scholarly journals Integrated cooling (i-Cool) textile of heat conduction and sweat transportation for personal perspiration management

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yucan Peng ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Bofei Liu ◽  
Weiliang Jin ◽  
Joseph Schaadt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Cooling Efficiency ◽  
Profuse Perspiration ◽  
Transport Channels ◽  
Functional Structure Design ◽  
Body Heat ◽  
Sweat Evaporation

AbstractPerspiration evaporation plays an indispensable role in human body heat dissipation. However, conventional textiles tend to focus on sweat removal and pay little attention to the basic thermoregulation function of sweat, showing limited evaporation ability and cooling efficiency in moderate/profuse perspiration scenarios. Here, we propose an integrated cooling (i-Cool) textile with unique functional structure design for personal perspiration management. By integrating heat conductive pathways and water transport channels decently, i-Cool exhibits enhanced evaporation ability and high sweat evaporative cooling efficiency, not merely liquid sweat wicking function. In the steady-state evaporation test, compared to cotton, up to over 100% reduction in water mass gain ratio, and 3 times higher skin power density increment for every unit of sweat evaporation are demonstrated. Besides, i-Cool shows about 3 °C cooling effect with greatly reduced sweat consumption than cotton in the artificial sweating skin test. The practical application feasibility of i-Cool design principles is well validated based on commercial fabrics. Owing to its exceptional personal perspiration management performance, we expect the i-Cool concept can provide promising design guidelines for next-generation perspiration management textiles.

scholarly journals Heat dissipation in subterranean rodents: the role of body region and social organisation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
František Vejmělka ◽  
Jan Okrouhlík ◽  
Matěj Lövy ◽  
Gabriel Šaffa ◽  
Eviatar Nevo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Subterranean Rodents ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Body Heat ◽  
Solitary Species

AbstractThe relatively warm and very humid environment of burrows presents a challenge for thermoregulation of its mammalian inhabitants. It was found that African mole-rats dissipate body heat mainly through their venter, and social mole-rats dissipate more body heat compared to solitary species at lower temperatures. In addition, the pattern of the ventral surface temperature was suggested to be homogeneous in social mole-rats compared to a heterogeneous pattern in solitary mole-rats. To investigate this for subterranean rodents generally, we measured the surface temperatures of seven species with different degrees of sociality, phylogeny, and climate using infrared thermography. In all species, heat dissipation occurred mainly through the venter and the feet. Whereas the feet dissipated body heat at higher ambient temperatures and conserved it at lower ambient temperatures, the ventral surface temperature was relatively high in all temperatures indicating that heat dissipation to the environment through this body region is regulated mainly by behavioural means. Solitary species dissipated less heat through their dorsum than social species, and a tendency for this pattern was observed for the venter. The pattern of heterogeneity of surface temperature through the venter was not related to sociality of the various species. Our results demonstrate a general pattern of body heat exchange through the three studied body regions in subterranean rodents. Besides, isolated individuals of social species are less able to defend themselves against low ambient temperatures, which may handicap them if staying alone for a longer period, such as during and after dispersal events.

Functional Structure Design of English Learning Machine Based on Innovative Cognition

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 2967-2971
Author(s):  
Ke Chen
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
English Learning ◽  
Core Function ◽  
Interaction Interface ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
Functional Structure Design

In terms of cognitive psychology and innovative psychology, this paper establishes the innovative cognitive process of English learning from input of information to output of language acquisition result. Then combined with the theory of cognitive linguistics, the paper analyzes the main impact that innovative cognition produced on English learning process, and proposes the related English learning strategies. Based on the above theory, functional structure of English learning machine, which is made up of the man-machine interaction interface, the core function layer and the hardware base layer, is presented. The method proposed here should be helpful for further research on the model of English learning machine.

