scholarly journals The effect of smiling on the perceived age of male and female faces across the lifespan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzvi Ganel ◽  
Melvyn A. Goodale
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Face ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Perceived Age ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

AbstractPrevious research has shown an unintuitive effect of facial expression on perceived age: smiling faces are perceived as older compared to neutral faces of the same people. The aging effect of smiling (AES), which is thought to result from the presence of smile-related wrinkles around the eyes, contradicts the common belief that smiling faces should be perceived as younger, not older. Previous research, however, has focused on faces of young adults, where the absence of inherent, age-related wrinkles and other age signs is offset by the weight of the smile-related wrinkles. In a series of experiments, we tested whether the AES extends to male and female faces in older age groups. We replicated the AES in young adults (20–39) and showed that it disappeared in older adults (60–79) of both genders. For photos of middle-aged adults (40–59), however, AES was found only for male, but not for female faces, who showed fewer and less prominent smile-related wrinkles. The results suggest that a person’s apparent age is perceived in a holistic manner in which age-related cues in the region of the eyes are weighted against age cues in other regions of the face.

Inefficient Encoding as an Explanation for Age-Related Deficits in Recollection-Based Processing

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Friedman ◽  
Ray Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Face ◽  
Episodic Memories

A cardinal feature of aging is a decline in episodic memory (EM). Nevertheless, there is evidence that some older adults may be able to “compensate” for failures in recollection-based processing by recruiting brain regions and cognitive processes not normally recruited by the young. We review the evidence suggesting that age-related declines in EM performance and recollection-related brain activity (left-parietal EM effect; LPEM) are due to altered processing at encoding. We describe results from our laboratory on differences in encoding- and retrieval-related activity between young and older adults. We then show that, relative to the young, in older adults brain activity at encoding is reduced over a brain region believed to be crucial for successful semantic elaboration in a 400–1,400-ms interval (left inferior prefrontal cortex, LIPFC; Johnson, Nessler, & Friedman, 2013 ; Nessler, Friedman, Johnson, & Bersick, 2007 ; Nessler, Johnson, Bersick, & Friedman, 2006 ). This reduced brain activity is associated with diminished subsequent recognition-memory performance and the LPEM at retrieval. We provide evidence for this premise by demonstrating that disrupting encoding-related processes during this 400–1,400-ms interval in young adults affords causal support for the hypothesis that the reduction over LIPFC during encoding produces the hallmarks of an age-related EM deficit: normal semantic retrieval at encoding, reduced subsequent episodic recognition accuracy, free recall, and the LPEM. Finally, we show that the reduced LPEM in young adults is associated with “additional” brain activity over similar brain areas as those activated when older adults show deficient retrieval. Hence, rather than supporting the compensation hypothesis, these data are more consistent with the scaffolding hypothesis, in which the recruitment of additional cognitive processes is an adaptive response across the life span in the face of momentary increases in task demand due to poorly-encoded episodic memories.

Changes in the Dynamic Stability of Walking in Active Healthy Older Adults Independent of Changes in Walking Speed

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Gu Kang ◽  
Jonathan B. Dingwell
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Leg Strength ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Walking Speeds

Older adults commonly walk slower, which many believe helps improve their walking stability. However, they remain at increased risk of falls. We investigated how differences in age and walking speed independently affect dynamic stability during walking, and how age-related changes in leg strength and ROM affected this relationship. Eighteen active healthy older and 17 younger adults walked on a treadmill for 5 minutes each at each of 5 speeds (80–120% of preferred). Local divergence exponents and maximum Floquet multipliers (FM) were calculated to quantify each subject’s responses to small inherent perturbations during walking. These older adults exhibited the same preferred walking speeds as the younger subjects (p = 0.860). However, these older adults still exhibited greater local divergence exponents (p<0.0001) and higher maximum FM (p<0.007) than young adults at all walking speeds. These older adults remained more unstable (p<0.04) even after adjusting for declines in both strength and ROM. In both age groups, local divergence exponents decreased at slower speeds and increased at faster speeds (p<0.0001). Maximum FM showed similar changes with speed (p<0.02). The older adults in this study were healthy enough to walk at normal speeds. However, these adults were still more unstable than the young adults, independent of walking speed. This greater instability was not explained by loss of leg strength and ROM. Slower speeds led to decreased instability in both groups.

