Early-life activities mediate the association between family socioeconomic status in early childhood and physical fitness in early adolescence

AbstractThe graded association between family socioeconomic status (SES) and physical fitness is evident, but little is known about the mechanism underlying this association. This study investigated the role of early-life activities as mediators of the longitudinal relationship between early-life SES and health-related physical fitness in 168 adolescents (51.2% boys; final mean age: 12.4 years old). In Wave 1 (2011–12), their parents completed questionnaires about family socioeconomic status (SES), parent–child activities, and child screen time. In Wave 2 (2014–15), participants’ physical activity levels were assessed through parent proxy-reports. In Wave 3 (2018–19), a direct assessment of handgrip strength, standing long-jump, and 6-min walk test (6MWT) performance was conducted. After controlling for demographic factors, results of mediation analyses revealed that (a) Wave 1 SES predicted Wave 3 long-jump and 6MWT performance; (b) child physical activity level in Wave 2 mediated the relation between Wave 1 SES and standing long-jump performance in Wave 3; and (c) recreational parent–child activities and child screen time in wave 1 mediated the relation between Wave 1 SES and 6MWT performance in Wave 3. Our findings suggest that the type and frequency of early-life activities play a role in the graded association between childhood SES and physical fitness in adolescence.

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Locomotive and Non-Locomotive Activity as Determined by Triaxial Accelerometry and Physical Fitness in Japanese Preschool Children

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.24.3.420 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 420-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Chiaki Tanaka ◽

Yuki Hikihara ◽

Kazunori Ohkawara ◽

Shigeho Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Preschool Children ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Activity Level ◽

Fitness Testing ◽

Standing Long Jump ◽

Locomotive Activity ◽

Health Related ◽

Long Jump ◽

Run Test

This study examined the potential relationship between participation in physical activity (PA) assessed by triaxial accelerometry and physical fitness testing, including health-related and skill-related parameters of fitness, in 136 Japanese preschoolers (65 girls and 71 boys, 5.5 ± 0.6 years). In partial correlation analyses, grip strength and 20m shuttle run test were positively correlated with time spent in physical activity ratio (PAR) ≥ 4. Better scores on standing long jump distance and jump over and crawl under tests were associated with lower sedentary time and greater moderate-to-vigorous PA time and PAR ≥ 4 time, and increased physical activity level. Moreover, 25m run speed was positively correlated with time spent in PAR ≥ 4 and locomotive activity. These findings suggest that development of both health-related (muscle strength and aerobic fitness) and skill-related fitness (power, agility and speed) may make engagement in PA easier for preschool children, although further research on the cause-effect relationship is needed.

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Physical Fitness Promotion among Adolescents: Effects of a Jump Rope-Based Physical Activity Afterschool Program

Children ◽

10.3390/children7080095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 95 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaofeng Yang ◽

Joonyoung Lee ◽

Xiangli Gu ◽

Xiaoxia Zhang ◽

Tao Zhang

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Muscular Strength ◽

Afterschool Program ◽

Left Hand ◽

Hand Grip ◽

Standing Long Jump ◽

Long Jump ◽

Jump Rope ◽

Rope Skipping

The major purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a jump rope-based physical activity afterschool program on middle school students’ physical fitness. Sixty students (Mage = 13.37, SD = 0.58; 53.3% female) participated in a 12-week jump rope-based afterschool program (45 min/time, three times/week). Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) freestyle rope skipping (N = 20), traditional jump rope (N = 20), and a control group (N = 20). Physical fitness tests, including muscular strength (standing long jump, right-hand grip, and left-hand grip), flexibility, body composition, and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured in pre- and post-tests. A 2 (time) × 3 (groups) repeated measure multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed. The results found significant improvements in muscular strength (standing long jump, right-hand grip, and left-hand grip) in both intervention groups (p < 0.001; ds = 0.2–0.44). Only the freestyle rope skipping group had increased BMD (p < 0.05, d = 0.33). Compared to the traditional jump rope, the freestyle rope skipping group showed significantly higher improvement in flexibility (p < 0.05, d = 0.83). These findings suggest that the jump rope-based afterschool program with freestyle rope skipping would be more effective than traditional jump rope to promote physical fitness performance among adolescents.

