scholarly journals The Impact of Suicide Prevention Act (2006) on Suicides in Japan

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miharu Nakanishi ◽  
Kaori Endo ◽  
Shuntaro Ando ◽  
Atsushi Nishida
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Tohoku Earthquake ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Prevention Act ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Background: The Suicide Prevention Act was implemented in 2006 in Japan to promote various suicide prevention strategies. Aims: The present study examined the impact of the Suicide Prevention Act on recent suicide mortality rates in Japan. Method: Using an interrupted time-series design, we analyzed monthly mortality rates between January 1996 and December 2016. Death certificate data from vital statistics were obtained. Results: A total of 597,007 suicides (99.3% of all suicides) were analyzed. At the onset of the economic recession in 1998, a significant increase was observed in overall age-standardized mortality rates and sex-/age-specific populations, except for those aged 60 or older. The difference in trend between before and after implementation of the Suicide Prevention Act was not significant for overall or for any stratified populations. After the onset of the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami of 2011, mortality rates declined for overall and for sex-/age-specific populations. Limitations: No information was available on what could have led to each suicide. Conclusion: The decline in mortality rates may be due to a significant and recent natural disaster. Further studies are needed to clarify plausible mechanisms for the decline in suicide rates following the Tōhoku disaster.

scholarly journals Interrupted time series analyses to assess the impact of alcohol control policy on socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in Lithuania: a study protocol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Manthey ◽  
Domantas Jasilionis ◽  
Huan Jiang ◽  
Olga Mesceriakova-Veliuliene ◽  
Janina Petkeviciene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
The Impact

Introduction Alcohol use is a major risk factor for mortality. Previous studies suggest that the alcohol-attributable mortality burden is higher in lower socioeconomic strata. This project will test the hypothesis, that the 2017 increase of alcohol excise taxes for beer and wine, which was linked to lower all-cause mortality rates in previous analyses, will reduce socioeconomic mortality inequalities. Methods and analysis Data on all causes of deaths will be obtained from Statistics Lithuania. Record linkage will be implemented using personal identifiers combining data from 1) the 2011 whole-population census, 2) death records between March 1, 2011 (census date) and December 31, 2019, and 3) emigration records, for individuals aged 30 to 70 years. The analyses will be performed separately for all-cause and for alcohol-attributable deaths. Monthly age-standardized mortality rates will be calculated by sex, education, and three measures of socioeconomic status. Inequalities in mortality will be assessed using absolute and relative indicators between low and high SES groups. We will perform interrupted time series analyses, and test the impact of the 2017 rise in alcohol excise taxation using generalized additive mixed models. In these models, we will control for secular trends for economic development. Ethics and dissemination This work is part of project grant 1R01AA028224-01 by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. It has been granted research ethics approval 050/2020 by CAMH Research Ethics Board on April 17, 2020, renewed on March 30, 2021.

Employment and suicidal rates during economic recession: A country-targeted integrative review

2020 ◽  
pp. 002076402096974
Author(s):  
Apostolos Kamekis ◽  
George Rachiotis ◽  
Adelais Markaki ◽  
Vasiliki Samara ◽  
Emmanouil K. Symvoulakis
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Recession Period

Background: The economic crisis’ effects on suicide rates for countries undergoing or exiting austerity measures have been widely debated. This integrative review aimed to identify, appraise, and synthesize available evidence of employment status effect on suicide mortality rates in Greece during the recent economic recession period. Methods: A literature review of studies evaluating suicides in the general Greek population, as well as across age and gender groups, in relation to employment during the economic crisis period was performed. PubMed electronic database was searched for relevant articles published in English or Greek language from 2009 up to February 2020. Appraisal was carried out based on the Hierarchy of Evidence Rating System and the GRADE guidelines. Results: A total of 24 articles met all inclusion criteria with 20 of them at level IV, 2 at level VII, and 2 at level VIII. A total of 18 studies reported increase of suicide rates during the economic recession period. About 12 studies examined the co-relation between unemployment and suicide rate, with ten studies showing a positive correlation. Moreover, thirteen studies reported data on the effect of gender and age variables on suicide rates. Conclusion: Evidence shows that suicide mortality rates in Greece increased after the eruption of economic recession, particularly after the implementation of radical austerity measures (2011–2014). This increase was positively correlated with unemployment and was more prominent among males of working age. Further in depth epidemiological research of regional variations in terms of profile and contributing or enabling factors of suicidal behavior is needed.

scholarly journals Regional Variation and Socio-Economic Determinants of Suicide Mortality in Greece before and during Economic Crisis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 6117
Author(s):  
Christos Zilidis ◽  
Dimitrios Papagiannis ◽  
Georgios Rachiotis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Impact

