scholarly journals Epinephrine affects motility, and increases adhesion, biofilm and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa H103

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélyssa Cambronel ◽  
Damien Tortuel ◽  
Kelly Biaggini ◽  
Olivier Maillot ◽  
Laure Taupin ◽  
...  

AbstractMicrobial endocrinology has demonstrated for more than two decades, that eukaryotic substances (hormones, neurotransmitters, molecules of the immune system) can modulate the physiological behavior of bacteria. Among them, the hormones/neurotransmitters, epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE), released in case of stress, physical effort or used in medical treatment, were shown to be able to modify biofilm formation in various bacterial species. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of Epi on motility, adhesion, biofilm formation and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium linked to many hospital-acquired infections, and responsible for chronic infection in immunocompromised patients including persons suffering from cystic fibrosis. The results showed that Epi increased adhesion and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa, as well as its virulence towards the Galleria mellonella larvae in vivo model. Deciphering the sensor of this molecule in P. aeruginosa and the molecular mechanisms involved may help to find new strategies of treatment to fight against this bacterium.

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Maryam Pezeshki Najafabadi ◽  
Maryam Mohammadi-Sichani ◽  
Mohammad Javad Kazemi ◽  
Mohammad Sadegh Shirsalimian ◽  
Majid Tavakoli

Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa makes up a sizeable proportion of hospital-acquired infections, because bacteria in biofilms can resist antibiotic treatment. The extracellular polymeric substance of P. aeruginosa biofilm is an imprecise collection of extracellular polysaccharides, proteins and microbial cells. Rumex dentatus belongs to polygonaceae family. This family can be found in Middle East. The aim of this present study was to assess the effect of various concentrations of methanol extract of Rumex dentatus on biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 48 h and 72 h. In this experimental study we collected Rumex dentatus from Khoramabad, Iran. The working extracts were 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.62, 7.81, 3.9, 1.95, 0.97 and 0.48 mg/ml. We used microtiter plate method to grow P. aeruginosa biofilm and assess the antibiofilm activity of plant extract. The composition of methanol extract obtained from Rumex dentatus was studied by gas chromatography. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) for P. aeruginosa found to be 250 mg/ml. GC-MS  analyses indicated that these fractions contained a variety of compounds including Bicyclo (3.1.1) heptan- 3 -one, 2, 6, 6- trimethyl,  Bicyclo (3.1.1) heptan, 6, 6- dimethyl and Eucalyptol. There were consequential correlations between antibiofilm activity and the concentration of extracts after 48 and 72 h.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Maryam Pezeshki Najafabadi ◽  
Maryam Mohammadi-Sichani ◽  
Mohammad Javad Kazemi ◽  
Mohammad Sadegh Shirsalimian ◽  
Majid Tavakoli

Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa makes up a sizeable proportion of hospital-acquired infections, because bacteria in biofilms can resist antibiotic treatment. The extracellular polymeric substance of P. aeruginosa biofilm is an imprecise collection of extracellular polysaccharides, proteins and microbial cells. Rumex dentatus belongs to polygonaceae family. This family can be found in Middle East. The aim of this present study was to assess the effect of various concentrations of methanol extract of Rumex dentatus on biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 48 h and 72 h. In this experimental study we collected Rumex dentatus from Khoramabad, Iran. The working extracts were 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.62, 7.81, 3.9, 1.95, 0.97 and 0.48 mg/ml. We used microtiter plate method to grow P. aeruginosa biofilm and assess the antibiofilm activity of plant extract. The composition of methanol extract obtained from Rumex dentatus was studied by gas chromatography. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) for P. aeruginosa found to be 250 mg/ml. GC-MS  analyses indicated that these fractions contained a variety of compounds including Bicyclo (3.1.1) heptan- 3 -one, 2, 6, 6- trimethyl,  Bicyclo (3.1.1) heptan, 6, 6- dimethyl and Eucalyptol. There were consequential correlations between antibiofilm activity and the concentration of extracts after 48 and 72 h.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2365
Author(s):  
Mahmoud A. F. Khalil ◽  
Fatma A. Ahmed ◽  
Ahmed F. Elkhateeb ◽  
Eman E. Mahmoud ◽  
Mona I. Ahmed ◽  
...  

Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative coccobacillus responsible for severe hospital-acquired infections, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). The current study was designed to characterize the virulence traits of biofilm-forming carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii causing pneumonia in ICU patients using a Galleria mellonella model. Two hundred and thirty patients with hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated pneumonia were included in our study. Among the total isolates, A. baumannii was the most frequently isolated etiological agent in ICU patients with pneumonia (54/165, 32.7%). All A. baumannii isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations of imipenem and colistin were estimated using the broth microdilution technique. The biofilm formation activity of the isolates was tested using the microtiter plate technique. Biofilm quantification showed that 61.1% (33/54) of the isolates were strong biofilm producers, while 27.7% (15/54) and 11.1% (6/54) showed moderate or weak biofilm production. By studying the prevalence of carbapenemases-encoding genes among isolates, blaOXA-23-like was positive in 88.9% of the isolates (48/54). The BlaNDM gene was found in 27.7% of the isolates (15/54 isolates). BlaOXA-23-like and blaNDM genes coexisted in 25.9% (14/54 isolates). Bap and blaPER-1 genes, the biofilm-associated genes, coexisted in 5.6% (3/54) of the isolates. For in vivo assessment of A. baumannii pathogenicity, a Galleria mellonella survival assay was used. G. mellonella survival was statistically different between moderate and poor biofilm producers (p < 0.0001). The killing effect of the strong biofilm-producing group was significantly higher than that of the moderate and poor biofilm producers (p < 0.0001 for each comparison). These findings highlight the role of biofilm formation as a powerful virulence factor for carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii that causes pneumonia in the ICU.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Yining Zhao ◽  
Luozhu Feng ◽  
Mengxin Xu ◽  
Yiru Ge ◽  
...  

Colistin is a polymyxin antibiotic that is widely used for the treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, as the last resort. Over the past few years, unreasonable use of antibiotics has resulted in an increase in MDR strains, including colistin-resistant P. aeruginosa. The present study aimed to explore the synergistic effects of mefloquine in combination with colistin for the treatment of colistin-resistant P. aeruginosa in vivo and in vitro. The synergistic effect of the combination of mefloquine and colistin was investigated in vitro using checkerboard method, time-killing assay, biofilm formation inhibition test, and biofilm eradication test. The study also explored the synergistic effects of this combination of drugs in vivo, using a Galleria mellonella infection model. The results for checkerboard method and time killing curve indicated that mefloquine in combination with colistin showed a good antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the combination of these two drugs inhibited biofilm formation and eradicated pre-formed mature biofilms. This synergistic effect was visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wherein the results showed that the combination of mefloquine and colistin reduced biofilm formation significantly. Further, the application of this combination of drugs to in vivo infection model significantly increased the survival rate of G. mellonella larvae. Altogether, the combination of mefloquine and colistin showed a good synergistic effect in vitro and in vivo, and highlighted its potential to be used as an alternative therapy for the treatment of colistin-resistant P. aeruginosa infection.


Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Dalila Mil-Homens ◽  
Maria Martins ◽  
José Barbosa ◽  
Gabriel Serafim ◽  
Maria J. Sarmento ◽  
...  

Klebsiella pneumoniae, one of the most common pathogens found in hospital-acquired infections, is often resistant to multiple antibiotics. In fact, multidrug-resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae producing KPC or OXA-48-like carbapenemases are recognized as a serious global health threat. In this sense, we evaluated the virulence of K. pneumoniae KPC(+) or OXA-48(+) aiming at potential antimicrobial therapeutics. K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and the expanded-spectrum oxacillinase OXA-48 isolates were obtained from patients treated in medical care units in Lisbon, Portugal. The virulence potential of the K. pneumonia clinical isolates was tested using the Galleria mellonella model. For that, G. mellonella larvae were inoculated using patients KPC(+) and OXA-48(+) isolates. Using this in vivo model, the KPC(+) K. pneumoniae isolates showed to be, on average, more virulent than OXA-48(+). Virulence was found attenuated when a low bacterial inoculum (one magnitude lower) was tested. In addition, we also report the use of a synthetic polycationic oligomer (L-OEI-h) as a potential antimicrobial agent to fight infectious diseases caused by MDR bacteria. L-OEI-h has a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and exerts a significantly bactericidal activity within the first 5-30 min treatment, causing lysis of the cytoplasmic membrane. Importantly, the polycationic oligomer showed low toxicity against in vitro models and no visible cytotoxicity (measured by survival and health index) was noted on the in vivo model (G. mellonella), thus L-OEI-h is foreseen as a promising polymer therapeutic for the treatment of MDR K. pneumoniae infections.