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HOW DOES PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AFFECT PHYSICAL FITNESS ELEMENTS IN CHILDREN AGED 5-9?

European Journal of Fitness, Nutrition and Sport Medicine Studies ◽

10.46827/ejfnsm.v2i1.102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aslihan Buksur ◽

Umut Canli ◽

Cüneyt Taskin

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Weight ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Core Strength ◽

Explosive Strength ◽

Jump Test ◽

Standing Long Jump ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Long Jump ◽

Run Test

This study was conducted to examine the effect of participation in physical activity on physical fitness parameters in children aged 5-9 years. A total of 83 children, 44 girls, and 39 boys, studying in a private primary school participated in the study voluntarily. The Eurofit Test Battery was used to evaluate the physical fitness levels of children. Within the scope of the Eurofit test battery; the body weight and height values of the children were measured. In the determination of motoric performances, flamingo balance, disc touch, sit-reach, standing long jump, sit-up, bent-arm hanging, and 5x10 meter sit-up tests were used. A personal information form prepared by the researchers was used to determine demographic characteristics. Whether the data is normally distributed or not was checked with kurtosis and skewness values. In the statistical analysis dimension; descriptive analysis (mean, standard deviation, median, min-max value, ratio, frequency), independent samples t test (Independent Samples t test) were used. In terms of children having an athlete license, a significant difference was found in their height, standing long jump test, sit-up test, bent-arm hanging test, 5x10 meter sit-up run test scores (p>0.05). A significant difference was found in the findings of height, body weight, standing long jump test, sit-up test, bent arm hanging test, 5x10 meter sit-up run test in terms of children's participation in traditional children's games (p>0.05). As a result, it has been determined that children's having an athlete's license increases their height, explosive strength, core strength endurance, upper extremity strength endurance, agility, and again, the students' participation in traditional children's games has positive effect on height, body weight, explosive strength, core strength endurance, upper extremity strength endurance and agility. Article visualizations:<img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0891/a.php" alt="Hit counter" />

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The Role of Physical Fitness on the Relationship Between Motor Competence and Physical Activity: Mediator or Moderator?

Journal of Motor Learning and Development ◽

10.1123/jmld.2020-0070 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Vitor P. Lopes ◽

Luis P. Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Indirect Effect ◽

Motor Competence ◽

Conditional Effects ◽

Standing Long Jump ◽

Long Jump ◽

The Relationship ◽

Mediation And Moderation

Understanding the mechanisms associated with engaging in physical activity (PA) is crucial for its promotion. The aim was to analyze the relationship between motor competence (MC) and PA and the role of physical fitness (PF). Participants were N = 1,064 children of both sexes (n = 530 girls) and 7.87 ± 1.17 years of age. MC was assessed with KörperkoordinationTest für Kinder. PF was assessed with 50-yard dash, 1-mile run/walk, and standing long jump. PA was assessed with a questionnaire. Mediation and moderation were determined according to Baron and Kenny using Sobel test for indirect effect and using PROCESS (version 3.4). Mediation results showed perfect mediation in girls but not in boys and not when all participants were included in the analysis. The linear moderation was significant for all participants and for boys and girls apart. However, the results of conditional effects of MC at the 16th, 50th, and 84th percentile of the PF, which became significant at the 50th percentile for all participants and for boys, were not significant in girls. In conclusion, perfect mediation seems to exist in girls but not in boys. In boys, the relationship between MC and PA seems conditioned by the PF levels.

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Children’s physical activity and sedentary time compared using assessments of accelerometry counts and muscle activity level

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.5437 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e5437 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ying Gao ◽

Martti Melin ◽

Karoliina Mäkäräinen ◽

Timo Rantalainen ◽

Arto J. Pesola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Muscle Activity ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Activity Level ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Standing Long Jump ◽

