scholarly journals Negative play contagion in calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Größbacher ◽  
Alistair B. Lawrence ◽  
Christoph Winckler ◽  
Marek Špinka
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Previous Attempt ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Contagion Effect ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Emotional Behaviour ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Developmental Window ◽  
Negative Contagion

AbstractPlay is a strong outwardly directed, emotional behaviour and can contagiously spread between individuals. It has been suggested that high-playing animals could ‘seed’ play in others, spreading positive affective states. Despite the current interest in play contagion there has been no previous attempt to measure the strength of the play contagion effect. The calf (Bos taurus) is ideal for testing the strength of play contagion as play in calves is strongly related to energy intake from milk. We manipulated play in calves through their milk allowances and housed the calves in uniform groups all on the same milk allowance (high = UHigh or low = ULow) or in mixed groups with calves in the same group receiving either a high (= MHigh) or low (= MLow) milk allowance. We measured locomotor play using accelerometers on two consecutive days when calves were four and eight weeks old, in order to study play contagion over a protracted developmental window. We anticipated that differences in the level of play contagion between treatment groups would result in difference in the play levels observed in the MLow and ULow individuals. Contrary to our expectations we found that spontaneous play was suppressed in the high-milk calves housed in mixed groups (MHigh), in comparison to calves housed with group mates all receiving high-milk (UHigh). These results are the first to quantify a negative play contagion effect, particularly in a situation of long-term contact, and may suggest that negative contagion has a stronger effect on play behaviour than positive contagion.

scholarly journals Analisis Viabilitas Spermatozoa Sapi Friesian Holstein (Bos taurus) Post Thawing Semen Beku Dengan Pengaruh Suhu dan Lama Waktu Thawing Berbeda

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Dewi Malinda ◽  
Hari Santoso ◽  
Husain Latuconsina
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
High Viability ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Long Term Preservation

The principle of freezing semen is to maintain the survival of sperm in the long term (long term preservation). Thawing is the process of thawing frozen cattle semen before it is used in the artificial insemination process (IB). This thawing has a big influence on the state of sperm, especially on the integrity of sperm in semen, depending on the temperature and length of time. The choice of temperature and length of time thawing is good and right can prevent damage to spermatozoa. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of differences in temperature and the length of post thawing time on the viability of FH (Frisian Holstein) cow spermatozoa and to find the optimal temperature and length of thawing time in the IB process. The research method was experimental using RAK with 3 treatment groups and 2x replications. The research material used frozen semen of FH cattle from the Singosari Center for Artificial Insemination (BBIB). The observed variable was Viability with Eosin staining of 2%. Data analysis used the Factorial ANOVA test. The results of this study are the length of time thawing did not differ significantly namely P> 0.05, temperature 25 ° C 20 seconds: 66.30%, 25 ° C 30 seconds: 66.80%, 25 ° C 40 seconds: 63, 30%, 37 ° C 20 seconds: 65.00%, 37 ° C 30 seconds: 74.30%, 37 ° C 40 seconds: 69.00%, 40 ° C 20 seconds: 75.50%, 40 ° C 30 seconds: 65.50%, 40 ° C 40 seconds: 67.50%, the highest percentage of life (viability) of spermatozoa is at 40°C with a duration of 20 seconds with a value of 75.50%. Conclusions the higher temperature with the short thawing time can support the high viability.  Keywords: Bos taurus, Frozen semen, Thawing, Spermatozoa Viability ABSTRAK Prinsip pembekuan semen adalah untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup sperma dalam jangka waktu yang lama (long term preservation). Thawing adalah proses pencairan kembali semen beku sapi sebelum digunakan dalam proses inseminasi buatan (IB). Pencairan ini memiliki pengaruh besar pada keadaan sperma, terutama pada integritas sperma dalam semen, tergantung pada suhu dan lamanya waktu. Pemilihan suhu dan lama waktu thawing yang baik dan tepat dapat mencegah kerusakan spermatozoa.   Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisa pengaruh perbedaan suhu dan lama waktu post thawing terhadap viabilitas spermatozoa sapi FH (Frisian Holstein) dan mencari suhu dan lama waktu thawing yang optimal dalam proses IB. Metode penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental menggunakan RAK dengan  3 perlakuan  kelompok dan 2x ulangan. Bahan penelitian menggunakan semen beku sapi FH dari Balai Besar Inseminasi Buatan (BBIB) Singosari. Variabel yang diamati adalah Viabilitas dengan pewarnaan Eosin 2%. Analisis data mengguakan uji ANOVA Faktorial. Hasil penelitian diperoleh lama waktu thawing tidak berbeda secara signifikan yaitu P>0,05, suhu 25°C 20 detik : 66,30%, 25°C 30 detik : 66,80%, 25°C 40 detik : 63,30%, 37°C 20 detik :65,00%, 37°C 30 detik :74,30%, 37°C 40 detik : 69,00%, 40°C 20 detik : 75,50%, 40°C 30 detik : 65,50%, 40°C 40 detik : 67,50%, presentase hidup (Viabilitas) spermatozoa tertinggi terdapat pada suhu 40°C dengan lama waktu 20 detik dengan nilai 75,50%. Semakin tinggi suhu dengan waktu thawing yang singkat dapat mendukung tingginya viabilitas. Kata Kunci: Bos taurus, Semen beku, Thawing, Viabilitas Spermatozoa

