scholarly journals Sensing soluble uric acid by Naip1-Nlrp3 platform

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarcio Teodoro Braga ◽  
Mariana Rodrigues Davanso ◽  
Davi Mendes ◽  
Tiago Antonio de Souza ◽  
Anderson Fernandes de Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Purine Nucleotide ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Related Response ◽  
Nucleotide Degradation ◽  
Functional Analyses

AbstractUric acid (UA), a product of purine nucleotide degradation able to initiate an immune response, represents a breakpoint in the evolutionary history of humans, when uricase, the enzyme required for UA cleavage, was lost. Despite being inert in human cells, UA in its soluble form (sUA) can increase the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in murine macrophages. We, therefore, hypothesized that the recognition of sUA is achieved by the Naip1-Nlrp3 inflammasome platform. Through structural modelling predictions and transcriptome and functional analyses, we found that murine Naip1 expression in human macrophages induces IL-1β expression, fatty acid production and an inflammation-related response upon sUA stimulation, a process reversed by the pharmacological and genetic inhibition of Nlrp3. Moreover, molecular interaction experiments showed that Naip1 directly recognizes sUA. Accordingly, Naip may be the sUA receptor lost through the human evolutionary process, and a better understanding of its recognition may lead to novel anti-hyperuricaemia therapies.

scholarly journals Sensing soluble uric acid by Naip1-Nlrp3 platform

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarcio Teodoro Braga ◽  
Mariana Rodrigues Davanso ◽  
Davi Mendes ◽  
Tiago Antonio Souza ◽  
Anderson Fernandes de Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Human Macrophages ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
History Of ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Pharmacologic Inhibition

The immune system can recognize microbes and sterile tissue damage. Among the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), uric acid is considered a major component which can trigger inflammation. It represents a breakpoint in the evolutionary history of humans as our ancestors lost the uricase gene, the enzyme responsible for its cleavage. High soluble uric acid (sUA) concentration is able to increase IL-1β in murine, but not human macrophages. We observed that sUA increased the mRNA expression of Naip1 in murine macrophages, and, therefore, we hypothesized that the recognition of sUA can be made by a Naip1-Nlrp3 inflammasome platform. Additionally, we used genome-wide transcriptome analysis, functional analyses and structural modeling predictions and observed that virus-transduction of murine Naip1 into human macrophages induced IL-1β after sUA stimulus, besides leading to fatty acid production and an inflammation-related response. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition and genetic loss of Nlrp3 led to decreased IL-1β production upon sUA stimulus. Surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance showed that sUA is able to interact with Naip1. Naip could be a lost receptor for sUA in the evolutionary process and a better understanding of the immune modulatory function of sUA could lead to design rational novel anti-hyperuricemic therapies.

scholarly journals Experimental degradation of helicoidal photonic nanostructures in scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): implications for the identification of circularly polarizing cuticle in the fossil record

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (148) ◽  
pp. 20180560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giliane P. Odin ◽  
Maria E. McNamara ◽  
Hans Arwin ◽  
Kenneth Järrendahl
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Circularly Polarized Light ◽  
Circularly Polarized ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagenetic History ◽  
Scarab Beetles

Scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) can exhibit striking colours produced by pigments and/or nanostructures. The latter include helicoidal (Bouligand) structures that can generate circularly polarized light. These have a cryptic evolutionary history in part because fossil examples are unknown. This suggests either a real biological signal, i.e. that Bouligand structures did not evolve until recently, or a taphonomic signal, i.e. that conditions during the fossilization process were not conducive to their preservation. We address this issue by experimentally degrading circularly polarizing cuticle of modern scarab beetles to test the relative roles of decay, maturation and taxonomy in controlling preservation. The results reveal that Bouligand structures have the potential to survive fossilization, but preservation is controlled by taxonomy and the diagenetic history of specimens. Further, cuticle of specific genus ( Chrysina ) is particularly decay-prone in alkaline conditions; this may relate to the presence of certain compounds, e.g. uric acid, in the cuticle of these taxa.