Background. Suicide mortality increased in Greece after the 2008 financial crisis. This study aimed to explore the regional variation of suicide mortality before and after the economic crisis, and its correlation with socio-economic and mental health-related variables factors. Methods. This is a quasi-experimental ecological study. Data from the national mortality statistics were analyzed, and standardized death rates and age-specific mortality rates were calculated. The effect of economic crisis was explored by comparing mortality rates before and after crisis onset. Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression were used to assess the impact of socioeconomic and mental health-related factors on suicide mortality. Results. Trends of suicide mortality showed a rise during 2011–2014, followed by a decline during 2015–2016. Significant differences were observed between regions, ranging from 27.6% lower to 54% higher than the national average. Unemployment, income, and change of gross domestic product were significantly correlated with regional variation. No association was found with mental disorder mortality rates and psychotropic drug consumption. Conclusions. Socio-economic factors explained only a part of the suicide mortality variation. Mental health-related factors were not significantly correlated with suicide mortality. More research is needed to investigate other possible determinants of suicides.

Impact of mortality, possibly due to herpesvirus, on pilchard Sardinops sagax stocks along the south coast of Western Australia in 1998-99

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Gaughan ◽  
R. W. Mitchell ◽  
S. J. Blight
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

During progression of a mass mortality of Australian pilchards in late 1998 and early 1999, quantities of dead pilchards on the sea-surface, sea-floor and along beaches were estimated in three regions along southern Western Australia (WA) by use of transects. Total mortality was estimated at 17 590, 11193 and 144.4 t for Esperance, Bremer Bay and Albany respectively. Mortality rates at Esperance and Bremer Bay were similar at 74.5% and 64.7% respectively, with a mean of 69.6%. In contrast, estimated mortality at Albany was only 2.4%. Although the difference in total mortality between regions is probably related to differences in stock size, as determined by simulation models, the much lower estimate for Albany is probably an artefact of an over-estimated pilchard biomass and not due to large differences in actual mortality rates. Variability in estimates of both pilchard biomass and quantities killed resulted in a wide range of estimated mortality rates, with lower estimates for Esperance and Bremer Bay of 28.0% and 22.9% respectively. This represents a significant decline in the breeding stock of WA pilchards. If the impact was closer to the mean (69.6%), then pilchard stocks in WA are severely depressed.

scholarly journals Is suicide underreported? Evidence from Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Matsubayashi ◽  
Michiko Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Systematic Relationship ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Divorce Rates

Abstract Purpose The underreporting of suicides has been a serious global concern among scholars and policymakers. Several studies have sought to detect the prevalence of underreporting by examining whether suicide mortality rates are negatively correlated with those due to unknown intent or causes. This study adds to the literature by examining the potential underreporting of suicides in Japan, where suicide rates have greatly declined in the recent years. Methods We compiled subnational data from 47 prefectures between 1995 and 2016, obtained from Vital Statistics of Japan. We examined whether (1) mortality rates due to unknown intent or causes increased as suicide rates decreased; and (2) major socioeconomic causes of suicide (unemployment and divorce rates) had any relationship with the deaths due to unknown intent or causes. Results Our analysis indicates that mortality rates due to unknown intent or causes were uncorrelated with suicide rates and the above socioeconomic indicators. Conclusions In Japan, the frequency of suicides has no systematic relationship with deaths due to unknown intent or causes, suggesting the accuracy of suicide statistics.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Impact of Alcohol Control Interventions on Suicide Mortality Rates

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyang Feng ◽  
Huan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Longitudinal Impact ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Alcohol Control ◽  
The Impact

Introduction & Objective: Given that the impact of regulatory and public policy initiatives cannot usually be tested through traditional randomized controlled trial designs, well-selected, -designed, and -analyzed natural experiments are the method of choice when examining the effects of such enactments on a variety of outcomes. The classic methodology for such evaluations is interrupted time-series (ITS) analysis, which is considered as one of the quasi-experimental designs that use both pre- and post-policy data without randomization. This study tests the impact of alcohol control interventions implemented in different period of times on suicide mortality rates among people 25-74 years of age using ITS. Methods: We mainly use the generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) to capture trend and seasonality in suicide mortality rates while controlling for unemployment rates, financial crisis during 2007-2008, and legal alcohol consumption records. Given the notable differences in alcohol consumption and suicide mortality between males and females, all analyses are conducted gender-specifically. Results: The ITS shows that the intervention introduced in 2017 has a significant effect on reducing suicide mortality rates for males between 25 and 74. Following the implementation of the intervention, suicide mortality rates decreased by 23.8% (95% CI: 10.2% - 35.4%) on average. Conclusion: The alcohol control intervention that strictly increased the excise tax on alcohol products has been shown to have a strong impact on reducing suicide mortality rates among male adults 25-74 years of age. ITS analyses are one of the strongest evaluative designs and allow a more detailed assessment of the longitudinal impact of an intervention than may be possible with a randomized control trial.

scholarly journals Reduction of maternal mortality due to preeclampsia in Colombia-an interrupted time-series analysis