Thermal Characters of the Air-Cooled High Speed Motorized Spindle for Wood-Working Machine

2013 ◽  
Vol 579-580 ◽  
pp. 568-572
Author(s):  
Da Guo Ma ◽  
Xin Bo Jiang
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Motorized Spindle ◽  
Dissipation Structure ◽  
Motorized Spindles

The structure and composition of the air-cooled high speed motorized spindle for wood-working machine and some features relative to the metal cutting motorized spindle are introduced briefly. Then the main heat sources and heat dissipation mechanism of the air-cooled motorized spindle are thoroughly analyzed, finite element model of the air-cooled motorized spindle is built, the motorized spindles temperature distribution under thermal steady state and the influence of speed are analyzed. The results show that air cooling relative to the water or oil cooling has many advantages and reasonable heat dissipation structure design of air-cooled motorized spindle could meet the requirements of the high-speed motorized spindle for wood-working machine.

The Design of Portable Integration Strengthening Machine

2013 ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
Li Yuan ◽  
Ximing Lu ◽  
Ruifang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Train Of Thought ◽  
Machine Structure ◽  
Good Heat

This paper investigates briefly the integrated portable reinforcement machine structure design and introduces its design and train of thought. The authors also discuss design methods in engineering applications, as well as how to achieve good heat dissipation effect and enhance the electromagnetic compatibility. The whole machine, with its small volume, good adaptability to environment, and electromagnetic compatibility, can be used as a reference for similar engineering design.

The Design of Portable Integration Strengthening Machine

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Li Yuan ◽  
Ximing Lu ◽  
Ruifang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Train Of Thought ◽  
Machine Structure ◽  
Good Heat

This paper investigates briefly the integrated portable reinforcement machine structure design and introduces its design and train of thought. The authors also discuss design methods in engineering applications, as well as how to achieve good heat dissipation effect and enhance the electromagnetic compatibility. The whole machine, with its small volume, good adaptability to environment, and electromagnetic compatibility, can be used as a reference for similar engineering design.

Seasonal variation in the foraging activity of desert argali (Ovis ammon) in Mongolia

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 931-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Rosenbaum ◽  
Richard P. Reading ◽  
Garam Tsogtjargal ◽  
Sukh Amgalanbaatar ◽  
Sebastien Comte
Keyword(s):  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Animal Activity ◽  
Time Minimization ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
Energy Maximization ◽  
Foraging Pattern ◽  
Ovis Ammon ◽  
Body Heat

Debate remains whether energy maximization or time minimization strategies best explain foraging in ungulates. It has also been hypothesized that the capacity of an animal to dissipate body heat regulates animal activity. We investigated these hypotheses while measuring the daily activity of desert argali (Ovis ammon (Linnaeus,1758)) for 12 months and relating the activity pattern to environmental seasonality. We found significant seasonal cycles in argali activity, with the greatest proportion of daytime in winter spent foraging and the greatest proportion of daytime in summer spent bedding. Consistent with an energy maximization strategy, argali reduced all behaviors during the winter in favor of foraging, compensating for the increased energy demands of winter at a time of low forage quality. Consistent with a time minimization strategy, argali in summer significantly reduced foraging and spent more time bedding in shaded areas to avoid hyperthermia due to high ambient temperatures. Both optimal foraging and heat dissipation can be used to explain the observed foraging pattern. Foraging behavior in argali is best described by the extent to which the animals schedule their activities to meet their physiological demands, the way these demands are affected by environmental variables, and the time that is available to accomplish them.

Effect of heating rate on evaporative heat loss in the microwave-exposed mouse

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Absorption ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Body Heat

Male CBA/J mice were administered heat loads of 0–28 J X g-1 at specific absorption rates (SARs) of either 47 or 93 W X kg-1 by exposure to 2,450-MHz microwave radiation at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C while evaporative heat loss (EHL) was continuously monitored with dew-point hygrometry. At an SAR of 47 W X kg-1 a threshold heat load of 10.5 J X g-1 had to be exceeded before EHL increased. An approximate doubling of SAR to 93 W X kg-1 reduced the threshold to 5.2 J X g-1. Above threshold the slopes of the regression lines were 1.15 and 0.929 for the low- and high-SAR groups, respectively. Thus the difference in threshold and not slope attributes to the significant increase in EHL when mice are exposed at a high SAR (P less than 0.02). In separate experiments a SAR of 47 W X kg-1 raised the deep body temperature of anesthetized mice at a rate of 0.026 degrees C X s-1, whereas 93 W X kg-1 raised temperature at 0.049 degrees C X s-1. Hence the sensitivity of the EHL mode of heat dissipation is directly proportional to the rate of heat absorption and to the rate of rise in body temperature. These data contradict the notion that mammals have control over whole-body heat exchange only (i.e., thermoregulation) but instead indicate that the EHL system is highly responsive to the rate of heat absorption (i.e., temperature regulation).