Using the Change4Life Disney Branded 10-minute Shake Ups During the COVID-19 ‘Lockdown’

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Budzynski-Seymour ◽  
James Steele ◽  
Michelle Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Online Resources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Qualitative Feedback ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
The Uk

Physical activity (PA) is considered essential to overall health yet it is consistently reported that children are failing to meet the recommended levels. Due to the bidirectional relationship between affective states and PA, affective responses are a potential predictor to long term engagement. Since late March 2020 the UK government enforced ‘lockdown’ measures to help control the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19); however, this has impacted children’s PA. Using online resources at home to support PA is now common. The primary aim of this research was to investigate the use of the Change4Life 10-minute Shake Ups to support PA by examining the effects of Disney branding upon children’s (n=32) post activity affective responses and perceived exertion. The secondary was to investigate the effect of the lockdown on PA habits. Children had similar positive affective responses and perceived effort to activities; however, branding was considered to be a key contributing factor based upon qualitative feedback from parents. Children’s PA levels dropped slightly since ‘lockdown’ was imposed; though online resources have been utilised to support PA. The use of immersive elements such as characters and narrative in PA sessions, as well as utilising online resources during ‘lockdown’ appear potentially promising for future research.

scholarly journals Rituximab-Containing Risk-Adapted Treatment Strategy in Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma: 7-Years Follow-Up

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1760
Author(s):  
Novella Pugliese ◽  
Marco Picardi ◽  
Roberta Della Pepa ◽  
Claudia Giordano ◽  
Francesco Muriano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Prognostic Score ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Baseline Risk ◽  
Historical Cohort ◽  
Treatment Groups

Background: Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare variant of HL that accounts for 5% of all HL cases. The expression of CD20 on neoplastic lymphocytes provides a suitable target for novel treatments based on Rituximab. Due to its rarity, consolidated and widely accepted treatment guidelines are still lacking for this disease. Methods: Between 1 December 2007 and 28 February 2018, sixteen consecutive newly diagnosed adult patients with NLPHL received Rituximab (induction ± maintenance)-based therapy, according to the baseline risk of German Hodgkin Study Group prognostic score system. The treatment efficacy and safety of the Rituximab-group were compared to those of a historical cohort of 12 patients with NLPHL who received Doxorubicin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (RT), if needed, according to a similar baseline risk. The primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS) and secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and side-effects (according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, v4.03). Results: After a 7-year follow-up (range, 1–11 years), PFS was 100% for patients treated with the Rituximab-containing regimen versus 66% for patients of the historical cohort (p = 0.036). Four patients in the latter group showed insufficient response to therapy. The PFS for early favorable and early unfavorable NLPHLs was similar between treatment groups, while a better PFS was recorded for advanced-stages treated with the Rituximab-containing regimen. The OS was similar for the two treatment groups. Short- and long-term side-effects were more frequently observed in the historical cohort. Grade ≥3 neutropenia was more frequent in the historical cohort compared with the Rituximab-group (58.3% vs. 18.7%, respectively; p = 0.03). Long-term non-hematological toxicities were observed more frequently in the historical cohort. Conclusion: Our results confirm the value of Rituximab in NLPHL therapy and show that Rituximab (single-agent) induction and maintenance in a limited-stage, or Rituximab with ABVD only in the presence of risk factors, give excellent results while sparing cytotoxic agent- and/or RT-related damage. Furthermore, Rituximab inclusion in advanced-stage therapeutic strategy seems to improve PFS compared to conventional chemo-radiotherapy.