2018 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly Ching ◽  
Brendan Yang ◽  
Chineme Onwubueke ◽  
David Lazinski ◽  
Andrew Camilli ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTAcinetobacter baumanniiis a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that is known to survive harsh environmental conditions and is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. Specifically, multicellular communities (known as biofilms) ofA. baumanniican withstand desiccation and survive on hospital surfaces and equipment. Biofilms are bacteria embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix composed of proteins, sugars, and/or DNA. Bacteria in a biofilm are protected from environmental stresses, including antibiotics, which provides the bacteria with selective advantage for survival. Although some gene products are known to play roles in this developmental process inA. baumannii, mechanisms and signaling remain mostly unknown. Here, we find that Lon protease inA. baumanniiaffects biofilm development and has other important physiological roles, including motility and the cell envelope. Lon proteases are found in all domains of life, participating in regulatory processes and maintaining cellular homeostasis. These data reveal the importance of Lon protease in influencing keyA. baumanniiprocesses to survive stress and to maintain viability.IMPORTANCEAcinetobacter baumanniiis an opportunistic pathogen and is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections.A. baumanniiis difficult to eradicate and to manage, because this bacterium is known to robustly survive desiccation and to quickly gain antibiotic resistance. We sought to investigate biofilm formation inA. baumannii, since much remains unknown about biofilm formation in this bacterium. Biofilms, which are multicellular communities of bacteria, are surface attached and difficult to eliminate from hospital equipment and implanted devices. Our research identifies multifaceted physiological roles for the conserved bacterial protease Lon inA. baumannii. These roles include biofilm formation, motility, and viability. This work broadly affects and expands understanding of the biology ofA. baumannii, which will permit us to find effective ways to eliminate the bacterium.


BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e021823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Stadler ◽  
Dominik Meinel ◽  
Lisandra Aguilar-Bultet ◽  
Jana S Huisman ◽  
Ruth Schindler ◽  
...  

IntroductionExtended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae were first described in relation with hospital-acquired infections. In the 2000s, the epidemiology of ESBL-producing organisms changed as especially ESBL-producingEscherichia coliwas increasingly described as an important cause of community-acquired infections, supporting the hypothesis that in more recent years ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have probably been imported into hospitals rather than vice versa. Transmission of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is complicated by ESBL genes being encoded on self-transmissible plasmids, which can be exchanged among the same and different bacterial species. The aim of this research project is to quantify hospital-wide transmission of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae on both the level of bacterial species and the mobile genetic elements and to determine if hospital-acquired infections caused by ESBL producers are related to strains and mobile genetic elements predominantly circulating in the community or in the healthcare setting. This distinction is critical in prevention since the former emphasises the urgent need to establish or reinforce antibiotic stewardship programmes, and the latter would call for more rigorous infection control.Methods and analysisThis protocol presents an observational study that will be performed at the University Hospital Basel and in the city of Basel, Switzerland. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae will be collected from any specimens obtained by routine clinical practice or by active screening in both inpatient and outpatient settings, as well as from wastewater samples and foodstuffs, both collected monthly over a 12-month period for analyses by whole genome sequencing. Bacterial chromosomal, plasmid and ESBL-gene sequences will be compared within the cohort to determine genetic relatedness and migration between humans and their environment.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the local ethics committee (Ethikkommission Nordwest-und Zentralschweiz) as a quality control project (Project-ID 2017–00100). The results of this study will be published in peer-reviewed medical journals, communicated to participants, the general public and all relevant stakeholders.


Author(s):  
Marcel Patindoilba Sawadogo ◽  
Adama Zida ◽  
Issiaka Soulama ◽  
Samuel S Sermé ◽  
Thierry Kiswendsida Guiguemdé ◽  
...  

