Relationship between physical activity measured using accelerometers and energy expenditure measured using doubly labelled water in Indian children

The ActiReg® (PreMed AS, Oslo, Norway) system is unique in using combined recordings of body position and motion alone or combined with heart rate (HR) to calculate energy expenditure (EE) and express physical activity (PA). The ActiReg® has two pairs of position and motion sensors connected by cables to a battery-operated storage unit fixed to a waist belt. Each pair of sensors was attached by medical tape to the chest and to the front of the right thigh respectively. The collected data were transferred to a personal computer and processed by a dedicated program ActiCalc®. Calculation models for EE with and without HR are presented. The models were based on literature values for the energy costs of different activities and therefore require no calibration experiments. The ActiReg® system was validated against doubly labelled water (DLW) and indirect calorimetry. The DLW validation demonstrated that neither EE calculated from ActiReg® data alone (EEAR) nor from combined ActiReg® and HR data (EEAR–HR) were statistically different from DLW results. The EEAR procedure causes some underestimation of EE >11 MJ corresponding to a PA level >2·0. This underestimation is reduced by the EEAR–HR procedure. The objective recording of the time spent in different body positions and at different levels of PA may be useful in studies of PA in different groups and in studies of whether recommendations for PA are being met. The comparative ease of data collection and calculation should make ActiReg® a useful instrument to measure habitual PA level and EE.

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Comparison of total and activity energy expenditure estimates from physical activity questionnaires and doubly labelled water: a systematic review and meta-analysis

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114520003049 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad Sharifzadeh ◽

Minoo Bagheri ◽

John R. Speakman ◽

Kurosh Djafarian

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Weighted Mean Difference ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Weighted Mean ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Activity Questionnaires ◽

Activity Energy

Abstract Physical activity questionnaires (PAQ) could be suitable tools in free-living people for measures of physical activity, total and activity energy expenditure (TEE and AEE). This meta-analysis was performed to determine valid PAQ for estimating TEE and AEE using doubly labelled water (DLW). We identified data from relevant studies by searching Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus databases. This revealed thirty-eight studies that had validated PAQ with DLW and reported the mean differences between PAQ and DLW measures of TEE (TEEDLW − TEEPAQ) and AEE (AEEDLW − AEEPAQ). We assessed seventy-eight PAQ consisting of fifty-nine PAQ that assessed TEE and thirty-five PAQ that examined AEE. There was no significant difference between TEEPAQ and TEEDLW with a weighted mean difference of –243·3 and a range of –841·4 to 354·6 kJ/d, and a significant weighted mean difference of AEEDLW – AEE PAQ 414·6 and a range of 78·7–750·5. To determine whether any PAQ was a valid tool for estimating TEE and AEE, we carried out a subgroup analysis by type of PAQ. Only Active-Q, administered in two seasons, and 3-d PA diaries were correlated with TEE by DLW at the population level; however, these two PAQ did not demonstrate an acceptable limit of agreement at individual level. For AEE, no PAQ was correlated with DLW either at the population or at the individual levels. Active-Q and 3-d PA diaries were identified as the only valid PAQ for TEE estimation. Further well-designed studies are needed to verify this result and identify additional valid PAQ.

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Water loss as a function of energy intake, physical activity and season

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20041310 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 199-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Klaas R. Westerterp ◽