scholarly journals The long-term bio-behavioural effects of juvenile sildenafil treatment in Sprague-Dawley versus Flinders Sensitive Line rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Juandré Lambertus Bernardus Saayman ◽  
Stephanus Frederik Steyn ◽  
Christiaan Beyers Brink
Keyword(s):  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Bdnf Level ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Sensitive Line ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Flinders Sensitive Line

Abstract Objective: To investigate the long-term effects of juvenile sub-chronic sildenafil (SIL) treatment on the depressive-like behaviour and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels of adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) versus Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats. Methods: SD and FSL rats were divided into pre-pubertal and pubertal groups, whereafter 14-day saline or SIL treatment was initiated. Pre-pubertal and pubertal rats were treated from postnatal day 21 (PND21) and PND35, respectively. The open field and forced swim tests (FST) were performed on PND60, followed by hippocampal BDNF level analysis one day later. Results: FSL rats displayed greater immobility in the FST compared to SD rats (p < 0.0001), which was reduced by SIL (p < 0.0001), regardless of treatment period. Hippocampal BDNF levels were unaltered by SIL in all treatment groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Juvenile sub-chronic SIL treatment reduces the risk of depressive-like behaviour manifesting during young adulthood in genetically susceptible rats.

scholarly journals Developing Recommendations for Cumulative Endpoints and Lifetime Use for Research Animals

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2031
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Nunamaker ◽  
Shawn Davis ◽  
Carly I. O’Malley ◽  
Patricia V. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Scientific Advancement ◽  
Institutional Strategies ◽  
Made In ◽  
Use Of Research

Research animals are important for scientific advancement, and therefore, their long-term welfare needs to be monitored to not only minimize suffering, but to provide positive affective states and experiences. Currently, there is limited guidance in countries around the world on cumulative and experimental endpoints. This paper aims to explore current opinions and institutional strategies regarding cumulative use and endpoints through a scoping survey and review of current regulations and welfare assessment tools, and ultimately to provide recommendations for assessment of cumulative and lifetime use of research animals. The survey found that only 36% of respondents indicated that their institution had cumulative use endpoint policies in place, but these policies may be informal and/or vary by species. Most respondents supported more specific guidelines but expressed concerns about formal policies that may limit their ability to make case-by-case decisions. The wide diversity in how research animals are used makes it difficult for specific policies to be implemented. Endpoint decisions should be made in an objective manner using standardized welfare assessment tools. Future research should focus on robust, efficient welfare assessment tools that can be used to support planning and recommendations for cumulative endpoints and lifetime use of research and teaching animals.

scholarly journals Long-term safety and efficacy of extended-interval prophylaxis with recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc) in subjects with haemophilia B

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (03) ◽  
pp. 508-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.John Pasi ◽  
Kathelijn Fischer ◽  
Margaret Ragni ◽  
Beatrice Nolan ◽  
David J. Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Haemophilia B ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fc Fusion Protein ◽  
Recombinant Factor Ix ◽  
Bleeding Episodes ◽  
Supplementary Material

SummaryThe safety, efficacy, and prolonged half-life of recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc) were demonstrated in the Phase 3 B-LONG (adults/adolescents ≥12 years) and Kids B-LONG (children <12 years) studies of subjects with haemophilia B (≤2 IU/dl). Here, we report interim, long-term safety and efficacy data from B-YOND, the rFIXFc extension study. Eligible subjects who completed B-LONG or Kids B-LONG could enrol in B-YOND. There were four treatment groups: weekly prophylaxis (20–100 IU/kg every 7 days), individualised prophylaxis (100 IU/kg every 8–16 days), modified prophylaxis (further dosing personalisation to optimise prophylaxis), and episodic (ondemand) treatment. Subjects could change treatment groups at any point. Primary endpoint was inhibitor development. One hundred sixteen subjects enrolled in B-YOND. From the start of the parent studies to the B-YOND interim data cut, median duration of rFIXFc treatment was 39.5 months and 21.9 months among adults/adolescents and children, respectively; 68/93 (73.1 %) adults/adolescents and 9/23 (39.1 %) children had ≥100 cumulative rFIXFc exposure days. No inhibitors were observed. Median annualised bleeding rates (ABRs) were low in all prophylaxis regimens: weekly (≥12 years: 2.3; <6 years: 0.0; 6 to <12 years: 2.7), individualised (≥12 years: 2.3; 6 to <12 years: 2.4), and modified (≥12 years: 2.4). One or two infusions were sufficient to control 97 % (adults/adolescents) and 95 % (children) of bleeding episodes. Interim data from B-YOND are consistent with data from B-LONG and Kids B-LONG, and confirm the longterm safety of rFIXFc, absence of inhibitors, and maintenance of low ABRs with prophylactic dosing every 1 to 2 weeks.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.

