Carbon Dioxide Production of Whole Blood in vitro

Nature ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 208 (5005) ◽  
pp. 82-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. CAPEL ◽  
E. C. FLETCHER ◽  
J. F. NUNN
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production

The Relations Between Yolk and White in the Hen'S Egg

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-329
Author(s):  
JOSEPH NEEDHAM ◽  
MARJORY STEPHENSON ◽  
DOROTHY MOYLE NEEDHAM
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Aerobic Respiration ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Hen’S Egg

1. The vitelline membrane of the infertile hen's egg exhibits no dehydrase activity. 2. The vitelline membrane has no measurable aerobic respiration in vitro, nor has the yolk of the infertile egg. This confirms the view that the carbon dioxide production of the intact egg is not the result of any true respiration. 3. When incubated anaerobically in vitro, bacteriologically sterile yolk produces consistently small amounts of lactic acid. 4. This glycolysis is not the result of any catalytic activity of the vitelline membrane, but takes place throughout the substance of the yolk. 5. Under similar conditions, bacteriologically sterile yolk produces small amounts of a substance or substances estimatable as ethyl alcohol. 6. If the yolk suspension is bacterially contaminated, however, lactic acid and alcohol are produced in amounts closely similar to those found by earlier workers on this subject. 7. The heat of glycolysis, under anaerobic conditions, calculated from the amounts of lactic acid experimentally found to be formed, is of the same order as (a) the calculated requirement of the vitelline membrane (Straub), and (b) the observed heat production (Langworthy and Barott). Thus even if the vitelline membrane is capable of using energy to do osmotic work, the yolk is only capable of supplying it by means of its glycolytic mechanism if the whole energy output of the whole yolk can be made available for doing work at the membrane.

The effects of three total mixed rations with different concentrate to maize silage ratios and different levels of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on in vitro total gas, methane and carbon dioxide production

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. KHOLIF ◽  
M. M. Y. ELGHANDOUR ◽  
A. Z. M. SALEM ◽  
A. BARBABOSA ◽  
O. MÁRQUEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYThe aim of the current study was to assess the effects of adding Chlorella vulgaris algae at different levels on in vitro gas production (GP) of three total mixed rations (TMR) with different concentrate (C): maize silage (S) ratios (25C : 75S, 50C : 50S, 75C : 25S). Chlorella vulgaris was added at 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg/g dry matter (DM) of the TMR and total gas, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production were recorded after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation in three runs. Increasing concentrate portion in the TMR linearly increased the asymptotic GP and decreased the rate of GP without affecting the lag time. Addition of C. vulgaris at 20 mg/g DM to the 25C : 75S TMR increased the asymptotic GP, CH4, CO2 and GP at 48 h. Addition of C. vulgaris to the 50C : 50S TMR decreased the asymptotic GP and GP at 48 h. Higher CH4 production was observed at 48 h of incubation when C. vulgaris was included at (per g DM): 20 mg for the 25C : 75S ration, 40 mg for the 50C : 50S ration and 80 mg for the 75C : 25S ration. Inclusion of C. vulgaris linearly increased CH4 production for the 50C : 50S ration and increased CO2 production at 10 and 12 h of incubation for the 50C : 50S ration, whereas 20 and 40 mg C. vulgaris/g DM of the 75C : 25S TMR decreased CO2 production. The 25C : 75S TMR had the highest in vitro DM disappearance with C. vulgaris addition. Chlorella vulgaris addition was more effective with rations high in fibre content than those high in concentrates. It can be concluded that the optimal level of C. vulgaris addition was 20 mg/g DM for improved ruminal fermentation of the 25C : 75S TMR.

scholarly journals IN VITRO INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD OF THE SEA LAMPREY (PETROMYZON MARINUS)

1992 ◽  
Vol 173 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ferguson ◽  
N. Sehdev ◽  
B. Bagatto ◽  
B. L. Tufts
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Transport ◽  
Dissociation Curves