scholarly journals Tumor evolutionary directed graphs and the history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiguang Wang ◽  
Hossein Khiabanian ◽  
Davide Rossi ◽  
Giulia Fabbri ◽  
Valter Gattei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Directed Graphs ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolutionary Paths ◽  
Clonal Replacement

Cancer is a clonal evolutionary process, caused by successive accumulation of genetic alterations providing milestones of tumor initiation, progression, dissemination, and/or resistance to certain therapeutic regimes. To unravel these milestones we propose a framework, tumor evolutionary directed graphs (TEDG), which is able to characterize the history of genetic alterations by integrating longitudinal and cross-sectional genomic data. We applied TEDG to a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cohort of 70 patients spanning 12 years and show that: (a) the evolution of CLL follows a time-ordered process represented as a global flow in TEDG that proceeds from initiating events to late events; (b) there are two distinct and mutually exclusive evolutionary paths of CLL evolution; (c) higher fitness clones are present in later stages of the disease, indicating a progressive clonal replacement with more aggressive clones. Our results suggest that TEDG may constitute an effective framework to recapitulate the evolutionary history of tumors.

Global distribution of the earliest shelly metazoans

1984 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Zhiwen
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Quantum Leap ◽  
History Of ◽  
Logical Extension

abstractThe appearance of the first abundant skeletal organisms in the earliest Cambrian was a quantum leap in the evolutionary history of life. It provided the foundations of the animal kingdom from Cambrian times onwards. This paper demonstrates that this evolutionary process resulted from a combination of environmental and biological factors. The author maintains that the appearance of the oldest shelly fossils is a reasonable criterion for defining the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary. This arises not only from the viewpoint of taking the Cambrian Period as the first period in the Palaeozoic Era, but is also a logical extension of regarding the history of life as being divisible into a series of developmental stages.

scholarly journals Tinjauan Literatur tentang Evolusi Supply Chain Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizkha Rida ◽  
Ratuh Ummi Kalsum
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
And Performance

Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk menciptakan pemahaman yang lebih baik dari Supply Chain Management (SCM), bagaimana ia telah berkembang dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi evolusinya. Melalui meneliti literatur, tulisan ini akan menyoroti sejarah evolusi SCM dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi hal itu. Menurut makalah ini, sejarah evolusi SCM dapat dibagi menjadi empat tahap: 1) SCM tahap pra, 2) tahap penciptaan, 3) tahap integrasi dan 4) tahap globalisasi. Pada bagian terakhir akan dibahas faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi proses evolusi SCM. Beberapa faktor tersebut adalah: perusahaan fokus pada pengurangan biaya; meningkatnya persaingan global; perusahaan fokus pada efisiensi peningkatan dan kinerja; konsolidasi kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan dan gerakan globalisasi; meningkatnya konsentrasi ritel - sentralisasi dan kekuasaan; dan perusahaan meningkat fokus pada kepuasan pelanggan.   The purpose of this paper is to create a better understanding of Supply Chain Management (SCM), how it has evolved and the factors that influence its evolution. Through examining the literature, this paper will highlight the evolutionary history of SCM and the factors that influence it. According to this paper, the evolutionary history of SCM can be divided into four stages: 1) pre-stage SCM, 2) stage of creation, 3) stage of integration and 4) stage of globalization. In the last section we will discuss the factors that influence the evolutionary process of SCM. Some of these factors are: companies focus on reducing costs; increasing global competition; the company focuses on improving efficiency and performance; consolidation of trade liberalization policies and the globalization movement; increasing retail concentration - centralization and power; and companies are increasing focus on customer satisfaction

scholarly journals Replacement and Parallel Simplification of Nonhomologous Proteinases Maintain Venom Phenotypes in Rear-Fanged Snakes

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 3563-3575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan David Bayona-Serrano ◽  
Vincent Louis Viala ◽  
Rhett M Rautsaw ◽  
Tristan D Schramer ◽  
Gesiele A Barros-Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Snake Venoms ◽  
Venom Component ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biochemical Components ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Specific Sequences