The aim of this study is to have an idea on the molecular mechanisms of C. albicans resistance to fluconazole in Burkina Faso, by studying the polymorphism of the ERG11 gene, and its implication in the C. albicans virulence and resistance in vivo according to the Galleria mellonella model; (2) Methods: Ten (10) clinical strains including, 5 resistant and 5 susceptible and 1 virulent and susceptible reference strain SC5314 are used. For the estimation of virulence, the larvae were inoculated with 10 &mu;L of C. albicans cell suspension at variable concentrations: 2,5.105, 5.105, 1.106, and 5.106 CFU/larva of each strain. For the in vivo efficacy study, fluconazole was administered at 1, 4 and 16 mg/kg respectively to G. mellonella larvae, after infection by inoculum 5.106 CFU / larvae of each strain; (3) Results: Six (6) non-silent mutations in the ERG11 gene (K143R, F145L, G307S, S405F, G448E, V456I on ERG11p) were found in 4 resistant isolates. Larval mortality depended on fungal burden and strain. The inoculum 5.106 CFU caused 100% mortality in 2 days for the 2 CAAL-1 and CAAL-2 strains carrying the F145L mutation, in 3 days for the reference strain SC5314, in 4 days for the ensemble of resistant strains, and in 5 days for the ensemble of susceptible strains. The comparison of the mortality due to the reference strain SC5314 CFU / larva and the average mortality due to the two mutant F145L strains, shows a significant difference (P &lt;0.05).Fluconazole significantly protected (P&gt; 0.05) the larvae from infection by susceptible strains and the reference strain. However, 100% mortality in 6 days after injection of the resistant strains, was observed (4) Conclusions: Certain mutations in the ERG11 gene such as the F145L mutation are thought to be a source of increased virulence in Candida albicans. Fluconazole effectively protected larvae from infection by susceptible strains in vivo, unlike resistant strain


