scholarly journals The Future of the Carbon Cycle in a Changing Climate

Eos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleya Kaushik ◽  
Jake Graham ◽  
Kalyn Dorheim ◽  
Ryan Kramer ◽  
Jonathan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
The Future

Surface and space-based observations, field experiments, and models all contribute to our evolving understanding of the ways that Earth’s many systems absorb and release carbon.

scholarly journals Consistent satellite XCO<sub>2</sub> retrievals from SCIAMACHY and GOSAT using the BESD algorithm

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1787-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Heymann ◽  
M. Reuter ◽  
M. Hilker ◽  
M. Buchwitz ◽  
O. Schneising ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
The Future

Abstract. Consistent and accurate long-term data sets of global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) are required for carbon cycle and climate related research. However, global data sets based on satellite observations may suffer from inconsistencies originating from the use of products derived from different satellites as needed to cover a long enough time period. One reason for inconsistencies can be the use of different retrieval algorithms. We address this potential issue by applying the same algorithm, the Bremen Optimal Estimation DOAS (BESD) algorithm, to different satellite instruments, SCIAMACHY onboard ENVISAT (March 2002–April 2012) and TANSO-FTS onboard GOSAT (launched in January 2009), to retrieve XCO2, the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO2. BESD has been initially developed for SCIAMACHY XCO2 retrievals. Here, we present the first detailed assessment of the new GOSAT BESD XCO2 product. GOSAT BESD XCO2 is a product generated and delivered to the MACC project for assimilation into ECMWF's Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). We describe the modifications of the BESD algorithm needed in order to retrieve XCO2 from GOSAT and present detailed comparisons with ground-based observations of XCO2 from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We discuss detailed comparison results between all three XCO2 data sets (SCIAMACHY, GOSAT and TCCON). The comparison results demonstrate the good consistency between the SCIAMACHY and the GOSAT XCO2. For example, we found a mean difference for daily averages of −0.60 ± 1.56 ppm (mean difference ± standard deviation) for GOSAT-SCIAMACHY (linear correlation coefficient r = 0.82), −0.34 ± 1.37 ppm (r = 0.86) for GOSAT-TCCON and 0.10 ± 1.79 ppm (r = 0.75) for SCIAMACHY-TCCON. The remaining differences between GOSAT and SCIAMACHY are likely due to non-perfect collocation (±2 h, 10° × 10° around TCCON sites), i.e., the observed air masses are not exactly identical, but likely also due to a still non-perfect BESD retrieval algorithm, which will be continuously improved in the future. Our overarching goal is to generate a satellite-derived XCO2 data set appropriate for climate and carbon cycle research covering the longest possible time period. We therefore also plan to extend the existing SCIAMACHY and GOSAT data set discussed here by using also data from other missions (e.g., OCO-2, GOSAT-2, CarbonSat) in the future.

scholarly journals A Hydrological Modeling Approach for Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Runoff Regimes in Slovakia

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 3358
Author(s):  
Patrik Sleziak ◽  
Roman Výleta ◽  
Kamila Hlavčová ◽  
Michaela Danáčová ◽  
Milica Aleksić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
The Future

The changing climate is a concern with regard to sustainable water resources. Projections of the runoff in future climate conditions are needed for long-term planning of water resources and flood protection. In this study, we evaluate the possible climate change impacts on the runoff regime in eight selected basins located in the whole territory of Slovakia. The projected runoff in the basins studied for the reference period (1981–2010) and three future time horizons (2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100) was simulated using the HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning) bucket-type model (the TUW (Technische Universität Wien) model). A calibration strategy based on the selection of the most suitable decade in the observation period for the parameterization of the model was applied. The model was first calibrated using observations, and then was driven by the precipitation and air temperatures projected by the KNMI (Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut) and MPI (Max Planck Institute) regional climate models (RCM) under the A1B emission scenario. The model’s performance metrics and a visual inspection showed that the simulated runoff using downscaled inputs from both RCM models for the reference period represents the simulated hydrological regimes well. An evaluation of the future, which was performed by considering the representative climate change scenarios, indicated that changes in the long-term runoff’s seasonality and extremality could be expected in the future. In the winter months, the runoff should increase, and decrease in the summer months compared to the reference period. The maximum annual daily runoff could be more extreme for the later time horizons (according to the KNMI scenario for 2071–2100). The results from this study could be useful for policymakers and river basin authorities for the optimum planning and management of water resources under a changing climate.

