scholarly journals Rural–urban scaling of age, mortality, crime and property reveals a loss of expected self-similar behaviour

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Sutton ◽  
Golnaz Shahtahmassebi ◽  
Haroldo V. Ribeiro ◽  
Quentin S. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Critical Density ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Self Organizing Maps ◽  
Scaling Hypothesis ◽  
Excess Value ◽  
Urban Scaling

Abstract The urban scaling hypothesis has improved our understanding of cities; however, rural areas have been neglected. We investigated rural–urban population density scaling in England and Wales using 67 indicators of crime, mortality, property, and age. Most indicators exhibited segmented scaling about a median critical density of 27 people per hectare. Above the critical density, urban regions preferentially attract young adults (25–40 years) and lose older people (> 45 years). Density scale adjusted metrics (DSAMs) were analysed using hierarchical clustering, networks, and self-organizing maps (SOMs) revealing regional differences and an inverse relationship between excess value of property transactions and a range of preventable mortality (e.g. diabetes, suicide, lung cancer). The most striking finding is that age demographics break the expected self-similarity underlying the urban scaling hypothesis. Urban dynamism is fuelled by preferential attraction of young adults and not a fundamental property of total urban population.

scholarly journals There Is No Place like Home! How Willing Are Young Adults to Move to Find a Job?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7494
Author(s):  
Julia Weiss ◽  
Livio Ferrante ◽  
Mariano Soler-Porta
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Job Opportunities

The European Union (EU) has undergone significant economic crises in recent years. Therein, young people were amongst the hardest hit groups, with youth unemployment rising as high as 50% in some member states. Particularly high rates of youth unemployment were often observed in rural areas, where labour market supply in relation to demand were notably divergent. One of the core pillars of the EU’s agenda is to tackle the persistent problem of youth unemployment. Since the recent crisis, this has been via the “Youth on the Move” initiative, which involves the promotion of intra- and international mobility of young adults in order to gain access to job opportunities. However, what has received little attention so far is the question of what the general willingness of young adults to move is like, and to what extent this varies, for example, depending upon the area they live in. This paper therefore asks if rural youth differ from youth in urban areas in relation to their willingness to move for a job within their country or to another country. Moreover, what influences the general willingness to be mobile? Based on the Cultural Pathways to Economic Self-Sufficiency and Entrepreneurship (CUPESSE) Survey, which includes data on 18–35-year-olds in a sample of 11 European countries, it is shown that living in a rural area is strongly associated with the willingness to move. Furthermore, it shows that rural youth are more willing to move within the country but less willing to move to another country. Based on the presentation of the various factors, which promote or curb mobility readiness, the results make it clear that the success of EU initiatives depends on the preferences and willingness of the target group in question.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Government Policies in Controlling COVID-19 in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 002073142098374
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Pandey ◽  
Nitin Kishore Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Population Number

The purpose of this study is to find the demographic factors associated with the spread of COVID-19 and to suggest a measure for identifying the effectiveness of government policies in controlling COVID-19. The study hypothesizes that the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients depends on the urban population, rural population, number of persons older than 50, population density, and poverty rate. A log-linear model is used to test the stated hypothesis, with the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients up to period [Formula: see text] as a dependent variable and demographic factors as an independent variable. The policy effectiveness indicator is calculated by taking the difference of the COVID rank of the [Formula: see text]th state based on the predicted model and the actual COVID rank of the [Formula: see text]th state[Formula: see text]Our study finds that the urban population significantly impacts the spread of COVID-19. On the other hand, demographic factors such as rural population, density, and age structure do not impact the spread of COVID-19 significantly. Thus, people residing in urban areas face a significant threat of COVID-19 as compared to people in rural areas.

scholarly journals Antigen receptor repertoires of one of the smallest known vertebrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. eabd8180
Author(s):  
Orlando B. Giorgetti ◽  
Prashant Shingate ◽  
Connor P. O’Meara ◽  
Vydianathan Ravi ◽  
Nisha E. Pillai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antigen Receptor ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Scale Free Networks ◽  
Incomplete Sampling