2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Όλγα Οικονόμου

Οι ψευδομονάδες είναι αζυμωτικά Gram αρνητικά βακτηρίδια, αυστηρά αερόβια και οξειδάση θετικά. Η Pseudomonas aeruginosa αποτελεί κυρίως αίτιο σοβαρών και ποικίλων νοσοκομειακών λοιμώξεων αλλά και λοιμώξεων της κοινότητας, οι οποίες συνήθως είναι ηπιότερες. Την τελευταία δεκαετία έχει παρατηρηθεί μεγάλη αύξηση των ανθεκτικών στις καρβαπενέμες στελεχών Pseudomonas aeruginosa, γεγονός που αποτελεί σημαντικό πρόβλημα στην αντιμετώπιση αυτών των λοιμώξεων, καθώς οι θεραπευτικές επιλογές που απομένουν είναι ελάχιστες. Ο κυριότερος μηχανισμός αντοχής είναι η παραγωγή καρβαπενεμασών, ενζύμων δηλαδή που υδρολύουν τις καρβαπενέμες.Σκοπός της εργασίας μας ήταν α) η φαινοτυπική και μοριακή ανίχνευση των μεταλλο-β-λακταμασών ως επίκτητου μηχανισμού αντοχής στις καρβαπενέμες πολυανθεκτικών στελεχών P. aeruginosa β) η μελέτη του γενετικού περιβάλλοντος των γονιδίων που κωδικοποιούν καρβαπενεμάση και ο χαρακτηρισμός των ιντεγκρονίων, γ) η μοριακή τυποποίηση των στελεχών αυτών και δ) η μελέτη της παθογονικότητας των επικρατούντων κλώνων.Για το λόγο αυτό μελετήσαμε 387 στελέχη από το Πανεπιστημιακό Νοσοκομείο της Λάρισας και από το Νοσοκομείο «Η Σωτηρία» της Αθήνας από τα οποία τα 126 βρέθηκαν θετικά στην παραγωγή καρβαπενεμάσης τόσο φαινοτυπικά όσο και μοριακά. Συγκεκριμένα, έγινε φαινοτυπική ανίχνευση της παραγωγής καρβαπενεμασών με διάφορες μεθόδους όπως και προσδιορισμός των γονιδίων που είναι υπεύθυνα για την παραγωγή τους με μοριακές μεθόδους, ενώ παράλληλα μελετήθηκε και το γενετικό τους περιβάλλον. Ακολούθησε τυποποίηση των εν λόγω στελεχών με MLST και σύγκριση των κλώνων στα δύο νοσοκομεία. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκε η παθογονικότητα των επικρατέστερων κλώνων, με πειράματα in vivo. Κατά το χρονικό διάστημα από τον Μάρτιο έως και τον Οκτώβριο του 2011 απομονώθηκαν συνολικά 813 στελέχη Pseudomonas aeruginosa εκ των οποίων 387 (47,6%) παρουσίασαν αντοχή στις καρβαπενέμες (MIC>8μg/ml) σύμφωνα με τα κριτήρια του CLSI, 2012. Από τα 387 ανθεκτικά στις καρβαπενέμες στελέχη, 126 (32,5%) βρέθηκαν θετικά με τις διάφορες φαινοτυπικές δοκιμασίες δηλώνοντας την παρουσία μέταλλο-β-λακταμάσης (τάξης Β) ενώ ανιχνεύτηκαν διάφορα αλληλόμορφα γονίδια της καρβαπενεμάσης VIM. Η ανάλυση της νουκλεοτιδικής αλληλουχίας του γονιδίου blaVIM, που ακολούθησε, κατέδειξε ότι από τα 126 στελέχη, τα 80 έφεραν το αλληλόμορφο blaVIM-2, τα 36 το αλληλόμορφο blaVIM-4, τα 9 το αλληλόμορφο blaVIM-1και σε 1 στέλεχος το αλληλόμορφο blaVIM-17.Σε όλα τα στελέχη το γονίδιο blaVIM βρέθηκε να αποτελεί τμήμα της γονιδιακής συστοιχίας ιντεγκρονίων τάξης 1, γενετικών δομών που έχουν συσχετιστεί με την εμφάνιση πολυανθεκτικού φαινοτύπου, καθώς είναι ικανές να συσσωρεύουν γονίδια ανθεκτικότητας έναντι διαφόρων τάξεων αντιβιοτικών. Στη συνέχεια η τυποποίηση των ανθεκτικών στις καρβαπενέμες στελεχών P. aeruginosa που διενεργήθηκε με τη μέθοδο MLST, ανέδειξε ότι τα στελέχη P. aeruginosa άνηκαν σε 9 διαφορετικούς STs τύπους και συγκεκριμένα στους ST-111, ST-235, ST-244, ST-253, ST-277, ST-308, ST-395, ST-773 και ST-1457.Η μελέτη της παθογονικότητας αντιπροσωπευτικών MLST στελεχών P. aeruginosa πραγματοποιήθηκε στο μη σπονδυλωτό μοντέλο Galleria mellonella. H Galleria mellonella αποτελεί ένα κατάλληλο μη θηλαστικό μοντέλο-ξενιστή για τη μελέτη του ρόλου του Type III Secretion System στη παθογένεση των ψευδομονάδων. Όλα τα στελέχη αναδείχθηκαν θετικά για τα γονίδια exoT και exoY ενώ διαφορές υπήρχαν στα γονίδια exoS και exoU. Τα υπό μελέτη στελέχη εμφάνισαν διαφορές στη παθογονικότητα. Συγκεκριμένα οι κλώνοι ST111 και ST235 οι οποίοι επικρατούν, αναδείχθηκαν οι λιγότερο παθογονικοί με ποσοστό επιβίωσης των προνυμφών μεγαλύτερο του 50% το πρώτο 24ωρο ενώ οι ST277, ST244 και ST773 αναδείχθηκαν οι πιο παθογονικοί με ποσοστό επιβίωσης 0% στις πρώτες 24 ώρες, παρόμοιο με αυτό των πρότυπων στελεχών.Συνοψίζοντας, καταλήγουμε στα παρακάτω συμπεράσματα:1.Το ποσοστό των ανθεκτικών στις καρβαπενέμες στελεχών P. aeruginosa στα ελληνικά νοσοκομεία για το χρονικό διάστημα που εξετάσαμε ήταν πολύ υψηλό (47,6%), ενώ παράλληλα εμφάνιζαν πολυανθεκτικούς φαινοτύπους, περιορίζοντας τις θεραπευτικές επιλογές2.Η ανθεκτικότητα στις καρβαπενέμες των στελεχών P. aeruginosa οφείλεται σε αρκετά μεγάλο ποσοστό (32,5%) στην παρουσία των αλληλομόρφων του γονιδίου VIM (VIM-1, VIM-2, VIM-4 και VIM-17), τα οποία διαπιστώθηκε ότι εδράζονται επί ιντεγκρονίων, γενετικών δομών με ικανότητα ενσωμάτωσης και άλλων γονιδίων που προσδίδουν αντοχή και σε άλλες τάξεις αντιβιοτικών.3.Η πλειονότητα των ανθεκτικών στις καρβαπενέμες στελεχών P. aeruginosa άνηκαν στους ST-111MLST και ST-235MLST4.Αποτελεί επιτακτική ανάγκη η εύρεση μεθόδων για την άμεση ανίχνευση των στελεχών που παράγουν καρβαπενεμάσες έτσι ώστε να εμποδίζεται η διασπορά. Ανάμεσα στις μεθόδους ανίχνευσης, η τροποποιημένη MALDI-TOF MS αποτελεί μία μέθοδο με υψηλή ευαισθησία και ειδικότητα στην ανίχνευση των ψευδομονάδων που παράγουν καρβαπενεμάση ενώ η δοκιμασία Blue-Carba αποτελεί μια φτηνή, γρήγορη και αξιόπιστη μέθοδο για την ανίχνευση των ψευδομονάδων που παράγουν καρβαπενεμάσες, που θα μπορούσε να εφαρμοσθεί σε οποιοδήποτε εργαστήριο χωρίς ιδιαίτερο εξοπλισμό.5.Υπάρχουν διαφορές στην παθογονικότητα των στελεχών που ανήκουν σε διαφορετικούς STs που δε σχετίζονται με την παρουσία συγκεκριμένων γονιδίων παθογονικότητας του εκκριτικού συστήματος τύπου ΙΙΙ. Οι πιο συχνοί MLST τύποι φαίνεται να σχετίζονται με μειωμένη παθογονικότητα εύρημα που πιθανότατα συσχετίζεται με την ικανότητα τους να διασπείρονται και να επικρατούν έναντι των υπολοίπων.