Guy Plasqui ◽

Annelies H. C. Goris

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Water Intake ◽

Water Loss ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Activity Level ◽

Seasonal Effects ◽

Water Turnover ◽

Doubly Labelled Water

Although water is an important nutrient, there are no recommended intake values. Here, water intake, energy intake, physical activity and water loss was measured over 1 week in summer and in winter. Subjects were healthy volunteers, forty-two women and ten men, mean age of 29 (sd 7) years and mean BMI 21·8 (sd 2·2) kg/m2. Water intake was measured with a 7 d food and water record. Physical activity level (PAL) was observed as the ratio of total energy expenditure, as measured with doubly labelled water, to resting energy expenditure as measured in a respiration chamber. Water loss was measured with the deuterium elimination method. Water loss was highly reproducible and ranged from 0·20 to 0·35 l/MJ, independent of season and activity level, with higher values in women. Water loss was related to water and energy intake in summer (r 0·96, P<0·0001 and r 0·68, P<0·001, respectively) as well as in winter (r 0·98, P<0·0001 and r 0·63, P<0·01, respectively). Water loss was, for men, higher in subjects with a higher physical activity in summer (r 0·94, P<0·0001) and in winter (r 0·70, P<0·05). Normalizing water loss for differences in energy expenditure by expressing water loss in litres per MJ resulted in the same value for men in summer and winter. For women, physical activity-adjusted values of water loss were higher, especially in summer. In men, water turnover was determined by energy intake and physical activity, while seasonal effects appeared through energy expenditure. Women showed a higher water turnover that was unrelated to physical activity.

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Evaluations of Actiheart, IDEEA® and RT3 monitors for estimating activity energy expenditure in free-living women

Journal of Nutritional Science ◽

10.1017/jns.2013.18 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marie Löf ◽

Hanna Henriksson ◽

Elisabet Forsum

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Living Conditions ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Free Living ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Further Development ◽

Activity Energy ◽

Free Living Conditions

AbstractActivity energy expenditure (AEE) during free-living conditions can be assessed using devices based on different principles. To make proper comparisons of different devices' capacities to assess AEE, they should be evaluated in the same population. Thus, in the present study we evaluated, in the same group of subjects, the ability of three devices to assess AEE in groups and individuals during free-living conditions. In twenty women, AEE was assessed using RT3 (three-axial accelerometry) (AEERT3), Actiheart (a combination of heart rate and accelerometry) (AEEActi) and IDEEA (a multi-accelerometer system) (AEEIDEEA). Reference AEE (AEEref) was assessed using the doubly labelled water method and indirect calorimetry. Average AEEActi was 5760 kJ per 24 h and not significantly different from AEEref (5020 kJ per 24 h). On average, AEERT3 and AEEIDEEA were 2010 and 1750 kJ per 24 h lower than AEEref, respectively (P < 0·001). The limits of agreement (± 2 sd) were 2940 (Actiheart), 1820 (RT3) and 2650 (IDEEA) kJ per 24 h. The variance for AEERT3 was lower than for AEEActi (P = 0·006). The RT3 classified 60 % of the women in the correct activity category while the corresponding value for IDEEA and Actiheart was 30 %. In conclusion, the Actiheart may be useful for groups and the RT3 for individuals while the IDEEA requires further development. The results are likely to be relevant for a large proportion of Western women of reproductive age and demonstrate that the procedure selected to assess physical activity can greatly influence the possibilities to uncover important aspects regarding interactions between physical activity, diet and health.

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Quantifying the free living energy exchanges of Arctic ungulates with stable isotopes

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.20.2-3.1480 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 20 (2-3) ◽

pp. 59 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paul Haggarty

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Ecological Impact ◽

The Arctic ◽

Unknown Parameters ◽

Free Living ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Energy Exchanges ◽

Free Ranging

When natural diets meet an animal's requirement for energy, other essential nutrients will usually be supplied in amounts at least sufficient for survival. Knowledge of the energy requirements of free ranging species under typical conditions are important in assessing both their nutritional needs and their ecological impact. The doubly labelled water (DLW) method is currently the most promising objective field methodology for estimating free living energy expenditure but expenditure is only equal to the energy requirement when an animal is in energy balance. Reproduction and seasonal cycles of fat deposition and utilization represent significant components of the energy budget of arctic ungulates but the information gained in the course of a typical DLW study may be used to estimate processes such as milk output and fat storage and mobilization in order to predict requirements from expenditure. The DLW method has been exhaustively validated under highly controlled conditions and the introduction of innovations such as faecal sampling for the estimation of body water isotopic enrichment, the availability of appropriate correction factors and stoichiometrics for known sources of error, and iterative calculation of unknown parameters, have produced a methodology suitable for use in truly free ranging species. The few studies carried out so far in arctic ungulates indicate that previous predictions have generally underestimated the true level of expenditure, that there is considerable between animal variation in the level of expenditure and that this is largely determined by physical activity. The disadvantages of the DLW methodology are that it remains expensive and the isotope analysis is technically demanding. Furthermore, although DLW can provide an accurate value for free living energy expenditure, it is often important to have information on the individual components of expenditure, for example the relative contribution of physical activity and thermoregulatory thermogenesis, in order to interpret the values for overall expenditure. For these reasons the most valuable use of the DLW method in the field may be to validate factorial models and other approaches so that they may be used with confidence. Additional important information on the energy exchanges of free ranging animals may be obtained from other stable isotope methodologies. In addition to the use of the isotopes 2H and lsO in the DLW method, natural variations in the abundance of "C and 15N in the arctic environment may be exploited to study diet selection in truly free living arctic ungulates.

