scholarly journals Detection of acute ventilatory problems via magnetic induction in a newborn animal model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina C. Behr ◽  
Christopher Platen ◽  
Pascal Vetter ◽  
Nicole Heussen ◽  
Steffen Leonhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Side Information ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
List Type ◽  
Newborn Animal ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Patient Side

Abstract Background Magnetic induction measurement (MIM) is a noninvasive method for the contactless registration of respiration in newborn piglets by using measurement coils positioned at the bottom of an incubator. Acute pulmonary problems may be determinants of poor neurological and psychomotor outcomes in preterm infants. The current study tested the detection of pulmonary ventilation disorders via MIM in 11 newborn piglets. Methods Six measurement coils determined changes in magnetic induction, depending on the ventilation of the lung, in comparison with flow resistance. Contactless registration of induced acute pulmonary ventilation disorders (apnea, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and aspiration) was detected by MIM. Results All pathologies except aspiration were detected by MIM. Significant changes occurred after induction of apnea (three coils), malposition of the tube (one coil), and pneumothorax (three coils) (p ≤ 0.05). No significant changes occurred after induction of aspiration (p = 0.12). Conclusions MIM seems to have some potential to detect acute ventilation disorders in newborn piglets. The location of the measurement coil related to the animal’s position plays a critical role in this process. In addition to an early detection of acute pulmonary problems, potential information pointing to a therapeutic intervention, for example, inhalations or medical respiratory analepsis, may be conceivable with MIM in the future. Impact MIM seems to be a method in which noncontact ventilation disorders of premature and mature infants can be detected. This study is an extension of the experimental setup to obtain preliminary evidence for detection of respiratory activity in neonatal piglets. For the first time, MIM is used to register acute ventilation problems of neonates. The possibility of an early detection of acute ventilation problems via MIM may provide an opportunity to receive patient-side information for therapeutical interventions like inhalations or medical respiratory analepsis.

scholarly journals Physiological Effects of Exercising at Different Intensities Wearing TNT or Double-layer Cotton Facemasks Compared to Not Wearing a Mask

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrício Braga ◽  
Gabriel Espinosa ◽  
Amanda Monteiro ◽  
Beatriz Marinho ◽  
Eduardo Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Double Layer ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
List Type ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Physiological Dead Space ◽  
End Tidal

Abstract We compared the physiological differences between exercising wearing a TNT or a double-layer-cotton (DLC) facemask (FM) and not wearing a mask (NM). Sixteen volunteers underwent 4 sets (S) of 2 sequential bouts (B). B1 and B2 corresponded to light and moderate intensity cycling, respectively. FMs were used as follows: S1: NM; S2: TNT or DLC; S3: DLC or TNT; and S4: NM. Metabolic, pulmonary, and perceptual variables were collected. The main results are expressed as effect sizes and confidence intervals (ES [95%CI]) for TNT and DLC unless otherwise indicated. Compared to NM, FM increased the duty cycle (B1=1.11[0.58-1.61] and 1.53[0.81-2.18]; B2=1.27[0.63-1.84] and 1.93[0.97-2.68]) and decreased breath frequency (B1=0.59[0.23-0.94] and 1.43[0.79-2.07], B2=0.39[0.05-0.71] and 1.33[0.71-1.94]). Only B1 tidal volume increased (0.33[0.09-0.56] and 0.62[0.18-1.05]) enough to avoid a ventilation reduction with TNT but not with DLC (B1=0.52[0.23-0.79]; B2=0.84[0.44-1.22]). Both FMs reduced oxygen saturation in B1 (0.56 [0.07-1.03] and 0.69 [0.09-1.28]) but only DLC did so in B2 (0.66 [0.11-1.13]). Both end tidal CO2 (B1=0.23[0.05-0.4] and 0.71[0.38-1.02]; B2=0.56[0.2-0.9] and 1.20[0.65-1.68]) and mixed-expired-CO2 (B1=0.74[0.38-1.08] 1.71[1.03-2.37], B2=0.94[0.45-1.38] and 1.78[0.97-2.42]) increased with FMs. Ventilatory adaptations imposed during FM exercising influenced blood-lung gas exchange. Larger ESs were seen with DLC. No adverse changes to human health were observed. Novelty Bullets Facemasks affect the breathing pattern by changing the frequency and amplitude of pulmonary ventilation. The augmented ventilatory work increases VO2, VCO2, and RPE and promotes non-concerning drops in SpO2 and CO2 retention. Increased inspiratory and expiratory pressure can account for the reduction in pulmonary physiological dead space.