Dental Caries Prevalence in Early Polynesians from the Hawaiian Islands

1986 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 935-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Keene
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Caries Prevalence ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Caries Lesions ◽  
Root Surface Caries

We examined the skeletal remains of 1338 early Hawaiians (preserved in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu) to determine total caries and root surface caries prevalence. Specimens from seven islands were represented in the collection. Estimation of age at death was made by a combination of dental developmental staging for younger individuals and occlusal attrition and/or alveolar bone loss in adults. Museum records were also consulted for age estimation of adults which was primarily based on osteological criteria. The material was divided into six age groups. Predentate infants and edentulous adults were not included. A total of 19,425 teeth was examined. Caries lesions were observed in 462 individuals (34.5%) and 1895 teeth (9.8%). Coronal caries lesions in children and adolescents tended to be small and not particularly destructive of tooth structure. Root surface lesions in young adults were also small but increased progressively in size in the older groups, resulting in pulp exposure and coronal amputation. Although coronal caries was apparently not a significant dental health problem in children and young adults (compared with contemporary Hawaiians), root surface caries was an increasingly important source of tooth morbidity and tooth mortality in the older population groups. This age-related caries pattern was similar for all of the islands.

Measuring the duration and frequency of wing beat of Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae) using a novel tether method

2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanayo Arimoto ◽  
Harry K. Kaya ◽  
Edwin E. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Flight Tests ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Face ◽  
Musca Autumnalis

AbstractThe wing beat frequencies (WBF) and flight durations of the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae), were evaluated at 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 14 days post-eclosion. For flight tests, flies were tethered magnetically using magnetic primer paint. WBF were measured stroboscopically. The average WBF for one-day-old flies was significantly lower compared with the average WBF of all other age groups for both female and male face flies. Based on our results, male and female face flies require more than 24 hours post eclosion to reach a WBF of over 167 beats per second and continuously fly for more than 10 minutes. Age was a significant factor towards WBF. The present study is the first to report laboratory descriptions of face fly flight capabilities. The benefits of the magnetic paint tether (MagPaT) method are discussed.

scholarly journals The effect of macroeconomic variables on suicide

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL BERK ◽  
SEETAL DODD ◽  
MARGARET HENRY
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Range Data ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Loan Interest Rates

Background. There are a large number of factors mediating suicide. Many studies have searched for a direct causal relationship between economic hardship and suicide, however, findings have been varied.Method. Suicide data was obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics for the period between January 1968 and August 2002. These were correlated with a suite of macroeconomic data including housing loan interest rates, unemployment rates, days lost to industrial disputes, Consumer Price Index, gross domestic product, and the Consumer Sentiment Index.Results. A total of 51845 males and 16327 females committed suicide between these dates. There were significant associations between suicide rates and eleven macroeconomic indicators for both genders in at least one age range. Data was divided into male and female and five age ranges and pooled ages. Analyses were conducted on these 132 datasets resulting in 80 significant findings. The data was generally stronger for indices measuring economic performance than indices measuring consumers' perceptions of the state of the economy. A striking difference between male and female trends was seen. Generally, male suicide rates increased with markers of economic adversity, while the opposite pattern was seen in females. There were significantly different patterns in age-stratified data, with for example higher housing loan interest rates having a positive association with suicide in younger people and a negative association in older age groups.Conclusion. Macroeconomic trends are significantly associated with suicide. The patterns in males and females are very different, and there are further substantial age-related differences.

