On the Nature of Gender Categorization

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Tomelleri ◽  
Luigi Castelli
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Processing Stage ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
Gender Categorization

In the present paper, relying on event-related brain potentials (ERPs), we investigated the automatic nature of gender categorization focusing on different stages of the ongoing process. In particular, we explored the degree to which gender categorization occurs automatically by manipulating the semantic vs. nonsemantic processing goals requested by the task (Study 1) and the complexity of the task itself (Study 2). Results of Study 1 highlighted the automatic nature of categorization at an early (N170) and on a later processing stage (P300). Findings of Study 2 showed that at an early stage categorization was automatically driven by the ease of extraction of category-based knowledge from faces while, at a later stage, categorization was more influenced by situational constrains.

Speeding Up Syntax: On the Relative Timing and Automaticity of Local Phrase Structure and Morphosyntactic Processing as Reflected in Event-related Brain Potentials

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1207-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna S. Hasting ◽  
Sonja A. Kotz
Keyword(s):  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Relative Timing ◽  
Processing Stage ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Syntactic Relation

Neurolinguistic research utilizing event-related brain potentials (ERPs) typically relates syntactic phrase structure processing to an early automatic processing stage around 150 to 200 msec, whereas morphosyntactic processing is associated with a later and somewhat more attention-dependent processing stage between 300 and 500 msec. However, recent studies have challenged this position by reporting highly automatic ERP effects for morphosyntax in the 100 to 200 msec time range. The present study aimed at determining the factors that could contribute to such shifts in latency and automaticity. In two experiments varying the degree of attention, German phrase structure and morphosyntactic violations were compared in conditions in which the locality of the violated syntactic relation, as well as the violation point and the acoustic properties of the speech stimuli, were strictly controlled for. A negativity between 100 and 300 msec after the violation point occurred in response to both types of syntactic violations and independently of the allocation of attentional resources. These findings suggest that the timing and automaticity of ERP effects reflecting specific syntactic subprocesses are influenced to a larger degree by methodological than by linguistic factors, and thus, need to be regarded as relative rather than fixed to temporally successive processing stages.

scholarly journals Sensory gain control (amplification) as a mechanism of selective attention: electrophysiological and neuroimaging evidence

1998 ◽  
Vol 353 (1373) ◽  
pp. 1257-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Hillyard ◽  
Edward K. Vogel ◽  
Steven J. Luck
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Sensory Pathways ◽  
Visual Spatial Attention ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Behavioral Studies

Both physiological and behavioral studies have suggested that stimulus–driven neural activity in the sensory pathways can be modulated in amplitude during selective attention. Recordings of event–related brain potentials indicate that such sensory gain control or amplification processes play an important role in visual–spatial attention. Combined event–related brain potential and neuroimaging experiments provide strong evidence that attentional gain control operates at an early stage of visual processing in extrastriate cortical areas. These data support early selection theories of attention and provide a basis for distinguishing between separate mechanisms of attentional suppression (of unattended inputs) and attentional facilitation (of attended inputs).

scholarly journals Absolute Pitch: Evidence for Early Cognitive Facilitation during Passive Listening as Revealed by Reduced P3a Amplitudes

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Rogenmoser ◽  
Stefan Elmer ◽  
Lutz Jäncke
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Processing Stage ◽  
Cognitive Mechanism ◽  
Passive Listening ◽  
Processing Level ◽  
Tone Category

Absolute pitch (AP) is the rare ability to identify or produce different pitches without using reference tones. At least two sequential processing stages are assumed to contribute to this phenomenon. The first recruits a pitch memory mechanism at an early stage of auditory processing, whereas the second is driven by a later cognitive mechanism (pitch labeling). Several investigations have used active tasks, but it is unclear how these two mechanisms contribute to AP during passive listening. The present work investigated the temporal dynamics of tone processing in AP and non-AP (NAP) participants by using EEG. We applied a passive oddball paradigm with between- and within-tone category manipulations and analyzed the MMN reflecting the early stage of auditory processing and the P3a response reflecting the later cognitive mechanism during the second processing stage. Results did not reveal between-group differences in MMN waveforms. By contrast, the P3a response was specifically associated with AP and sensitive to the processing of different pitch types. Specifically, AP participants exhibited smaller P3a amplitudes, especially in between-tone category conditions, and P3a responses correlated significantly with the age of commencement of musical training, suggesting an influence of early musical exposure on AP. Our results reinforce the current opinion that the representation of pitches at the processing level of the auditory-related cortex is comparable among AP and NAP participants, whereas the later processing stage is critical for AP. Results are interpreted as reflecting cognitive facilitation in AP participants, possibly driven by the availability of multiple codes for tones.