Screening children at risk for developmental disabilities based on face landmark from video data of mobile-based application: Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Rang Park ◽  
Sang Ho Hwang ◽  
Yeonsoo Yu ◽  
Jichul Kim ◽  
Taeyeop Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Cross Sectional

BACKGROUND Early detection and intervention of developmental disabilities (DDs) are critical for improving the long-term outcomes of the afflicted children. Mobile-based applications are easily accessible and may thus help the early identification of DDs. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify facial expression and head pose based on face landmark data extracted from face recording videos and to differentiate the characteristics between children with DDs and those without. METHODS Eighty-nine children (DD, n=33; typically developing, n=56) were included in the analysis. Using the mobile-based application, we extracted facial landmarks and head poses from the recorded videos and performed Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)-based DD classification. RESULTS Stratified k-fold cross-validation showed that the average values of accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score of the LSTM based deep learning model of DD children were 88%, 91%,72%, and 80%, respectively. Through the interpretation of prediction results using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), we confirmed that the nodding head angle variable was the most important variable. All of the top 10 variables of importance had significant differences in the distribution between children with DDs and those without (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide preliminary evidence that the deep-learning classification model using mobile-based children’s video data could be used for the early detection of children with DDs.

scholarly journals PRDM16 Represses the Pig White Lipogenesis through Promoting Lipolysis Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Gu ◽  
Guli Xu ◽  
Chengfeng Jiang ◽  
Lianjie Hou ◽  
Zhenfang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Methyltransferase Activity ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Pr Domain ◽  
White Fat ◽  
Oil Red O Staining ◽  
Oil Red O

The positive regulatory domain containing 16 (PRDM16) gene is a dominant transcriptional regulator that favors the “browning” of white adipocytes in rodents. Since the “browning” of white fat is important in pig in terms of producing heat fighting against cold environment, avoiding obesity, and improving meat quality, understanding the critical role that PRDM16 gene played in pig adipose “browning” and energy metabolism is of great significance. However, the constitution of pig fat differs a lot from rodents and human as they do not have brown adipose tissue (BAT) even in the newborn piglets. In this study, we isolated porcine primary preadipocytes and investigated the function of PRDM16 during preadipocytes differentiation. Our results showed that overexpression of the PR domain of PRDM16 repressed the differentiation of porcine preadipocytes, indicated by oil red O staining and the deposition of the triglyceride. Overexpression of the PR domain significantly increased the level of lipolysis and mitochondrial oxidative capacity detected by Western blotting during differentiation. Furthermore, we purified the protein coded by the PR domain and demonstrated that this protein has the H3K9me1 methyltransferase activity. In conclusion, the PR domain of the porcine PRDM16 gene repressed the mature of the porcine preadipocytes by promoting its oxidative activity.

scholarly journals P98 Semi-quantification and localization of membrane transporters in paediatric kidney tissue

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. e58.1-e58
Author(s):  
M van Borselen ◽  
B van Groen ◽  
J Pertijs ◽  
M Wilmer ◽  
B Smeets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Premature Neonate ◽  
Membrane Transporters ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
List Type ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Toxicity Of Drugs