Open Surgical versus Minimally Invasive in Situ Femorodistal Bypass: Long-term Results

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nomdo S. Renken ◽  
Cees H.A. Wittens ◽  
Peter M.T. Pattynama ◽  
Nico A.J.J. Du Bois ◽  
Lukas C. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Limb Salvage ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Open Technique ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Closed Technique ◽  
Open Versus

Purpose: To compare long-term patency and limb survival rates for the classical in situ surgical bypass procedure versus a minimally invasive technique for femorodistal revascularization. Methods: From May 1992 to June 1994, a prospective multicenter study was undertaken at 4 centers to evaluate the open versus closed technique for femorodistal bypass grafting. Of 97 patients enrolled in the trial, 73 patients (49 men; mean age 71 years) were assigned to the long-term follow-up protocol and prospectively randomized to the open (n = 38) or closed (n = 35) procedure. The classical open technique is characterized by a long incision over the length of the bypass graft, while the minimally invasive procedure involves only two short incisions over each anastomosis site (the side branches are closed with a coaxial embolization catheter system). Graft patency was evaluated with duplex imaging periodically throughout the 4-year observation period. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups with respect to age, sex, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, or smoking. However, the open group had a significantly greater incidence of diabetes (p = 0.037). Over a median 4.7-year follow-up (range 0.3–6.4), 9 (12%) patients (3 open and 6 closed) were lost to follow-up: 2 died and 7 refused the duplex examination. No significant differences in 4-year patency, limb salvage, or survival was demonstrated between the open versus closed treatment groups; 4-year secondary patency was 62% versus 64%, respectively, and limb salvage was 72% versus 86%. Conclusions: The closed technique for femorodistal in situ bypass procedures yields favorable long-term outcomes compared to the traditional open technique.

scholarly journals Chronic Health Conditions and Late Mortality Among Survivors of Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS)

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 1315-1315
Author(s):  
Lucie M Turcotte ◽  
John A Whitton ◽  
Wendy M. Leisenring ◽  
Todd Gibson ◽  
Rebecca M Howell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Late Mortality ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Related Mortality

Introduction: Five-year survival following childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has doubled over the last 4 decades due to advances in treatment and supportive care, including more widespread use of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The impact on long-term morbidity and mortality among survivors is unknown. Methods: Cumulative incidence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall and cause-specific late (&gt;5 years from diagnosis) mortality and CTCAE grades 3-5 chronic health conditions (CHC) were estimated among 5-year survivors of AML diagnosed &lt;21 years of age between1970-99 in the CCSS. Comparisons were made by decade of diagnosis (1970s, 1980s, 1990s) and treatment (HCT vs. chemotherapy only [chemo-only]). Cox regression models estimated hazard ratios (HR) for health-related deaths and CHC based on treatment decade and HCT status. Results: Among 927 AML survivors (median age at diagnosis 7.1 years [range 1-21 years]; median age at last follow-up 29.4 years [range 8-60 years]; 16,069 person-years of follow-up; 37% treated with HCT [15% of 1970s survivors, 36% of 1980s survivors, 44% of 1990s survivors), the 20-year cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality was 6.7% (CI 4.2-9.2%) for chemo-only survivors and 13.5% (CI 9.2-17.8%) for HCT survivors. For chemo-only survivors, the highest incidence of health-related mortality were attributable to cardiac causes (1.5%, CI 0.5-2.6), relapse (0.9%, CI 0.1-1.8), and SMN (0.6%, CI 0.0-1.2), whereas for HCT survivors the highest health-related causes of death were relapse (6.5%, CI 3.7-9.2%), SMN (1.3%, CI 0-2.5%), and pulmonary causes (0.6%, CI 0-1.5%). When treatment groups were considered in multivariable Cox models, risk for late mortality was similar for chemo-only survivors from the 1990s compared to the 1970s (HR 0.4, CI 0.1-1.4), but risk was reduced for HCT survivors from the 1990s compared to the 1970s (HR 0.2, CI 0.1-0.4). The 20-year cumulative incidence of grade 3-5 CHCs among chemo-only survivors was 26.9% (CI 23.0-30.7%) compared to 46.8% (CI 40.9-52.7%) among HCT survivors, with the highest incidence occurring for cardiovascular CHC (chemo-only, 9.7%, CI 7.1-12.2%; HCT, 10.6%, CI 7.0-14.2%), pulmonary CHC (chemo-only, 1.0%, CI 0.1-1.9%; HCT, 2.9%, CI 1.0-4.8%) and SMN (chemo-only, 0.8%, CI 0.0-1.7%; HCT, 5.7%, CI 2.9-8.6%). Incidence of overall CHC decreased in more recent decades among HCT survivors (p=0.03, Figure); however, among chemo-only survivors, CHC incidence did not significantly change by decade (p=0.12). When treatment groups were considered in adjusted models, risk for CHC was similar for those treated in the 1990s compared to the 1970s among chemo-only survivors (HR 1.5, CI 1.0-2.3) and risk estimates among HCT survivors decreased over time but did not achieve statistical significance (HR 0.6, CI 0.3-1.1). Conclusions: AML survivors treated with HCT had a reduced risk of late mortality and serious CHC in more recent treatment eras. In contrast, treatment with chemo-only was not associated with differences in mortality and serious CHC risk over time. Five-year survivors treated with chemo-only had a significantly reduced risk of health-related mortality compared with HCT survivors across all treatment eras. While treatment intensification with HCT has improved the cure rates for AML in recent decades, there remains disparity in long-term outcomes among AML survivors treated with HCT vs. chemo-only. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Long-term influence of stand thinning and repeated fertilization on forage production in young lodgepole pine forests