Dissociation of Brain Activity Related to Syntactic and Semantic Aspects of Language

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Münte ◽  
Hans-Jochen Heinze ◽  
George R Mangun
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Semantic Condition ◽  
Distributional Information ◽  
Preceding Word ◽  
N400 Component ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Theoretical Issues

In psycholinguistic research, there has been considerable interest in understanding the interactions of difFerent types of linguistic information during language processing. For example, does syntactic information interact with semantic or pragmatic information at an early stage of language processing, or only at later stages in order to resolve ambiguities of language? Developing reliable measures of language processes such as syntax and semantics is important to address many of these theoretical issues in psycholinguistics. In the present study, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from healthy young subjects while they read pairs of words presented one word at a time. The ERPs for the second word of each pair were compared as a function of whether the preceding word was or was not (1) semantically related (i.e., synonyms; “semantic condition”) or (2) grammatically correct (“syntactic condition”). In the semantic condition the ERPs obtained to words preceded by nonsemantically related words elicited an N400 component that was maximal over centroparietal scalp regions. In contrast, in the syntactic condition the ERPs obtained to words preceded by grammatically incorrect articles or pronouns yielded a negativity with a later onset, and a frontopolar, left hemisphere scalp maximum. This replicates our previous findings of a syntactic negativity in a word pair design that was performed in the German language. Further, the present data provide scalp distributional information, which suggests that the syntactic negativity represents brain processes that are dissociable from the centroparietal N400 component. Thus, these findings provide strong evidence for a separate negative polarity ERP component that indexes syntactic aspects of language processing.

Early-Stage Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis Using Fuzzy Rough Sets with SVM Classification

2017 ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Nora Shoaip ◽  
Mohammed Mahfouz Elmogy ◽  
Alaa M. Riad ◽  
Hosam Zaghloul ◽  
Farid A. Badria
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Feature Selection ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Rough Set Theory ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Ca 125 ◽  
Processing Stage ◽  
Svm Classification ◽  
Early Stage Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is one of the most dangerous cancers among women which have a high rank of the cancers causing death. Ovarian cancer diagnoses are very difficult especially in early-stage because most symptoms associated with ovarian cancer such as Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, Pelvic or abdominal pain, and Bloating are common and found in Women who do not have ovarian cancer. The CA-125 test is used as a tumor marker, high levels could be a sign of ovarian cancer, but sometimes it is not true because not all women with ovarian cancer have high CA-125 levels, particularly about 20% of ovarian cancers are found at an early stage. In this paper, we try to find the most important rules helping in Early-stage ovarian cancer Diagnosis by evaluating the significance of data between ovarian cancer and the amino acids. Therefore, we propose a Fuzzy Rough feature selection with Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification model. In the pre-processing stage, we use Fuzzy Rough set theory for feature selection. In post-processing stage, we use SVM classification which is a powerful method to get good classification performance. Finally, we compare the output results of the proposed system with other classification technique to guarantee the highest classification performance.

scholarly journals Optimization of Fruit Disease Detection Process: Using Gaussian Filtering Along With Enhanced SVM

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Hardeep Singh ◽  
Sandeep Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Disease Detection ◽  
Selection Mechanism ◽  
Processing Stage ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Feature Extraction And Selection ◽  
Weighted Kernel ◽  
Fruit Disease ◽  
A New Technique

Fruit disease detection becomes critical since economic and related issues are influenced through the healthy and non-healthy fruits. Technology has advanced and is used to primarily detect and abnormality which is not visible through the naked eye. This paper proposes a new technique of fruit disease detection at early stage for which Gaussian smoothening is used at pre-processing stage along with weighted kernel function within SVM for achieving higher classification accuracy. Feature extraction and selection mechanism uses rank based mechanism that allocates ranks on the basis of predictive significance. The result is obtained in terms of prediction accuracy and mean or average error. Result is optimized by the factor of 10%.