scholarly journals Future Changes in Flood Hazards across Canada under a Changing Climate

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayushi Gaur ◽  
Abhishek Gaur ◽  
Slobodan Simonovic
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Civil Infrastructure ◽  
Flood Hazards ◽  
North Central ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
The Future ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
General Climate

Climate change has induced considerable changes in the dynamics of key hydro-climatic variables across Canada, including floods. In this study, runoff projections made by 21 General Climate Models (GCMs) under four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are used to generate 25 km resolution streamflow estimates across Canada for historical (1961–2005) and future (2061–2100) time-periods. These estimates are used to calculate future projected changes in flood magnitudes and timings across Canada. Results obtained indicate that flood frequencies in the northernmost regions of Canada, and south-western Ontario can be expected to increase in the future. As an example, the historical 100-year return period events in these regions are expected to become 10–60 year return period events. On the other hand, northern prairies and north-central Ontario can be expected to experience decreases in flooding frequencies in future. The historical 100-year return period flood events in these regions are expected to become 160–200 year return period events in future. Furthermore, prairies, parts of Quebec, Ontario, Nunavut, and Yukon territories can be expected to experience earlier snowmelt-driven floods in the future. The results from this study will help decision-makers to effectively manage and design municipal and civil infrastructure in Canada under a changing climate.

scholarly journals Floods in a changing climate: Does the past represent the future?

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 3193-3205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaleen Jain ◽  
Upmanu Lall
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Water scaling of ecosystem carbon cycle feedback to climate warming

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. eaav1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Quan ◽  
Dashuan Tian ◽  
Yiqi Luo ◽  
Fangyue Zhang ◽  
Tom W. Crowther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Scaling Effects ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
Improve Model ◽  
Dry Conditions

It has been well established by field experiments that warming stimulates either net ecosystem carbon uptake or release, leading to negative or positive carbon cycle–climate change feedback, respectively. This variation in carbon-climate feedback has been partially attributed to water availability. However, it remains unclear under what conditions water availability enhances or weakens carbon-climate feedback or even changes its direction. Combining a field experiment with a global synthesis, we show that warming stimulates net carbon uptake (negative feedback) under wet conditions, but depresses it (positive feedback) under very dry conditions. This switch in carbon-climate feedback direction arises mainly from scaling effects of warming-induced decreases in soil water content on net ecosystem productivity. This water scaling of warming effects offers generalizable mechanisms not only to help explain varying magnitudes and directions of observed carbon-climate feedback but also to improve model prediction of ecosystem carbon dynamics in response to climate change.

scholarly journals PLANT BIOLOGY, A RESOURCE FOR PROSPERITY

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Kater
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biology ◽  
World Population ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
The Future ◽  
Plant Research ◽  
To Come

Worldwide agriculture is facing many challenges. A fast growing world population, a changing climate and an increasing need for sustainability call for immediate solutions to guarantee environmental, social and economic stability. An important contribution will have to come from innovative plant research. However, despite that there is more and more scientific and political attention for problems related to agriculture, there is still little investment in this field of research. It will be important that this will change and that we start to realize that investing in plant research is an investment in the future of our society.

scholarly journals The Future of (Soil) Microbiome Studies: Current Limitations, Integration, and Perspectives

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Geisen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Microbial Biodiversity ◽  
The Future

Microbes dominate the planet’s biodiversity in terms of species number and by driving essential Earth system functions such as the carbon cycle. Soils contain most of this microbial biodiversity.

scholarly journals Brief communication: ikaite (CaCO<sub>3</sub>*6H<sub>2</sub>O) discovered in Arctic sea ice

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Dieckmann ◽  
G. Nehrke ◽  
C. Uhlig ◽  
J. Göttlicher ◽  
S. Gerland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
First Time

Abstract. We report for the first time on the discovery of calcium carbonate crystals as ikaite (CaCO3*6H2O) in sea ice from the Arctic (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard). This finding demonstrates that the precipitation of calcium carbonate during the freezing of sea ice is not restricted to the Antarctic, where it was observed for the first time in 2008. This finding is an important step in the quest to quantify its impact on the sea ice driven carbon cycle and should in the future enable improvement parametrization sea ice carbon models.

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