Stair Negotiation ◽

Long Jump

Background This research compared accelerometry (ACC)-derived and muscle electromyography (EMG)-based estimates of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time in typical PA tasks and during the daily lives of children. Methods Data was included from two exploratory studies. In Study I, 6–7-year-old children (n = 11, 64% girls) were assessed for eight PA tasks (walking, stair negotiation, climbing, crawling, swinging, balancing, trampoline jumping and a game of tag). In Study II, 7–9-year-old children (n = 14, 38% girls) were assessed for six PA tasks (walking, sitting, static squat, single leg hops, jump for height and standing long jump), and daily PA during one day with and one day without structured exercise. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle activity and inactivity using EMG shorts and acceleration by waist-mounted accelerometer were simultaneously measured and classified as sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous activity. Data from ACC was further analyzed using five different published cut-off points and varying time windows (1−60 s) for comparison with EMG. Results In the PA tasks ACC counts and EMG amplitude showed marked differences in swinging, trampoline jumping, crawling, static squat, single leg hops, standing long jump and jump for height, the difference being over 170% when signals were normalized to that during walking. Furthermore, in walking, swinging, trampoline jumping, stair negotiation and crawling ACC classified over 60% of the time as vigorous-intensity activity, while EMG indicated primarily light- and moderate-intensity activities. During both days with and without exercise, ACC resulted in greater proportion of light activity (p < 0.01) and smaller proportion of moderate activity compared to EMG (p < 0.05). The choice of cut-off points and epoch length in ACC analysis influenced the classification of PA level and sedentary time. In the analysis of daily activities the cut-off points by Evenson et al. (2008) with epochs of 7.5 s and 15 s yielded the smallest difference (less than 10% of recording time at each intensity) against EMG-derived PA levels. Discussion This research provides novel insight on muscle activity and thereby on neuromuscular loading of major locomotor muscles during normal daily activities of children. While EMG and ACC provided similar estimates of sedentary time in 13 typical PA tasks, duration of light, moderate and vigorous PA varied considerably between the methods especially during walking, stair negotiation, crawling, swinging and trampoline jumping. Evenson et al.’s (2008) cut-off points with ≤15 s epoch provided similar classification of PA than EMG during daily life. Compared to impacts recorded using ACC, EMG can provide understanding on children’s neuromuscular loading during motor tasks that is useful when studying effects of PA interventions on, and development of, motor competence and coordination.

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Relationship between Physical Activity, Fitness and Educational Achievement of Rural South African Children

Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation ◽

10.24112/ajper.121310 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 48-54

Author(s):

M. J. THEMANE ◽

L. L. J. KOPPES ◽

H. C. G. KEMPER ◽

K. D. MONYEKI ◽

J. W. R. TWISK

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

South African ◽

Educational Achievement ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural South ◽

Standing Long Jump ◽

South African School ◽

Long Jump

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships of physical activity and physical fitness with educational achievement in rural South African school children aged 7 to 14 years (n= 212). All boys and girls underwent the following physical fitness tests: standing long jump, bent arm hang, sit ups, 10 x 5m shuttle run, 50 meter run, 1,600 meter run, flamingo balance, sit and reach, and plate tapping. All tests were performed in accordance with the European Tests of Physical Fitness (EUROFIT) and American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) protocols. A questionnaire was used to gather physical activity information concerning indoor and outdoor household activities, games and sports performed during the week days and weekend days. Educational achievement was assessed by means of the Educational Achievement Tests in Mathematics and English designed by South African Human Sciences Research Council. In contrast to what has been found in developed countries, the results of the present study did not show strong evidence for the hypothesis that physical activity and physical fitness are positively associated with educational achievement. Explanations for this finding may be that: first, the children in this population are confronted by a number of educational problems that may have confounded the relationship. Second, because all these children have high levels of physical activity it may be difficult to measure its influence on educational achievement, and third, the cross-sectional nature of this study.本文旨在探討南非鄉鎮地區小學生身體活動量與學業的關係，以問卷方式進行調查，訪問了212名學童，並評估他們的體適能狀況，結果未能顯示出兩者呈現關係，這現象可能受到文化及敎育等因素影響所致，結果呈現兩種動作類，顯示對於下肢的偏向是取決於動作的。作者提出看法，認為各個不同孩童的互動、動作和環境的轉換都對下肢偏向起著影響。

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Association of Temporomandibular Disorder Symptoms with Physical Fitness among Finnish Conscripts

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18063032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 3032

Author(s):

Ossi Miettinen ◽

Antti Kämppi ◽

Tarja Tanner ◽

Vuokko Anttonen ◽

Pertti Patinen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Body Mass ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Temporomandibular Disorder ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Standing Long Jump ◽