2014 ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Alberto Herrera Herrera ◽  
Rodolfo Herrera-Miranda ◽  
Juan Pablo Herrera-Escobar ◽  
Aníbal Nieto-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Care Program ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Preeclampsia is the most important cause of maternal mortality in developing countries. A comprehensive prenatal care program including bio-psychosocial components was developed and introduced at a national level in Colombia. We report on the trends in maternal mortality rates and their related causes before and after implementation of this program. Methods: General and specific maternal mortality rates were monitored for nine years (1998-2006). An interrupted time-series analysis was performed with monthly data on cases of maternal mortality that compared trends and changes in national mortality rates and the impact of these changes attributable to the introduction of a bio-psychosocial model. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate correlations between the interventions. Results: Five years after (2002–2006) its introduction the general maternal mortality rate was significantly reduced to 23% (OR= 0.77, CI 95% 0.71-0.82).The implementation of BPSM also reduced the incidence of preeclampsia in 22% (OR= 0.78, CI 95% 0.67-0.88), as also the labor complications by hemorrhage in 25% (OR= 0.75, CI 95% 0.59-0.90) associated with the implementation of red code. The other causes of maternal mortality did not reveal significant changes. Biomedical, nutritional, psychosocial assessments, and other individual interventions in prenatal care were not correlated to maternal mortality (p= 0.112); however, together as a model we observed a significant association (p= 0.042). Conclusions: General maternal mortality was reduced after the implementation of a comprehensive national prenatal care program. Is important the evaluation of this program in others populations.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Disparities in All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Rates among Municipalities in Japan, 1999–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9213
Author(s):  
Tasuku Okui
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Cause Of Deaths ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
The Difference

Differences in all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates depending on municipal socioeconomic status (SES) in Japan have not been revealed over the last 20 years. This study exposes the difference in 1999 and 2019 using the Vital Statistics. All of the municipalities were grouped into five quintiles based on their SES, and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of each municipal quintile compared with all of Japan was calculated for all-cause mortality and representative cause of deaths. As a result, although SMR for all-cause mortality for women tended to be lower in low SES quintiles in 1999, the reverse phenomenon was observed in 2019. Additionally, although SMR for all-cause of mortality for men was the lowest in the highest SES quintiles already in 1999, the difference in the SMR for all-cause mortality rates between the lowest and highest SES quintiles increased in 2019. The improvement of the SMR in the highest SES quintile and the deterioration in the lowest was also observed in representative types of cancer, heart disease, stroke, pneumonia, liver disease, and renal failure for men and women. Therefore, this study indicates a disparity in mortality depending on municipal SES enlarged in the last 20 years.

scholarly journals Economic crisis and stillbirth ratios: Evidence from Southern Europe

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259623
Author(s):  
Cleon Tsimbos ◽  
Georgia Verropoulou ◽  
Dimitra Petropoulou
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Sovereign Debt Crisis ◽  
European Sovereign Debt Crisis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Southern European Countries

In this paper we assess the impact of the recent European recession on stillbirth indices over the course of the 2000s and 2010s; the analysis focuses on four Southern European countries (Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal), which were seriously affected by the sovereign debt crisis from around 2008 to 2017. We use national vital statistics and established economic indicators for the period 2000–2017; stillbirth ratios (stillbirths per 1000 livebirths) are the chosen response variable. For the purpose of the study, we employ correlation analysis and fit regression models. The overall impact of economic indicators on the stillbirth indices is sizeable and statistically robust. We find that a healthy economy is associated with low and declining levels of stillbirth measures. In contrast, economic recession appears to have an adverse effect (Greece, Italy and Spain), or an unclear impact (Portugal), on the stillbirth outcome. This study provides evidence of the adverse effect of the European sovereign debt crisis and ensuing period of austerity on a scarcely explored aspect of health.

scholarly journals PENATAAN ANCAMAN EKONOMI SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI KEADAAN BAHAYA DI INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 031-048
Author(s):  
Agus Adhari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
National Security ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Time Limits ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modern Era

This article aims to analyze economic threats in times of emergency. Threats in the modern era consist of many types, and most of it dominated by nonmilitary threats such as disasters and social conflicts. However, apart from these two threats, economic threats also have the same effect on national security. The Indonesian government has been responded to economic threats differently since 1998 when it faced an economic crisis, then when it faced the threat of an economic recession due to the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The difference in ways of responding to economic threats is because Indonesia does not regulate economic threats as threats of state of emergency, so policies to respond to economic threats are limited by rules that cannot be violated. Therefore, this article will discuss the arrangement of economic threats in times of emergency. As a result, by regulating an economic threat as part of a state of emergency, the government has the power to shape economic policy by deviating from the provisions that apply under normal conditions. The economic emergency arrangement is carried out by regulating economic threats as part of a state of emergency through the law, then also regulates the scope of the President's powers, the organ of exercising power, time limits, and forms of responsibility.

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