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1123-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pontus M.F. Lindgren ◽  
Thomas P. Sullivan ◽  
Douglas B. Ransome ◽  
Druscilla S. Sullivan ◽  
Lisa Zabek
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
South Central ◽  
Stand Thinning

Integration of trees with forage and livestock production as silvopastoralism is another potential component of intensive forest management. Stand thinning and fertilization may enhance growth of crop trees and understory forage for livestock. We tested the hypothesis that large-scale precommercial thinning (PCT) (particularly heavy thinning to ≤1000 stems·ha−1) and repeated fertilization, up to 20 years after the onset of treatments, would enhance production of graminoids, forbs, and shrubs as cattle (Bos taurus L.) forage. Results are from two long-term studies: (1) PCT (1988–2013) and (2) PCT with fertilization (PCT–FERT) (1993–2013) of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Mean biomass estimates of graminoids, forbs, total herbs, and shrubs were not affected by stand density. However, fertilization enhanced mean biomass estimates of graminoids, forbs, and total herbs, but not shrubs. Thus, the density part of our hypothesis was not supported, but the nutrient addition part was supported at least for the herbaceous components. Biomass of the herbaceous understory was maintained as a silvopasture component for up to 20 years (stand age 13 to 33 years) in fertilized heavily thinned stands prior to canopy closure.

Safety and Performance Evaluation of Su2ura Approximation, a New Suturing Device, in Pigs

2021 ◽  
pp. 019262332110679
Author(s):  
Yuval Ramot ◽  
Serge Rousselle ◽  
Michal Steiner ◽  
Yossi Lavie ◽  
Nati Ezov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimal Invasive Surgery ◽  
Minimal Invasive ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Novel Device ◽  
Fibrotic Scar ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Tissue Approximation

One of the challenging aspects of minimal invasive surgery (MIS) is intracorporal suturing, which can be significantly time-consuming. Therefore, there is a rising need for devices that can facilitate the suturing procedure in MIS. Su2ura Approximation Device (Su2ura Approximation) is a novel device developed to utilize the insertion of anchors threaded with stitches to allow a single action placement of a suture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term safety and tissue approximation of Su2ura Approximation in comparison to Endo Stitch + Surgidac sutures in female domestic pigs. All incision sites were successfully closed by both methods. Firm consolidation within and around the incision site was noted in several animals in both treatment groups, which corresponded histopathologically to islands of ectopic cartilage or bone spicules within the fibrotic scar. These changes reflect heterotopic ossification that is commonly seen in the healing of abdominal operation sites in pigs. No other abnormal findings were observed throughout the study period. In conclusion, the use of Su2ura Approximation under the present experimental conditions revealed no safety concerns.

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