The rules underlying the structure of antigen receptor repertoires are not yet fully defined, despite their enormous importance for the understanding of adaptive immunity. With current technology, the large antigen receptor repertoires of mice and humans cannot be comprehensively studied. To circumvent the problems associated with incomplete sampling, we have studied the immunogenetic features of one of the smallest known vertebrates, the cyprinid fish Paedocypris sp. “Singkep” (“minifish”). Despite its small size, minifish has the key genetic facilities characterizing the principal vertebrate lymphocyte lineages. As described for mammals, the frequency distributions of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor clonotypes exhibit the features of fractal systems, demonstrating that self-similarity is a fundamental property of antigen receptor repertoires of vertebrates, irrespective of body size. Hence, minifish achieve immunocompetence via a few thousand lymphocytes organized in robust scale-free networks, thereby ensuring immune reactivity even when cells are lost or clone sizes fluctuate during immune responses.

MO759COMPERATIVE STUDY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH CKD ON HEMODIALYSIS IN URBAN AND RURAL POPULATIONS OF UZBEKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olimkhon Sharapov ◽  
Botir Daminov
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Women Patients ◽  
Urban Group ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Ckd Stage ◽  
Rural Group

Abstract Background and Aims According to recently published WHO data, kidney disease has been the 10th leading cause of death in the world over the past 20 years. The lethality of dialysis patients with cardiovascular pathology is 3 times higher than that of patients without CVD. This is especially pronounced in developing countries. Uzbekistan is a country with a population of 34 million and has an equal urban and rural population. In this regard, it is of interest to comparatively study the structure of CVD in patients with CKD stage 5D of the rural and urban population of Uzbekistan. Method We examined 165 (90 men and 75 women) patients with CKD stage 5 receiving dialysis in urban and rural areas of Uzbekistan. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on their permanent place of residence and the medical center where they receive hemodialysis. 104 (51 men and 53 women) patients were included in the Urban group and 61 (39 men and 22 women) patients were included in the Rural group. The average age of the urban population was 49.7 ± 1.38 years, the rural population was 45.5 ± 1.83 years. All patients underwent programmed hemodialysis according to the standard scheme for 4 hours 3 times a day (12 hours/week). The average duration of hemodialysis in the Urban group was 37.0 ± 4.77 months (M ± m) and 16.6 ± 2.4 months in the Rural group. The main causes of CKD 5D in both groups were glomerulonephritis (Urban-36.5%, Rural-62%) and type 2 diabetes (Urban-31.7%, Rural-18%). Results CVD comorbidity occurred in 55,8% (n=92) of all 165 examined patients, of which 52 were men and 40 were women. The most common CVDs in all groups were hypertension (51%, n=84), coronary heart disease, presented as angina (28%, n=47), heart failure (14%, n=23) and various types of arrhythmias (5%, n=8). 77% (n=127) of patients had anemia due ESRD. In the group Urban(n=104), 62.5% (n=65) had CVD. The main CVD was Hypertension. It was found in 92% (n=60) of patients with CVD in this group. Less (65%, n=42) were patients with angina. Heart failure was detected in 31% (n=20) of patients. Arrhythmia was diagnosed in only 5% (n=5). A large number of combined CVD have been identified. 69% (n=45) of all patients with CVD had a combined CVDs in different combinations. The most common combination was hypertension + angina (n = 26). It accounted for almost 58% of all combined cases. Only 28% (n=17) of all cases with hypertension had "isolated" hypertension. The main combination with hypertension was hypertension + angina (43%, n=26), 11% (n=11) of patients had hypertension + angina + heart failure, a combination in the form of hypertension + angina + arrhythmia had 3% (n=3) patients. Relatively fewer (n = 27, 44%) CVD were found in the Rural group. The most frequent CVD was also a hypertension. Patients with hypertension made up 89% (n = 24) of all patients with CVD in this group. The second place is occupied by angina, it was found in 18.5% (n=5) cases among patients with CVD. Combined CVS pathologies were less common in the rural group. A total of 8 patients (29.6% of all CVD cases) had several CVDs. Conclusion Сardiovascular diseases in the urban population (62.5%) occur almost one and a half times more often than in the rural population (44%). Combined CVD pathology occupies a leading place in the structure of CVD in patients with CKD 5D, both urban and rural.