scholarly journals Differences Between Young and Older Adults in Working Memory and Performance on the Test of Basic Auditory Capabilities†

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry E. Humes ◽  
Gary R. Kidd ◽  
Jennifer J. Lentz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Age Related

The Test of Basic Auditory Capabilities (TBAC) is a battery of auditory-discrimination tasks and speech-identification tasks that has been normed on several hundred young normal-hearing adults. Previous research with the TBAC suggested that cognitive function may impact the performance of older adults. Here, we examined differences in performance on several TBAC tasks between a group of 34 young adults with a mean age of 22.5 years (SD = 3.1 years) and a group of 115 older adults with a mean age of 69.2 years (SD = 6.2 years) recruited from the local community. Performance of the young adults was consistent with prior norms for this age group. Not surprisingly, the two groups differed significantly in hearing loss and working memory with the older adults having more hearing loss and poorer working memory than the young adults. The two age groups also differed significantly in performance on six of the nine measures extracted from the TBAC (eight test scores and one average test score) with the older adults consistently performing worse than the young adults. However, when these age-group comparisons were repeated with working memory and hearing loss as covariates, the groups differed in performance on only one of the nine auditory measures from the TBAC. For eight of the nine TBAC measures, working memory was a significant covariate and hearing loss never emerged as a significant factor. Thus, the age-group deficits observed initially on the TBAC most often appeared to be mediated by age-related differences in working memory rather than deficits in auditory processing. The results of these analyses of age-group differences were supported further by linear-regression analyses with each of the 9 TBAC scores serving as the dependent measure and age, hearing loss, and working memory as the predictors. Regression analyses were conducted for the full set of 149 adults and for just the 115 older adults. Working memory again emerged as the predominant factor impacting TBAC performance. It is concluded that working memory should be considered when comparing the performance of young and older adults on auditory tasks, including the TBAC.

scholarly journals Event Centrality of Positive and Negative Autobiographical Memories in Older Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 712-712
Author(s):  
Justina Pociunaite ◽  
Tabea Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Positive Memories

Abstract Centrality of an event (CE) is a characteristic denoting how important a life experience is to one’s identity. Usually, positive memories are more central than negative ones in the community samples. Nevertheless, there is emerging evidence showing substantial individual differences in how one perceives CE. Especially regarding age, one could expect pronounced differences due to age-related changes in personal goals. In this study, we investigated how older adults differ from young and middle-aged adults. Apart from age, we tested whether personality traits such as neuroticism and openness to experience influence the CE ratings among age groups. The sample comprised of 363 German participants, age ranging from 18 to 89 (M=49.57, SD=17.087), 67.2 % of the sample were women. Using multilevel analysis, we found the CE of positive memories to be higher in all age groups. The CE of positive events significantly differed for older adults compared to younger adults but not to the middle-aged group. With respect to personality, neuroticism had an impact only on the CE of negative memories in younger and middle-aged adults. For older adults, neither neuroticism, nor openness to experience had an impact on CE ratings. This shows that while older adults significantly differ from younger adults in the CE of positive memories, other individual differences characteristics do not have an impact on the way older adults perceive memories as central to their identity.

Abstract TP244: Age-Related Disparities in Door-to-Needle Times: It’s Not What You Think

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian J Burrell ◽  
Kristin P Guilliams ◽  
Jennifer A Williams ◽  
Laura Heitsch ◽  
Peter Panagos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Stroke Mimics ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Forward Stepwise