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Maternal diabetes status does not influence energy expenditure or physical activity in 5-year-old Pima Indian children

Diabetologia ◽

10.1007/s001250051045 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 41 (10) ◽

pp. 1157-1162 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

A. D. Salbe ◽

A. M. Fontvieille ◽

D. J. Pettitt ◽

E. Ravussin

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Maternal Diabetes ◽

Indian Children ◽

Diabetes Status

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Accuracy of Self-Reported Physical Activity Levels in Obese Adolescents

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2014/808659 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sarah A. Elliott ◽

Kimberley A. Baxter ◽

Peter S. W. Davies ◽

Helen Truby

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Accurate Estimation ◽

Accurate Information ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Obese Adolescents ◽

Individual Level ◽

Physical Activity Levels

Introduction.Self-reported measures of habitual physical activity rely completely on the respondent’s ability to provide accurate information on their own physical activity behaviours. Our aim was to investigate if obese adolescents could accurately report their physical activity levels (PAL) using self-reported diaries.Methods.Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured using doubly labelled water (DLW) and resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured via indirect calorimetry. Activity energy expenditure (AEE) and PAL values were derived from measured TEE and REE. Self-reported, four-day activity diaries were used to calculate daily MET values and averaged to give an estimated PAL value (ePAL).Results.Twenty-two obese adolescents, mean age13.2±1.8years, mean BMI31.3±4.6 kg/m2, completed the study. No significant differences between mean measured and estimated PAL values were observed (1.37±0.13versus1.40±0.34,P=0.74). Bland Altman analysis illustrated a significant relationship (r=-0.76,P<0.05) between the two methods; thus the bias was not consistent across a range of physical activity levels, with the more inactive overreporting their physical activity.Conclusion.At an individual level, obese adolescents are unlikely to be able to provide an accurate estimation of their own activity.

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Body composition and physical activity in New Zealand Maori, Pacific and European children aged 5–14 years

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20031000 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 90 (6) ◽

pp. 1133-1139 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Elaine C. Rush ◽

Lindsay D. Plank ◽

Peter S. W. Davies ◽

Patsy Watson ◽

Clare R. Wall

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

The Body ◽

Activity Level ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Doubly Labelled Water

Body fatness and the components of energy expenditure in children aged 5–14 years were investigated. In a group of seventy-nine healthy children (thirty-nine female, forty male), mean age 10·0 (sd 2·8) years, comprising twenty-seven Maori, twenty-six Pacific Island and twenty-six European, total energy expenditure (TEE) was determined over 10 d using the doubly-labelled water method. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry and physical activity level (PAL) was calculated as TEE:RMR. Fat-free mass (FFM), and hence fat mass, was derived from the 18O-dilution space using appropriate values for FFM hydration in children. Qualitative information on physical activity patterns was obtained by questionnaire. Maori and Pacific children had a higher BMI than European children (P<0·003), but % body fat was similar for the three ethnic groups. The % body fat increased with age for girls (r 0·42, P=0·008), but not for boys. Ethnicity was not a significant predictor of RMR adjusted for FFM and fat mass. TEE and PAL, adjusted for body weight and age, were higher in Maori than European children (P<0·02), with Pacific children having intermediate values. PAL was inversely correlated with % body fat in boys (r −0·43, P=0·006), but was not significantly associated in girls. The % body fat was not correlated with reported time spent inactive or outdoors. Ethnic-related differences in total and activity-related energy expenditure that might account for higher obesity rates in Maori and Pacific children were not seen. Low levels of physical activity were associated with increased body fat in boys but not in girls.