BackgroundThe kidney has a critical role in disposition, efficacy and toxicity of drugs and xenobiotics. Developmental changes of renal membrane transporters have the potential to explain population variability in paediatric pharmacokinetics and -dynamics of drugs but data are missing. We aimed to further delineate the expression of human renal tubular transporters multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 4 and MRP2 and study localization in paediatric kidney samples.MethodsWe planned to semi-quantify expression levels and to study the age-specific localization of the transporters MRP4 and MRP2 with immunohistochemistry on 44 human neonatal and paediatric kidney samples with age range of 24,00 - 40,00 weeks gestational age (GA) and 0,29 - 744 weeks post-natal age (PNA). The staining intensity was semi-quantitatively scored by two independent observers (MB and BG).ResultsMRP4 is found to be localized at the apical membrane of the renal proximal tubules at 27 weeks of GA (n=3, 1,29- 4 weeks PNA) and no age-related changes of expression levels were detected. In a premature neonate of 24 weeks GA (n=1), no MRP4 was detected. The MRP2 staining did not meet the requirements to be scored and was rejected.ConclusionMRP4 is expressed from at least 27 weeks GA onwards and does not show developmental changes. The localization was similar as in adults (Ritter et al., 2005). The half-life of the MRP4 substrate furosemide was found to be 6 to 20-fold longer in neonates than in adults (Pacifici, G.M., 2013). This could potentially be linked with the absence of MRP4 in a premature neonate with GA 24 weeks. However, these data should be confirmed as we only had 1 sample of ±24 weeks GA available. Moreover, our data help us in understanding altered disposition of transporter substrates in paediatrics.ReferencesPacifici, G. M. ( 2013). Clinical pharmacology of furosemide in neonates: a review. Pharmaceuticals;6(9):1094–1129.Ritter CA, Jedlitschky G, Meyer zu Schwabedissen H, Grube M, Köck K, & Kroemer HK. ( 2005). Cellular export of drugs and signaling molecules by the ATP-binding cassette transporters MRP4 (ABCC4) and MRP5 (ABCC5). Drug metabolism reviews;37(1):253–278.Disclosure(s)Nothing to disclose

scholarly journals Early diagnosis of COPD: myth or a true perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (158) ◽  
pp. 200131
Author(s):  
Maria Eugenia Laucho-Contreras ◽  
Mark Cohen-Todd
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Clinical Burden ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Definition Of

The early stages of COPD have recently become a hot topic as many new risk factors have been proposed, but substantial knowledge gaps remain in explaining the natural history of the disease. If we are to modify the outcomes of COPD, early detection needs to play a critical role. However, we need to sort out the barriers to early detection and have a better understanding of the definition of COPD and its diagnosis and therapeutic strategies to identify and treat patients with COPD before structural changes progress. In this review, we aim to clarify the differences between early COPD, mild COPD and early detection of COPD, with an emphasis on the clinical burden and how different outcomes (quality of life, exacerbation, cost and mortality) are modified depending on which definition is used. We will summarise the evidence for the new multidimensional diagnostic approaches to detecting early pathophysiologic changes that potentially allow for future studies on COPD management strategies to halt or prevent disease development.

scholarly journals Sleep regulates the glial engulfment receptor Draper to promote Wallerian degeneration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany A. Stahl ◽  
James B. Jaggard ◽  
Alex C. Keene
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Wallerian Degeneration ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Glial Activation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Activation Markers

SummarySleep, a universal behavior, is critical for diverse aspects of brain function. Chronic sleep disturbance is associated with numerous health consequences, including neurodegenerative disease and cognitive decline. Neurite damage due to apoptosis, trauma, or genetic factors is a common feature of aging, and clearance of damaged neurons is essential for maintenance of brain function. In the central nervous system, damaged neurites are cleared by Wallerian degeneration, in which activated microglia and macrophages engulf damaged neurons. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provides a powerful model for investigating the relationship between sleep and Wallerian degeneration. Several lines of evidence suggest that glia influence sleep duration, sleep-mediated neuronal homeostasis, and clearance of toxic substances during sleep, raising the possibility that glial engulfment of damaged axons is regulated by sleep. To explore this possibility, we axotomized olfactory receptor neurons and measured the effects of sleep loss or gain on the clearance of damaged neurites. Mechanical sleep deprivation impaired the clearance of damaged neurites, whereas the sleep-promoting drug gaboxadol accelerated clearance. In sleep-deprived animals, multiple markers of glial activation were delayed, including activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, upregulation of the cell corpse engulfment receptor Draper, and innervation of the antennal lobe by glial membranes. These markers were all enhanced when sleep was induced in gaboxadol-treated flies. Taken together, these findings reveal a critical role for sleep in regulation glial activation and engulfment following axotomy, providing a platform for further investigations of the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent modulation of glial function and neurite clearance.HighlightsSleep deprivation impairs Wallerian degeneration in fruit flies.Pharmacological induction of sleep accelerates Wallerian degeneration.Sleep promotes innervation surrounding damaged neurites by phagocytic glia.Sleep increases levels of the glial activation markers Draper and Stat92E.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF CONVALESCENT PLASMA ON MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 PNEUMONIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín R. Salazar ◽  
Soledad E. González ◽  
Lorena Regairaz ◽  
Noelia S. Ferrando ◽  
Veronica V. González Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
List Type ◽  
Bed Management ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