Alterations in the number of motoneurons containing immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)& choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) in the cervical spinal cord of the wobbler mouse during the development of the motoneuron disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 970-971
Author(s):  
L. Vacca-Galloway ◽  
Y.Q. Zhang ◽  
P. Bose ◽  
S.H. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Wild Type Mouse ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Wobbler Mouse ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Stage 1

The Wobbler mouse (wr) has been studied as a model for inherited human motoneuron diseases (MNDs). Using behavioral tests for forelimb power, walking, climbing, and the “clasp-like reflex” response, the progress of the MND can be categorized into early (Stage 1, age 21 days) and late (Stage 4, age 3 months) stages. Age-and sex-matched normal phenotype littermates (NFR/wr) were used as controls (Stage 0), as well as mice from two related wild-type mouse strains: NFR/N and a C57BI/6N. Using behavioral tests, we also detected pre-symptomatic Wobblers at postnatal ages 7 and 14 days. The mice were anesthetized and perfusion-fixed for immunocytochemical (ICC) of CGRP and ChAT in the spinal cord (C3 to C5).Using computerized morphomety (Vidas, Zeiss), the numbers of IR-CGRP labelled motoneurons were significantly lower in 14 day old Wobbler specimens compared with the controls (Fig. 1). The same trend was observed at 21 days (Stage 1) and 3 months (Stage 4). The IR-CGRP-containing motoneurons in the Wobbler specimens declined progressively with age.

Automated high-resolution microscopy: the approaches so far

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
W. O. Saxton
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Automatic Recording ◽  
Microprocessor Control ◽  
Alternative Systems ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Complete Automation ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

Recent commercial microscopes with internal microprocessor control of all major functions have already demonstrated some of the benefits anticipated from such systems, such as continuous magnification, rotation-free diffraction and magnification, automatic recording of mutually registered focal series, and fewer control knobs. Complete automation of the focusing, stigmating and alignment of a high resolution microscope, allowing focal series to be recorded at preselected focus values as well, is still imminent rather than accomplished, however; some kind of image pick-up and analysis system, fed with the electron image via a TV camera, is clearly essential for this, but several alternative systems and algorithms are still being explored. This paper reviews the options critically in turn, and stresses the need to consider alignment and focusing at an early stage, and not merely as an optional extension to a basic proposal.

Direct observation of Fe-Al-Zn ternary intermetallic compound and its transformation during the early stage of hot-dip galvanizing

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 1116-1117
Author(s):  
C. S. Lin ◽  
W. A. Chiou ◽  
M. Meshii
Keyword(s):  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Zinc Bath ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Solid Iron ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Ternary Intermetallic Compound

The galvannealed steel sheets have received ever increased attention because of their excellent post-painting corrosion resistance and good weldability. However, its powdering and flaking tendency during press forming processes strongly impairs its performance. In order to optimize the properties of galvanneal coatings, it is critical to control the reaction rate between solid iron and molten zinc.In commercial galvannealing line, aluminum is added to zinc bath to retard the diffusion rate between iron and zinc by the formation of a thin layer of Al intermetallic compound on the surface of steel at initial hot-dip galvanizing. However, the form of this compound and its transformation are still speculated. In this paper, we report the direct observations of this compound and its transformation.The specimens were prepared in a hot-dip simulator in which the steel was galvanized in the zinc bath containing 0.14 wt% of Al at a temperature of 480 °C for 5 seconds and was quenched by liquid nitrogen.

Anisotropy of interfacial defects in the initial stage of MOVPE GaAs growth On Si

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
C. Vannuffel ◽  
C. Schiller ◽  
J. P. Chevalier
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Threading Dislocations ◽  
Mbe Growth ◽  
Detailed Mechanism ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Interfacial Defects ◽  
Interfacial Dislocations ◽  
Step Growth ◽  
Essential Problem

Recently, interest has focused on the epitaxy of GaAs on Si as a promising material for electronic applications, potentially for integration of optoelectronic devices on silicon wafers. The essential problem concerns the 4% misfit between the two materials, and this must be accommodated by a network of interfacial dislocations with the lowest number of threading dislocations. It is thus important to understand the detailed mechanism of the formation of this network, in order to eventually reduce the dislocation density at the top of the layers.MOVPE growth is carried out on slightly misoriented, (3.5°) from (001) towards , Si substrates. Here we report on the effect of this misorientation on the interfacial defects, at a very early stage of growth. Only the first stage, of the well-known two step growth process, is thus considered. Previously, we showed that full substrate coverage occured for GaAs thicknesses of 5 nm in contrast to MBE growth, where substantially greater thicknesses are required.

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