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Validation of ActiReg® to measure physical activity and energy expenditure against doubly labelled water in obese persons

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507886363 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 219-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Bo-Egil Hustvedt ◽

Mette Svendsen ◽

Arne Løvø ◽

Lars Ellegård ◽

Jostein Hallén ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Body Position ◽

Weight Bearing ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Metabolic Risk ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Activity Ratios ◽

Obese Subjects ◽

The Mean

ActiReg® is an instrument that uses combined recordings of body position and motion to calculate energy expenditure (EE) and physical activity (PA). The aim of the study was to compare mean total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by ActiReg® and doubly labelled water (DLW) in obese subjects. TEE was measured by the DLW method during a period of 14 d in fifty obese men and women with metabolic risk factors. During the same period ActiReg® recordings were obtained for 7 d. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry and also estimated by standardized equations. Because EE may be disproportionately increased in obese subjects during weight-bearing activities, we established a new set of physical activity ratios (PAR). These ratios were based on oxygen uptake measurements during treadmill walking. The mean TEE according to the DLW was 13·94 (sd 2·47) MJ/d. Mean TEE calculated from the ActiReg® data and measured RMR was 13·39 (sd 2·26) MJ/d, an underestimation of 0·55 MJ (95 % CI 0·13, 0·98; P = 0·012) or 3·9 %. RMR derived from standard equations based on weight, age and sex were overestimated while the RMR based on fat-free mass values in addition was underestimated. Despite slight underestimation ActiReg® may be used to measure TEE in obese subjects on two premises: RMR should be measured, and the increased EE during weight-bearing activities in obese subjects should be considered.

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The Actiheart in Adolescents: A Doubly Labelled Water Validation

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.24.4.589 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 589-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Nerissa Campbell ◽

Harry Prapavessis ◽

Casey Gray ◽

Erin McGowan ◽

Elaine Rush ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽

Limits Of Agreement ◽

Free Living ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Future Work ◽

Activity Energy

Background/Objective: This study investigated the validity of the Actiheart device for estimating free-living physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) in adolescents. Subjects/Methods: Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured in eighteen Canadian adolescents, aged 15–18 years, by DLW. Physical activity energy expenditure was calculated as 0.9 X TEE minus resting energy expenditure, assuming 10% for the thermic effect of feeding. Participants wore the chest mounted Actiheart device which records simultaneously minute-by-minute acceleration (ACC) and heart rate (HR). Using both children and adult branched equation modeling, derived from laboratory-based activity, PAEE was estimated from the ACC and HR data. Linear regression analyses examined the association between PAEE derived from the Actiheart and DLW method where DLW PAEE served as the dependent variable. Measurement of agreement between the two methods was analyzed using the Bland-Altman procedure. Results: A nonsignificant association was found between the children derived Actiheart and DLW PAEE values (R = .23, R2 = .05, p = .36); whereas a significant association was found between the adult derived Actiheart and DLW PAEE values (R = .53, R2 = .29, p < .05). Both the children and adult equation models lead to overestimations of PAEE by the Actiheart compared with the DLW method, by a mean difference of 31.42 kcal·kg−·d−1 (95% limits of agreement: −45.70 to −17.15 kcal·kg−1·d−1 and 9.80 kcal·kg−1·d−1 (95% limits of agreement: −21.22-1.72 kcal·kg−1·d−1), respectively. Conclusion: There is relatively poor measurement of agreement between the Actiheart and DLW for assessing free-living PAEE in adolescents. Future work should develop group based branched equation models specifically for adolescents to improve the utility of the device in this population.

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