Introduction: Delays in door-to-needle time (DNT) for tPA administration are associated with worse outcomes after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Studies suggest tPA is safe and effective in young adults, though the effect of age on timeliness of tPA decision making is unknown. In the young adult population, lower frequency of stroke and higher frequency of stroke mimics may lead to DNT delays. We tested the hypothesis that DNT are longer in young adults with AIS. Methods: From 1/2009 to 3/2016, patient demographics and tPA metrics were prospectively collected on all tPA-treated patients at a large, urban academic hospital. Discharge diagnosis (including stroke mimics) and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) rates were collected by retrospective chart review. DNT was compared between young (age ≤ 45) and older adults (age > 45) and across four age groups: ≤45, 46-65, 66-85, and ≥86. Univariate analysis evaluated associations between DNT and baseline characteristics (age, race, sex, admission year, onset-to-arrival time, and admission NIHSS), followed by forward stepwise linear regression including variables with P<0.2 on univariate analysis. Results: Of 560 patients treated with tPA, 63 (11%) were age ≤45 and 497 (89%) were age > 45. Mean DNT was 63 minutes in young adults compared to 50 minutes in older adults (P=0.002). Across four age groups, DNTs were longer in young adults (P=0.027, Figure). In multivariable analysis, age ≤45 (P=0.012), lower NIHSS (P=0.006), and more remote admission year (P=0.001) independently predicted longer DNT. Stroke mimics were more frequent in young adults: 32% vs 7% (P<0.001), though mean DNT remained longer in young adults after excluding mimics: 63 vs 49 min (P=0.008). sICH rate was similar in both groups: 0% vs 4.2% (p=0.10). Conclusions: Despite established safety and efficacy of tPA in young adults, we found DNT delays in this population. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding and address age-related disparities in DNT.

Young and Middle Aged Adults Differ in Neural Correlate of Sustained Attention: A fNIRS Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Shenoy ◽  
Prachi Khandekar ◽  
Abhinav Sathe
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

: Sustained attention (SA) is a construct of cognition that tends to decline with age. There is a lack of literature regarding the neural correlates of SA in middle age, a link between young and old age. This study evaluated the differences in SA ability and its neural correlates using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) between young and middle-aged adults. 38 young and 25 middle-aged adults were evaluated for the changes in neural correlates (oxy and deoxyhemoglobin concentration in the prefrontal cortex) during a SA task known as cognition. The results showed that young adults performed significantly better than middle-aged adults on the SA task with no gender difference in their performance. There was a significant difference in the prefrontal activation pattern between young and middle-aged adults. We found right prefrontal dominance in young adults and left the prefrontal authority in middle-aged adults. This study concludes that the ability to maintain SA diminishes with age, advancing from young to middle age. Hemodynamic findings confirmed significant differences in neural resources in the prefrontal cortical areas between young and middle age. Findings document the neurobiological basis of age-related decline in the middle-aged population to understand changes in the brain's functioning during SA-related cognitive tasks.

scholarly journals Effects of Age on the Neural Correlates of Familiarity as Indexed by ERPs

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1055-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy H. Wang ◽  
Marianne de Chastelaine ◽  
Brian Minton ◽  
Michael D. Rugg
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Recognition Memory Test ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Related Difference ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Memory Signals

ERPs were recorded from samples of young (18–29 years) and older (63–77 years) participants while they performed a modified “remember–know” recognition memory test. ERP correlates of familiarity-driven recognition were obtained by contrasting the waveforms elicited by unrecollected test items accorded “confident old” and “confident new” judgments. Correlates of recollection were identified by contrasting the ERPs elicited by items accorded “remember” and confident old judgments. Behavioral analyses revealed lower estimates of both recollection and familiarity in older participants than in young participants. The putative ERP correlate of recollection—the “left parietal old–new effect”—was evident in both age groups, although it was slightly but significantly smaller in the older sample. By contrast, the putative ERP correlate of familiarity—the “midfrontal old–new effect”—could be identified in young participants only. This age-related difference in the sensitivity of ERPs to familiarity was also evident in subgroups of young and older participants, in whom familiarity-based recognition performance was equivalent. Thus, the inability to detect a reliable midfrontal old–new effect in older participants was not a consequence of an age-related decline in the strength of familiarity. These findings raise the possibility that familiarity-based recognition memory depends upon qualitatively different memory signals in older and young adults.

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