Abstract Novel phenotypes are commonly associated with gene duplications and neofunctionalization, less documented are the cases of phenotypic maintenance through the recruitment of novel genes. Proteolysis is the primary toxic character of many snake venoms, and ADAM metalloproteinases, named snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), are largely recognized as the major effectors of this phenotype. However, by investigating original transcriptomes from 58 species of advanced snakes (Caenophidia) across their phylogeny, we discovered that a different enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), is actually the dominant venom component in three tribes (Tachymenini, Xenodontini, and Conophiini) of rear-fanged snakes (Dipsadidae). Proteomic and functional analyses of these venoms further indicate that MMPs are likely playing an “SVMP-like” function in the proteolytic phenotype. A detailed look into the venom-specific sequences revealed a new highly expressed MMP subtype, named snake venom MMP (svMMP), which originated independently on at least three occasions from an endogenous MMP-9. We further show that by losing ancillary noncatalytic domains present in its ancestors, svMMPs followed an evolutionary path toward a simplified structure during their expansion in the genomes, thus paralleling what has been proposed for the evolution of their Viperidae counterparts, the SVMPs. Moreover, we inferred an inverse relationship between the expression of svMMPs and SVMPs along the evolutionary history of Xenodontinae, pointing out that one type of enzyme may be substituting for the other, whereas the general (metallo)proteolytic phenotype is maintained. These results provide rare evidence on how relevant phenotypic traits can be optimized via natural selection on nonhomologous genes, yielding alternate biochemical components.

Evolution of Buchloë dactyloides based on cloning and sequencing of matK, rbcL, and cob genes from plastid and mitochondrial genomes

Genome ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikmet Budak ◽  
Robert C Shearman ◽  
Ismail Dweikat
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Buchloe Dactyloides ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Organelle Genomes ◽  
History Of

Buffalograss (Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Englem), a C4 turfgrass species, is native to the Great Plains region of North America. The evolutionary implications of buffalograss are unclear. Sequencing of rbcL and matK genes from plastid and the cob gene from mitochondrial genomes was examined to elucidate buffalograss evolution. This study is the first to report sequencing of these genes from organelle genomes in the genus Buchloë. Comparisons of sequence data from the mitochondrial and plastid genome revealed that all genotypes contained the same cytoplasmic origin. There were some rearrangements detected in mitochondrial genome. The buffalograss genome appears to have evolved through the rearrangements of convergent subgenomic domains. Combined analyses of plastid genes suggest that the evolutionary process in Buchloë accessions studied was monophyletic rather than polyphyletic. However, since plastid and mitochondrial genomes are generally uniparentally inherited, the evolutionary history of these genomes may not reflect the evolutionary history of the organism, especially in a species in which out-crossing is common. The sequence information obtained from this study can be used as a genome-specific marker for investigation of the buffalograss polyploidy complex and testing of the mode of plastid and mitochondrial transmission in genus Buchloë.Key words: buffalograss, evolution, organelle genomes, turfgrass.

scholarly journals Evolutionary history and metabolic insights of ancient mammalian uricases

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (10) ◽  
pp. 3763-3768 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Kratzer ◽  
Miguel A. Lanaspa ◽  
Michael N. Murphy ◽  
Christina Cicerchi ◽  
Christina L. Graves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Monosodium Urate ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
History Of