2009 ◽  
Vol 191 (22) ◽  
pp. 6975-6987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina S. Pereira ◽  
Anna K. de Regt ◽  
Patrícia H. Brito ◽  
Stephen T. Miller ◽  
Karina B. Xavier

ABSTRACT Although a variety of bacterial species have been reported to use the interspecies communication signal autoinducer-2 (AI-2) to regulate multiple behaviors, the molecular mechanisms of AI-2 recognition and signal transduction remain poorly understood. To date, two types of AI-2 receptors have been identified: LuxP, present in Vibrio spp., and LsrB, first identified in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. In S. Typhimurium, LsrB is the ligand binding protein of a transport system that enables the internalization of AI-2. Here, using both sequence analysis and structure prediction, we establish a set of criteria for identifying functional AI-2 receptors. We test our predictions experimentally, assaying key species for their abilities to import AI-2 in vivo, and test their LsrB orthologs for AI-2 binding in vitro. Using these experimental approaches, we were able to identify AI-2 receptors in organisms belonging to phylogenetically distinct families such as the Enterobacteriaceae, Rhizobiaceae, and Bacillaceae. Phylogenetic analysis of LsrB orthologs indicates that this pattern could result from one single origin of the functional LsrB gene in a gammaproteobacterium, suggesting possible posterior independent events of lateral gene transfer to the Alphaproteobacteria and Firmicutes. Finally, we used mutagenesis to show that two AI-2-interacting residues are essential for the AI-2 binding ability. These two residues are conserved in the binding sites of all the functional AI-2 binding proteins but not in the non-AI-2-binding orthologs. Together, these results strongly support our ability to identify functional LsrB-type AI-2 receptors, an important step in investigations of this interspecies signal.


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