudies from 1966 to 2010 were identified using ten bibliographic indexes and reference lists. Inclusion criteria were unselected prison samples and that clinical examination or semi-structured instruments were used to make DSM or ICD diagnoses of the relevant disorders.ResultsWe identified 109 samples including 33 588 prisoners in 24 countries. Data were meta-analysed using random-effects models, and we found a pooled prevalence of psychosis of 3.6% (95% CI 3.1–4.2) in male prisoners and 3.9% (95% CI 2.7–5.0) in female prisoners. There were high levels of heterogeneity, some of which was explained by studies in low–middle-income countries reporting higher prevalences of psychosis (5.5%, 95% CI 4.2–6.8;P=0.035 on meta-regression). The pooled prevalence of major depression was 10.2% (95% CI 8.8–11.7) in male prisoners and 14.1% (95% CI 10.2–18.1) in female prisoners. The prevalence of these disorders did not appear to be increasing over time, apart from depression in the USA (P=0.008).ConclusionsHigh levels of psychiatric morbidity are consistently reported in prisoners from many countries over four decades. Further research is needed to confirm whether higher rates of mental illness are found in low- and middle-income nations, and examine trends over time within nations with large prison populations.

The perils of semi-presidentialism: Confidence in political institutions in contemporary democracies

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yüksel Alper Ecevit ◽  
Ekrem Karakoç
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Parliamentary Systems ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The degree to which citizens perceive democratic political institutions as trustworthy indicates how well these institutions translate the citizenry’s interests into public policy and how effective and accountable they are seen to be. Low levels of public confidence in political institutions are an indicator of various political problems and are likely to raise concerns over democratic governance. Recent findings that trust in major political institutions has fallen over the last quarter of a century in many democracies have led scholars to examine individual and institutional factors associated with political confidence. Aiming to contribute to this burgeoning literature, this study investigates the impact of semi-presidentialism on public confidence in two major political institutions: the government and parliament. Testing our arguments in 29 democracies through a multilevel analysis, we have found that, compared to presidential and parliamentary systems, semi-presidentialism often generates dual-legitimacy problems, thereby reducing confidence in both government and parliament.

Demographic and Obstetric Risk Factors for Postnatal Psychiatric Morbidity

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Warner ◽  
Louis Appleby ◽  
Anna Whitton ◽  
Brian Faragher
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Unplanned Pregnancy ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundPostnatal depression follows 10% of live births but there is little consensus on the risk factors associated with its development. Previous smaller studies have been unable to quantify the impact of independent risk factors as relative and attributable risks.MethodThe Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen a systematic sample of 2375 women, six to eight weeks after delivery. Information on socio-demographic and obstetric variables was collected at the screening interview. The risk factors associated with high EPDS scores (>12) were determined and entered stepwise into a regression model.ResultsFour independent variables were found to be associated with an EPDS score above this threshold. These were an unplanned pregnancy (OR 1.44); not breast-feeding (OR 1.52), and unemployment in either the mother, i.e. no job to return to following maternity leave (OR 1.56), or the head of household (OR 1.50). These four variables appeared to explain the risk associated with other risk factors.ConclusionsAlthough a direct aetiological role for these risk factors is not certain, they may indicate strategies for the prevention of affective morbidity in postnatal women. These may include reducing unwanted pregnancy and employment for women after childbirth.

Impact of regulatory framework rigidity on poverty in the regions of Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-79
Author(s):  
P. N. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Poverty Dynamics ◽  
Regulatory Burden ◽  
Sectoral Structure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The paper analyzes the impact of the federal regulatory burden on poverty dynamics in Russia. The paper provides regional level indices of the federal regulatory burden on the economy in 2008—2018 which take into account sectoral structure of regions’ output and the level of regulatory rigidity of federal regulations governing certain types of economic activity. Estimates of empirical specifications of poverty theoretical model with the inclusion of macroeconomic and institutional factors shows that limiting the scope of the rulemaking activity of government bodies and weakening of new regulations rigidity contributes to a statistically significant reduction in the level of poverty in Russian regions. Cancellation of 10% of accumulated federal level requirements through the “regulatory guillotine” administrative reform may take out of poverty about 1.1—1.4 million people.

Characteristics of Physician Relocation Following Hurricane Katrina

2009 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Kusuma Madamala ◽  
Claudia R. Campbell ◽  
Edbert B. Hsu ◽  
Yu-Hsiang Hsieh ◽  
James James
Keyword(s):  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Introduction: On Aug. 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall along the Gulf Coast of the United States, resulting in the evacuation of more than 1.5 million people, including nearly 6000 physicians. This article examines the relocation patterns of physicians following the storm, determines the impact that the disaster had on their lives and practices, and identifies lessons learned. Methods: An Internet-based survey was conducted among licensed physicians reporting addresses within Federal Emergency Management Agency-designated disaster zones in Louisiana and Mississippi. Descriptive data analysis was used to describe respondent characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the factors associated with physician nonreturn to original practice. For those remaining relocated out of state, bivariate analysis with x2 or Fisher exact test was used to determine factors associated with plans to return to original practice. Results: A total of 312 eligible responses were collected. Among disaster zone respondents, 85.6 percent lived in Louisiana and 14.4 percent resided in Mississippi before the hurricane struck. By spring 2006, 75.6 percent (n = 236) of the respondents had returned to their original homes, whereas 24.4 percent (n = 76) remained displaced. Factors associated with nonreturn to original employment included family or general medicine practice (OR 0.42, 95 percent CI 0.17–1.04; P = .059) and severe or complete damage to the workplace (OR 0.24, 95 percent CI 0.13–0.42; P &lt; .001). Conclusions: A sizeable proportion of physicians remain displaced after Hurricane Katrina, along with a lasting decrease in the number of physicians serving in the areas affected by the disaster. Programs designed to address identified physician needs in the aftermath of the storm may give confidence to displaced physicians to return.

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