In vitro experiments were carried out to examine the interactions between oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood of the sea lamprey. Oxygen dissociation curves for whole blood obtained from quiescent lampreys had Hill numbers (nH) ranging from 1.52 to 1.89. The Bohr coefficient for whole blood was -0.17 when extracellular pH (pHe) was considered, but was much greater (-0.63) when red blood cell pH (pHi) was considered. The pHi was largely dependent on haemoglobin oxygen- saturation (SO2) and the pH gradient across the red blood cell membrane was often reversed when PCO2 was increased and/or SO2 was lowered. The magnitude of the increase in pHi associated with the Haldane effect ranged from 0.169 pH units at 2.9 kPa PCO2 to 0.453 pH units at a PCO2 of 0.2 kPa. Deoxygenated red blood cells had a much greater total CO2 concentration (CCO2) than oxygenated red blood cells, but the nonbicarbonate buffer value for the red blood cells was unaffected by oxygenation. Plasma CCO2 was not significantly different under oxygenated or deoxygenated conditions. Partitioning of CO2 carriage in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood supports recent in vivo observations that red blood cell CO2 carriage can account for much of the CCO2 difference between arterial and venous blood. Together, the results also suggest that oxygen and carbon dioxide transport may not be tightly coupled in the blood of these primitive vertebrates. Finally, red cell sodium concentrations were dependent on oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in the blood, suggesting that sodium-dependent ion transport processes may contribute to the unique strategy for gas transport in sea lamprey blood.

Effect of individual Ayurveda plants and mixtures thereof on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane production and nutrient degradability

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2258 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wang ◽  
A. Müller ◽  
D. Hilfiker ◽  
S. Marquardt ◽  
M. Kreuzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Helicteres Isora

In order to identify new ways to mitigate methane emissions from ruminants, six medicinal plants, Achyranthes aspera, Azadirachta indica, Andrographis paniculata, Helicteres isora, Tinospora cordifolia and Piper longum, were evaluated in vitro with respect to ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis. A three-stage approach with n = 6 per treatment was applied. Two 24-h Hohenheim gas test experiments were performed by incubating the plants first as sole substrate and then added to a basal diet (10 g/kg diet DM). Finally, in a 10-day Rusitec experiment, A. paniculata, P. longum and T. cordifolia were supplemented individually and in all binary combinations to a basal diet (25 g/kg DM). Provided as sole substrate, all plants, except P. longum, decreased methane and carbon dioxide production (P < 0.05), and reduced the methane : short-chain fatty acid ratio (P < 0.05) in the Hohenheim gas test. In Rusitec, none of the individual supplements decreased methane production. The combination of A. paniculata with P. longum as a supplement was effective in mitigating the methane : carbon dioxide ratio and simultaneously maintaining feeding value. In conclusion, all medicinal plants incubated as sole substrate, except P. longum, possess anti-methanogenic properties, especially T. cordifolia, A. indica and H. isora. When supplemented at the levels investigated, they were mostly neutral with respect to rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion. Combining A. paniculata with P. longum mitigated methane without side effects on general ruminal fermentation. Further investigations, carried out in vivo, will demonstrate how useful this plant combination is in ruminant nutrition.

Effect of pasture type (alfalfa vs. grass) on methane and carbon dioxide production by yearling beef heifers

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Chaves ◽  
L. C. Thompson ◽  
A. D. Iwaasa ◽  
S. L. Scott ◽  
M. E. Olson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Alkane Analysis

The objective of this study was to determine effect of pasture type on methane and carbon dioxide production by heifers grazing alfalfa or grass pastures at three sites across western Canada. All pastures were intensively managed so that heifers had ad libitum access to new forage material each day, and pastures were back-fenced to prevent the heifers accessing previously grazed areas. As measured using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique, total methane production at the Brandon, MB, and Swift Current, SK, sites was unaffected by pasture type (averaging 157.4 g CH4 head-1 d-1), whereas at Lethbridge, AB, heifers grazing alfalfa produced more methane than did those on the grass pasture (162.8 vs. 113.5 g CH4 head-1 d-1; P < 0.05). Calculated with dry matter intake (DMI) estimated by alkane analysis, methane production per unit DMI was 3 9% lower from heifers consuming grass compared with alfalfa (P < 0.001). When intakes were estimated by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) model, CH4 production kg-1 DMI did not differ (P > 0.05) between pasture types. Loss of gross energy intake (GEI) to methane, as estimated by alkane analysis, was 6.9% for heifers grazing grass, and 9.6% for heifers grazing alfalfa (P < 0.001). Calculated using CNCPS, losses were similar (P > 0.05) between grass and alfalfa (5.8 vs. 6.2% of GEI, respectively). Carbon dioxide production per unit DMI did not differ between pasture types, irrespective of method used to estimate intake (alkanes or CNCPS). The method used to predict intake can have a major influence on calculated values when methane emissions are expressed as a percentage of GEI in grazing ruminants. At each site, CH4 emissions and in vitro digestibility of the forage were influenced by the composition of the stand and the maturity of the forage at the time of harvest. Key words: Alfalfa, grass, grazing, legume, methane emissions