LED Street Lamp Module Configuration Design

2013 ◽  
Vol 694-697 ◽  
pp. 3012-3015
Author(s):  
Yong Ping Zhang ◽  
Long Liu ◽  
Yun Cui Zhang ◽  
Guang Ye Wang ◽  
De Sheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pipe ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Configuration Design ◽  
Cooling Efficiency ◽  
Optical Lens ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Dissipation Structure ◽  
Street Lamp ◽  
Modular Method

The configuration of LED street lamp is important for its high security and low cost requirements. The modular method is introduced to design LED street lamp with independent light source and heat dissipation structure. In the single module heat pipe technology radiator is used to improve the LED street lamp of the cooling efficiency. For the 60W LED module, the optical lens are designed with the angles of 60 ° and 30 ° respectively and the average temperature is 329 K on each observation sides of the module.

Stress Analyses of Flip TAB Interconnects in Multi-Chip Module Assembly

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Nagaraj ◽  
Mali Mahalingam
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Thermal Loads ◽  
Force Components ◽  
Effect Of The Support ◽  
Supporting Element ◽  
Generic Design

Flip Tape Automated Bond (FTAB) interconnect is one of the leading candidates for device to substrate interconnection in a high performance Multi-Chip Module (MCM). The TAB interconnect becomes a structural member in the MCM assembly, bearing both “mechanical” and “thermal” loads. Further, to accomplish high thermal performance in the assembly, physical contact to the device may be made under substantial contact pressures. The device may be supported by elastic structures to redistribute the interconnect forces. Finite Element Methods (FEM) are used to analyze the structural behavior of TAB interconnects under (i) the applied mechanical load to the device and (ii) the thermal loads due to the heat dissipation in the device. Variation of the force components on the TAB interconnects and the maximum failure criterion based on the stresses in the interconnects are reported. Effect of the support area and the modulus of the supporting element on the interconnects are discussed. Generic design guidelines are presented for flip TAB interconnect based MCM assembly.

scholarly journals The contribution of the mouse tail to thermoregulation is modest

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (2) ◽  
pp. E438-E446
Author(s):  
Vojtěch Škop ◽  
Naili Liu ◽  
Juen Guo ◽  
Oksana Gavrilova ◽  
Marc L. Reitman
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Total Heat Loss ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Adrenergic Antagonist ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
And Control ◽  
Body Heat

Understanding mouse thermal physiology informs the usefulness of mice as models of human disease. It is widely assumed that the mouse tail contributes greatly to heat loss (as it does in rat), but this has not been quantitated. We studied C57BL/6J mice after tail amputation. Tailless mice housed at 22°C did not differ from littermate controls in body weight, lean or fat content, or energy expenditure. With acute changes in ambient temperature from 19 to 39°C, tailless and control mice demonstrated similar body temperatures (Tb), metabolic rates, and heat conductances and no difference in thermoneutral point. Treatment with prazosin, an α1-adrenergic antagonist and vasodilator, increased tail temperature in control mice by up to 4.8 ± 0.8°C. Comparing prazosin treatment in tailless and control mice suggested that the tail’s contribution to total heat loss was a nonsignificant 3.4%. Major heat stress produced by treatment at 30°C with CL316243, a β3-adrenergic agonist, increased metabolic rate and Tb and, at a matched increase in metabolic rate, the tailless mice showed a 0.72 ± 0.14°C greater Tb increase and 7.6% lower whole body heat conductance. Thus, the mouse tail is a useful biomarker of vasodilation and thermoregulation, but in our experiments contributes only 5–8% of whole body heat dissipation, less than the 17% reported for rat. Heat dissipation through the tail is important under extreme scenarios such as pharmacological activation of brown adipose tissue; however, non-tail contributions to heat loss may have been underestimated in the mouse.

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