Uricase is an enzyme involved in purine catabolism and is found in all three domains of life. Curiously, uricase is not functional in some organisms despite its role in converting highly insoluble uric acid into 5-hydroxyisourate. Of particular interest is the observation that apes, including humans, cannot oxidize uric acid, and it appears that multiple, independent evolutionary events led to the silencing or pseudogenization of the uricase gene in ancestral apes. Various arguments have been made to suggest why natural selection would allow the accumulation of uric acid despite the physiological consequences of crystallized monosodium urate acutely causing liver/kidney damage or chronically causing gout. We have applied evolutionary models to understand the history of primate uricases by resurrecting ancestral mammalian intermediates before the pseudogenization events of this gene family. Resurrected proteins reveal that ancestral uricases have steadily decreased in activity since the last common ancestor of mammals gave rise to descendent primate lineages. We were also able to determine the 3D distribution of amino acid replacements as they accumulated during evolutionary history by crystallizing a mammalian uricase protein. Further, ancient and modern uricases were stably transfected into HepG2 liver cells to test one hypothesis that uricase pseudogenization allowed ancient frugivorous apes to rapidly convert fructose into fat. Finally, pharmacokinetics of an ancient uricase injected in rodents suggest that our integrated approach provides the foundation for an evolutionarily-engineered enzyme capable of treating gout and preventing tumor lysis syndrome in human patients.

scholarly journals The Evolutionary History of the Orexin/Allatotropin GPCR Family: From Placozoa and Cnidaria to Vertebrata

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alzugaray María Eugenia ◽  
Bruno María Cecilia ◽  
Villalobos Sambucaro María José ◽  
Ronderos Jorge Rafael
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Intracellular Loop ◽  
Gpcr Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Loop 2

ABSTRACTCell-cell communication is a basic principle in all organisms, necessary to facilitate the coordination and integration between cell populations. These systems act by mean of chemical messengers. Peptides constitute a highly diversified group of intercellular messengers widely distributed in nature, and regulate a great number of physiological processes in Metazoa. Being crucial for life, it would seem that they have appeared in the ancestral group from which Metazoa evolved, and were highly conserved along the evolutionary process. Peptides act mainly through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), a great family of transmembrane molecules. GPCRs are also widely distributed in nature being present not only in metazoan, but also in Choanoflagellata (unicellular eukariotes related with metazoans), and even in Fungi. Among GPCRs, the Allatotropin/Orexin (AT/Ox) family is particularly characterized by the presence of the DRWmotif in the second intracellular loop (IC Loop 2), and seems to be present in Cnidaria, Placozoa and in Bilateria, suggesting that it also was present in the common ancestor of Metazoa. Looking for the evolutionary history of this GPCR family we searched in the GenBank for sequences corresponding to this family of receptors (i.e. seven transmembrane domain and the E/DRW motif at the second IC Loop 2). Our results show that AT/Ox receptors were highly conserved along evolutionary history of Metazoa, and that they might be defined by the presence of the E/DRWYAI motif at the level of IC Loop 2. Molecular phylogenetic analyses performed by Maximum Likelihood method suggest that AT/Ox family of receptors reflects evolutionary relationships that agree with current understanding of phylogenetic relationships in Actinopterygii and Sauropsida, including also the largely discussed position of Testudines.

scholarly journals Detecting taxonomic and phylogenetic signals in equid cheek teeth: towards new palaeontological and archaeological proxies

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 160997 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Cucchi ◽  
A. Mohaseb ◽  
S. Peigné ◽  
K. Debue ◽  
L. Orlando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Motion Model ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brownian Motion Model

The Plio–Pleistocene evolution of Equus and the subsequent domestication of horses and donkeys remains poorly understood, due to the lack of phenotypic markers capable of tracing this evolutionary process in the palaeontological/archaeological record. Using images from 345 specimens, encompassing 15 extant taxa of equids, we quantified the occlusal enamel folding pattern in four mandibular cheek teeth with a single geometric morphometric protocol. We initially investigated the protocol accuracy by assigning each tooth to its correct anatomical position and taxonomic group. We then contrasted the phylogenetic signal present in each tooth shape with an exome-wide phylogeny from 10 extant equine species. We estimated the strength of the phylogenetic signal using a Brownian motion model of evolution with multivariate K statistic, and mapped the dental shape along the molecular phylogeny using an approach based on squared-change parsimony. We found clear evidence for the relevance of dental phenotypes to accurately discriminate all modern members of the genus Equus and capture their phylogenetic relationships. These results are valuable for both palaeontologists and zooarchaeologists exploring the spatial and temporal dynamics of the evolutionary history of the horse family, up to the latest domestication trajectories of horses and donkeys.

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