AbstractBackgroundConvalescent plasma, widely utilized in viral infections that induce neutralizing antibodies, has been proposed for COVID-19, and preliminary evidence shows that it might have beneficial effect. Our objective was to compare epidemiological characteristics and outcomes between patients who received convalescent plasma for COVID-19 and those who did not, admitted to hospitals in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, throughout the pandemic.MethodsThis is a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of 2-month duration beginning on June 1, 2020, including unselected, consecutive adult patients with diagnosed COVID-19, admitted to 215 hospitals with pneumonia. Epidemiological and clinical variables were registered in the Provincial Hospital Bed Management System. Convalescent plasma was supplied as part of a centralized, expanded access program.ResultsWe analyzed 3,529 patients with pneumonia, predominantly male, aged 62±17, with arterial hypertension and diabetes as main comorbidities; 51.4% were admitted to the ward, 27.1% to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and 21.7% to the ICU with mechanical ventilation requirement (ICU-MV). 28-day mortality was 34.9%; and was 26.3%, 30.1% and 61.4% for ward, ICU and ICU-MV patients. Convalescent plasma was administered to 868 patients (24.6%); their 28-day mortality was significantly lower (25.5% vs. 38.0%, p<0.001). No major adverse effects occurred.Logistic regression analysis identified age, ICU admission with and without MV requirement, diabetes and preexistent cardiovascular disease as independent predictors of 28-day mortality, whereas convalescent plasma administration acted as a protective factor.ConclusionsOur study suggests that the administration of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the hospital might be associated with decreased mortality.Key PointsPreliminary evidence showed that convalescent plasma might be beneficial in COVID-19.In a cohort of 3,529 patients with pneumonia due to COVID-19, convalescent plasma was administered to 868 patients, without major adverse effects.Convalescent plasma was independently associated with decreased mortality.

2007 Russell Ross Memorial Lectureship in Vascular Biology—Epigenetic Control of Vascular Smooth Muscle Differentiation in Development and Disease

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary K. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Vascular Injury ◽  
Serum Response Factor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Phenotypic Switching ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
List Type ◽  
Response Factor ◽  
Serum Response

There is clear evidence that alterations in the differentiated state of the smooth muscle cell (SMC) play a key role in the pathogenesis of a number of major human diseases, including atherosclerosis and postan-gioplasty restenosis. This process is referred to as “phenotypic switching” and likely evolved to promote repair of vascular injury. However, the mechanisms controlling phenotypic switching as well as normal differentiation of SMCs in vivo are poorly understood. This talk will provide an overview of molecular mechanisms that control differentiation of SMCs during vascular development. A particular focus will be to consider the role of CArG elements found within the promoters of many SMC differentiation marker genes, as well as regulation of their activity by serum response factor and the potent SMC-selective serum response factor coactivator myocardin. In addition, I will summarize recent work in our laboratory showing that SMC- and gene-locus–selective changes in chromatin structure play a critical role both in normal control of SMC differentiation and in phenotypic switching in response to vascular injury. Finally, I will present evidence based on conditional knockout experiments in mice showing that krupple-like factor 4 is induced in SMCs after vascular injury and regulates SMC phenotypic switching and growth through: binding to G/C repressor elements located in close proximity of CArG elements within the promoters of many SMC marker genes, suppressing expression of myocardin, and inducing epigenetic modifications of SMC marker gene loci associated with chromatin condensation and transcriptional silencing. Supported by NIH grants P01 HL19242, R37 HL57353, and R01 HL 38854.

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