scholarly journals Optimization of a Whole-Blood Gamma Interferon Assay for Detection of Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1196-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Schiller ◽  
W. Ray Waters ◽  
H. Martin Vordermeier ◽  
Brian Nonnecke ◽  
Michael Welsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Delayed Initiation ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT Antigens of Mycobacterium bovis elicit a cell-mediated immune response upon intradermal injection in cattle. In vitro, such antigens stimulate the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) by bovine T cells in whole-blood culture (IFN-γ assay). We have analyzed various parameters of the in vitro IFN-γ assay, ranging from blood sampling to execution of the IFN-γ test, in view of potential simplifications of the assay. Here, we show that IFN-γ responses may be reduced under certain animal handling/holding conditions and that a delayed time from blood collection to culture may lead to a reduced in vitro IFN-γ response. Delayed initiation of culture in a purified-protein-derivative-based assay (24 h compared to 8 h after blood collection), however, resulted in a significant improvement of specificity (97% compared to 85%), whereas there was only a modest reduction of sensitivity (from 96% to 90%), which was statistically not significant. Furthermore, we show that the stimulation temperature needs to be 33°C or higher; that carbon dioxide is not required for stimulation; and that various plate formats, ranging from 24 to 96 wells per plate, can be utilized. The produced IFN-γ is stable at 4°C for 28 days as well as after repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Thus, stimulation of samples may be initiated in the field without the need for a carbon dioxide source, and bovine IFN-γ is stable under various routine laboratory temperature scenarios. These findings demonstrate opportunities for improvements in the bovine IFN-γ test platform and flexibilities in test application.

Apparent dye-dilution curves produced by injection of transparent solutions

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Sinclair ◽  
William F. Sutterer ◽  
Irwin J. Fox ◽  
Earl H. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Dye Dilution ◽  
Source Of Error ◽  
Dilution Curves

In studies on dogs, blood was sampled as for the recording of dye-dilution curves through monochromatic densitometers. Injection of hypertonic media into the superior vena cava caused transient increases in the optical density of blood in the pulmonary and femoral arteries so as to produce apparent “dye” curves. The injection of hypotonic and hemolyzing media produced negative deflections, representing decreases in the optical density of blood, as did brief ventilation with 5% and 50% carbon dioxide in oxygen. Similar changes were demonstrated in vitro. They were compensated for in vivo by the use of a dichromatic densitometer. The changes observed are attributed to altered physical properties of the erythrocytes, which consequently change their light-transmitting and light-reflecting characteristics. Such nonspecific changes in the optical density of blood may constitute an important source of error in monochromatic densitometry done on whole blood. Submitted on January 11, 1961

ACETATE UTILIZATION BY LIVER AND ADIPOSE TISSUE OF RATS FASTED IN THE COLD

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-241
Author(s):  
William F. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Fasted Rats ◽  
Glucose Supplementation

The in vitro incorporation of 1-C14 and 2-C14 acetate into fatty acids and carbon dioxide by liver and adipose tissue was studied in rats fasted at 5 °C. for 24 hours. Compared with fed rats at room temperature, there was a marked decrease in the incorporation of the acetate carbons into fatty acids and carbon dioxide by liver tissue. A pronounced decrease in acetate incorporation into fatty acid was also noted with adipose tissue from these same animals, but only a slight decrease in incorporation into carbon dioxide. Addition of glucose to the incubation medium caused increases in fatty acid formation by liver and adipose tissue from both normal and fasted animals, but glucose supplementation, while increasing the incorporation of acetate into carbon dioxide by liver tissue from cold fasted rats, did not affect carbon dioxide production by liver tissue from normal animals. Incorporation of acetate into carbon dioxide by adipose tissue was unaffected by glucose supplementation with tissue from both normal and cold fasted rats.

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