scholarly journals Universal void density profiles from simulation and SDSS

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (S308) ◽  
pp. 542-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nadathur ◽  
S. Hotchkiss ◽  
J. M. Diego ◽  
I. T. Iliev ◽  
S. Gottlöber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Watershed Algorithm ◽  
Void Size ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Density Profiles ◽  
Watershed Transform ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Main Galaxy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Self Similar

AbstractWe discuss the universality and self-similarity of void density profiles, for voids in realistic mock luminous red galaxy (LRG) catalogues from the Jubilee simulation, as well as in void catalogues constructed from the SDSS LRG and Main Galaxy samples. Voids are identified using a modified version of the ZOBOV watershed transform algorithm, with additional selection cuts. We find that voids in simulation areself-similar, meaning that their average rescaled profile does not depend on the void size, or – within the range of the simulated catalogue – on the redshift. Comparison of the profiles obtained from simulated and real voids shows an excellent match. The profiles of real voids also show auniversalbehaviour over a wide range of galaxy luminosities, number densities and redshifts. This points to a fundamental property of the voids found by the watershed algorithm, which can be exploited in future studies of voids.

scholarly journals Population, and its social and religious composition in Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions on the eve of the Axis aggression against the USSR (according to the censuses of the USSR in 1937 and 1939)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Natalya S. Maiorova
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Policy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Level ◽  
Anxiety And Fear

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of population censuses conducted in the USSR in 1937 and 1939, in relation to Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions. The research is based on census materials that had been classified for a long time and published only in the 1990s. Of all the various aspects of the censuses, the author's attention was focused on only three – population, its social structure, and religious composition. Based on the results of the censuses, conclusions are drawn about the prevalence of women in the region, both in rural areas and in cities. It was women who, in the conditions of World War II, became the strong rear, on whose shoulders the front was supported by food, uniforms, and weapons. The urban population was greater in Ivanovo Region, which was explained by its characteristic high rates of industrialisation. The 1937 census recorded a fairly high level of religiosity, despite the largely anti-religious policy that had been carried out for almost 20 years. The war led to an increase in religiosity, probably because often only faith could become the core around which daily life was built, full of deprivation, anxiety and fear for loved ones.

scholarly journals What Motivates Chinese Young Adults to Use mHealth?

Healthcare ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai-Ming To ◽  
Peter K. C. Lee ◽  
Jinxuan Lu ◽  
Junhao Wang ◽  
Yihan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Communication Effectiveness ◽  
Perceived Ease Of Use ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Chinese Young Adults

mHealth is one of China’s national strategies that brings affordable, accessible, and convenient health care to its entire population, may they be in cities or rural areas. Although Chinese young adults are among the first to adopt mHealth, the factors influencing Chinese young adults to use mHealth are yet to be studied both empirically and in depth. This study explores the mechanism that determines Chinese young adults’ intention to use mHealth, based on an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The extended TAM was tested using responses from 486 Chinese young adults. The results showed that perceived usefulness strongly and significantly influenced people’s intention to use mHealth. Additionally, communication effectiveness, health consciousness, and perceived ease of use were found as significant factors influencing people’s intention to use mHealth through perceived usefulness. Distrust was not found to significantly influence people’s intention to use mHealth.

scholarly journals Comparison between the risks in road safety behaviour in urban and rural areas in Latvia in 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Aija Bukova-Zideluna ◽  
Anita Villerusa ◽  
Iveta Pudule
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
Back Seat ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Safety Behaviour