Chi Squared ◽

Long Jump

Studies on the role of physical fitness, physical activity and obesity as risk factors for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are scarce. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of TMD symptoms with physical fitness, physical activity and body mass index (BMI) among Finnish conscripts. The study sample consisted of 8685 Finnish conscripts. Data on self-reported TMD symptoms were used as outcome variables. Physical activity (questionnaire), physical fitness (measured with physical tests: Cooper test, push-ups, sit-ups and standing long jump) and body mass index (BMI) were used as explanatory variables. The associations between TMD symptoms and explanatory variables were evaluated using Chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of all TMD symptoms was significantly higher among those who exercised more rarely than weekly. Pain-related TMD symptoms were also significantly more frequent among those who were overweight (BMI ≥ 25). Poor push-up results and overweight (BMI ≥ 25) were significantly associated with jaw pain and TMJ pain at jaw rest. The present study showed that good physical fitness may be a protective factor against TMD pain. Dentists should also be prepared to motivate TMD patients to physical activity and regular exercise as part of the treatment.

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Parent-child physical activity relationships in 12-year old French students do not depend on family socioeconomic status

Diabetes & Metabolism ◽

10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70129-5 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 359-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

A Wagner ◽

C Klein-Platat ◽

D Arveiler ◽

MC Haan ◽

JL Schlienger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Old French ◽

Child Physical Activity ◽

Family Socioeconomic Status ◽

Parent Child

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A Longitudinal Study of the Relation between Childhood Activities and Psychosocial Adjustment in Early Adolescence

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105299 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5299

Author(s):

Rosa S. Wong ◽

Keith T. S. Tung ◽

Nirmala Rao ◽

Frederick K. W. Ho ◽

Ko Ling Chan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Adolescence ◽

Psychosocial Development ◽

Video Game ◽

Screen Time ◽

Early Life ◽

Internalizing Symptoms ◽

Parent Report ◽

Child Play ◽

Externalizing And Internalizing Problems ◽

Parent Child

Background: Although an increasing body of research shows that excessive screen time could impair brain development, whereas non-screen recreational activities can promote the development of adaptive emotion regulation and social skills, there is a lack of comparative research on this topic. Hence, this study examined whether and to what extent the frequency of early-life activities predicted later externalizing and internalizing problems. Methods: In 2012/13, we recruited Kindergarten 3 (K3) students from randomly selected kindergartens in two districts of Hong Kong and collected parent-report data on children’s screen activities and parent–child activities. In 2018/19, we re-surveyed the parents of 323 students (aged 11 to 13 years) with question items regarding their children’s externalizing and internalizing symptoms in early adolescence. Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between childhood activities and psychosocial problems in early adolescence. Results: Early-life parent–child activities (β = −0.14, p = 0.012) and child-alone screen use duration (β = 0.15, p = 0.007) independently predicted externalizing problems in early adolescence. Their associations with video game exposure (β = 0.19, p = 0.004) and non-screen recreational parent–child activities (β = −0.14, p = 0.004) were particularly strong. Conclusions: Parent–child play time is important for healthy psychosocial development. More efforts should be directed to urge parents and caregivers to replace child-alone screen time with parent–child play time.

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Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being: Testing Alternative Sociological Interpretations

Sociology of Sport Journal ◽

10.1123/ssj.7.4.329 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 329-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

William McTeer ◽

James E. Curtis

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Social Interaction ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Well Being ◽

The Other ◽

Positive Zero ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between physical activity in sport and feelings of well-being, testing alternative interpretations of the relationship between these two variables. It was expected that there would be positive relationships between physical activity on the one hand and physical fitness, feelings of well-being, social interaction in the sport and exercise environment, and socioeconomic status on the other hand. It was also expected that physical fitness, social interaction, and socioeconomic status would be positively related to psychological well-being. Further, it was expected that any positive zero-order relationship of physical activity and well-being would be at least in part a result of the conjoint effects of the other variables. The analyses were conducted separately for the male and female subsamples of a large survey study of Canadian adults. The results, after controls, show a modest positive relationship of physical activity and well-being for males but no such relationship for females. The predicted independent effects of the control factors obtained for both males and females. Interpretations of the results are discussed.

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