The study examined the differences between respondents in urban and rural areas in respect of their self-reported attitudes and behaviour regarding taking risks in road traffic. Data of Health Behaviour among Latvian Adult Population 2016 survey was used for analysis. Results: 83.7% (N=1605) of urban respondents and 86.7% (N = 1456) of rural respondents always used seatbelts in the front seat. Only 55.3% (N = 1605) of urban respondents and 52.1% (N = 875) of rural respondents always used seatbelts in the back seat. Odds to use seatbelts in the front seat were higher for rural population (OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.05–1.53). Odds to use seatbelts in the back seat were higher for urban population (OR=1.14; 95% CI: 1.01–1.30). Rural residents agreed more often with suggestion that it is not necessary to fasten the seatbelt on short journeys (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.15–1.75) and that it is not necessary to fasten the seatbelt travelling at speed less than 40 km/h (OR=1.22; 95% CI: 1.01–1.56). Rural respondents agreed more often than urban respondents that that driving a car under alcohol influence increases a chance of being involved in an accident (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.10–1.90).

Prevalence and predictors of high-intensity end-of-life care among adolescents and young adults with cancer in Ontario: a population-based study using the IMPACT cohort.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10559-10559
Author(s):  
Hallie Coltin ◽  
Adam Rapoport ◽  
Chenthila Nagamuthu ◽  
Nancy N. Baxter ◽  
Paul C. Nathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Eol Care ◽  
The Impact

10559 Background: End-of-life (EOL) care in adolescents and young adults (AYA) with cancer is poorly characterized, though this group may be at risk of elevated rates of high-intensity (HI) care and consequently, increased EOL suffering. Few population-based studies exist, and are limited by incomplete clinical information. AYA care patterns can vary by locus of care (LOC – pediatric v. adult), but LOC disparities in AYA EOL care are unstudied. Methods: We conducted a retrospective decedent population-based cohort study of all Ontario AYA diagnosed between 15-21 years of age with 6 prevalent primary cancers between 1992-2012, who died ≤5 years from diagnosis. Chart-abstracted clinical data were linked to health services data. The primary composite outcome (HI-EOL care) included any of: intravenous chemotherapy ≤14 days from death; > 1 emergency department visit ≤30 days from death; or > 1 hospitalization or intensive care unit (ICU) admission ≤30 days from death. Secondary outcomes included measures of the most invasive (MI) EOL care: mechanical ventilation ≤14 days from death, and death in the ICU. Factors associated with HI-EOL were examined. Results: Of 483 patients, 292 (60.5%) experienced HI-EOL care, 98 (20.3%) were mechanically ventilated ≤14 days from death, and 110 (22.8%) died in the ICU. Patients with hematological malignancies (v. solid tumors) were at greatest risk of HI-EOL care (OR, 2.3; 95CI, 1.5-3.5, p < 0.01), mechanical ventilation (OR, 5.4; 95CI, 3.0-9.7, p < 0.01), and death in an ICU (OR, 4.9; 95CI, 2.8-8.5, p < 0.01). AYA who died in a pediatric center were substantially more likely to experience MI-EOL measures compared to those dying in adult centers (mechanical ventilation, OR 3.2, 95CI 1.3-7.6, p = 0.01). Assessment of interactions showed LOC-based disparities widening over the study period (ICU death in pediatric v. adult centres: early period OR 0.9, 95CI 0.3-2.9, p = 0.91; late period OR 3.3, 95CI 1.2-9.2, p = 0.02; interaction term p = 0.04). AYA living in rural areas were also at higher risk of experiencing mechanical ventilation (OR, 2.0; 95CI, 1.0-3.8, p = 0.04) and death in ICU (OR, 2.1; 95CI, 1.1-4.0, p = 0.02). Conclusions: AYA with cancer experience high rates of HI-EOL care, with patients in pediatric centers and those living in rural areas at highest risk of MI-EOL care. Our study is the first to identify LOC-based disparities in AYA EOL care. Future studies should explore mechanisms underlying these disparities, including potential differences in palliative care services.

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